Deck 19: The Kidneys

Question 1

The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the

A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal tubule.
C) distal tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the ________.

A) loop of Henle
B) Bowman's capsule
C) collecting duct
D) vasa recta
E) minor calyx

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the

A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal tubule.
C) distal tubule.
D) vasa recta.
E) minor calyx.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Cysts on the kidney can press upon nephrons,raising the pressure inside the nephrons.How will this affect glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure?

A) GFR increases and blood pressure increases
B) GFR increases and blood pressure decreases
C) GFR decreases and blood pressure increases
D) GFR decreases and blood pressure decreases

Question 5

Urine is produced by the

A) gallbladder.
B) urinary bladder.
C) kidney.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.

Question 6

Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney?

A) vasa recta
B) loop of Henle
C) glomerulus
D) renal corpuscle

Question 7

Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Na⁺
B) K⁺
C) Ca²⁺
D) HCO₃^-
E) OH^-

Question 8

The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as

A) highly specific.
B) completely nonspecific.
C) relatively nonspecific.

Question 9

A glomerulus is

A) the expanded end of a nephron.
B) a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule.
C) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle.
D) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
E) the hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron.

Question 10

All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate EXCEPT

A) glucose
B) potassium
C) erythrocytes
D) urobilinogen

Question 11

Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs.What is it?

A) portal system
B) arterial shunts
C) vascular sinuses
D) veins containing highly oxygenated blood
E) anastomoses

Question 12

Technically,the kidneys are located

A) in the thoracic cavity.
B) in the abdominal cavity.
C) behind the pleural membranes.
D) behind the peritoneal membrane.
E) in the pelvic cavity.

Question 13

The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the

A) renal pyramid.
B) loop of Henle.
C) renal corpuscle.
D) renal papilla.
E) collecting system.

Question 14

Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following.Identify the exception.

A) regulation of extracellular fluid volume
B) maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
C) regulation of blood protein levels
D) regulation of blood osmolarity
E) homeostatic regulation of blood pH

Question 15

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

A) blood vessels.
B) lymphatics.
C) the ureters.
D) the urethra.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Which of the following kidney processes is always active and always requires energy to occur?

A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) secretion
D) excretion

Question 17

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the

A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal tubule.
C) distal tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.

Question 18

The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of

A) urobilinogen.
B) uric acid.
C) urea.
D) renin.
E) bile.

Question 19

The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately ________ of the total volume.

A) 4/5
B) 1/5
C) 3/4
D) 1/2
E) 90%

Question 20

Which statement is NOT true?

A) The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries.
B) As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment.
C) The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products.
D) The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra.
E) Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men.

Question 21

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium.
A.transcytosis
B.active transport
C.symport with a cation
D.passive reabsorption/diffusion
glucose

Question 22

Which of the following statements about autoregulation is NOT true?

A) Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes.
B) Myogenic response is a paracrine signaling mechanism.
C) In tubuloglomerular feedback, stretch-sensitive ion channels open, resulting in depolarization of smooth muscle cells.
D) In myogenic response, the macula densa cells send a paracrine message to the neighboring afferent arteriole.

Question 23

movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen

Question 24

Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as:

A) excretion
B) filtration
C) reabsorption
D) secretion

Question 25

The amount of filtrate entering the proximal tubules of the kidneys each minute is the ________.

Question 26

movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen

Question 27

After it is formed,urine is temporarily stored in the ________.

Question 28

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium.
A.transcytosis
B.active transport
C.symport with a cation
D.passive reabsorption/diffusion
sodium

Question 29

movement from the nephron lumen to the external environment

Question 30

The percentage of total plasma volume that filters is called the ________.

Question 31

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium.
A.transcytosis
B.active transport
C.symport with a cation
D.passive reabsorption/diffusion
small plasma proteins

Question 32

In normal kidneys,blood cells and plasma proteins are

A) filtered then reabsorbed.
B) secreted then reabsorbed.
C) not filtered.
D) filtered and secreted.

Question 33

The primary function of the proximal tubule is

A) filtration.
B) reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.
C) secretion of acids and ammonia.
D) secretion of drugs.
E) adjusting the urine volume.

Question 34

Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier?

A) glomerular capillary endothelium
B) basal lamina
C) Bowman's capsule epithelium
D) juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 35

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium.
A.transcytosis
B.active transport
C.symport with a cation
D.passive reabsorption/diffusion
urea

Question 36

The force for glomerular filtration is the

A) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
B) osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
C) fluid pressure produced by the displacement of the fluid in the lumen of the tubules.
D) ATP-dependent processes in the nephron.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 37

The plasma concentration at which all of the renal carriers for a given substance are saturated is the ________.

Question 38

movement from the nephron lumen to the blood

Question 39

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by

A) diffusion.
B) symport with sodium.
C) cotransport.
D) countertransport.

Question 40

Urine is carried to the external environment by the ________.

Question 41

The ________ lie between and around the glomerular capillaries.

Question 42

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases,

A) stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow.
B) the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow.
C) the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure.
D) the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow and the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure.

Question 43

When the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its renal concentration,more of the substance will be

A) filtered.
B) reabsorbed.
C) secreted.
D) excreted.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 44

When fluid flow through the distal tubule increases as a result of increased GFR,the macula densa cells send a chemical message to the neighboring afferent arteriole.The afferent arteriole constricts,increasing resistance and decreasing GFR.This type of autoregulation involving both the kidney tubule and the arteriole is known as ________.

Question 45

Urea is

A) actively secreted in the distal tubule.
B) actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
C) passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
D) completely eliminated in the urine.
E) actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecting duct.

Question 46

The specialized cells found in the capsule epithelium are called ________.These cells have long cytoplasmic extensions called ________.

Question 47

Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydraulic pressure of 69 mm Hg,and a fluid pressure in the Bowman's capsule of 15 mm Hg.Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg,and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus,what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?

A) -6 mm Hg
B) 24 mm Hg
C) 54 mm Hg
D) 84 mm Hg
E) 114 mm Hg

Question 48

In the lumen of the proximal tubule,Na⁺ concentration ________ the Na⁺ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.

A) is much higher than
B) is slightly higher than
C) is about the same as
D) is slightly lower than
E) is much lower than

Question 49

One substance has no membrane transporters to move it but can diffuse freely through open leak channels if there is a concentration gradient.Initially,this substance's concentrations in the filtrate and extracellular fluid are equal.Later,however,the active transport of Na⁺ and other solutes creates a gradient by removing water from the lumen of the tubule where it is located.What substance is this?

A) glucose
B) calcium
C) urea
D) glucose and calcium
E) glucose, calcium, and urea

Question 50

Eighty percent of the nephrons in a kidney are contained within the ________,but the other 20%,called the ________ nephrons,dip down into the ________.

Question 51

The ________ are the long peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla.

Question 52

Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) distal tubule.
C) collecting ducts.
D) proximal tubule.
E) glomerulus.

Question 53

The excretion of glucose in the urine is called ________.

Question 54

An obstruction in a glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the

A) renal artery.
B) efferent arteriole.
C) afferent arteriole.
D) renal vein.

Question 55

The nephron begins with a hollow,ball-like structure called ________.

Question 56

The typical pattern for molecules absorbed by Na⁺-dependent transport involves this: an apical ________ and a basolateral ________.

A) facilitated diffusion carrier, osmotic gradient
B) symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier
C) symport protein, osmotic gradient
D) osmotic gradient, symport protein
E) facilitated diffusion carrier, symport protein

Question 57

The ________ branch off the ________ and supply blood to the kidneys.

Question 58

Neural control of GFR is mediated by ________ that innervate ________ receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing ________.

Question 59

Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them.
1)afferent arteriole
2)efferent arteriole
3)glomerulus
4)peritubular capillary

A) 4, 2, 3, 1
B) 1, 3, 2, 4
C) 4, 3, 2, 1
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
E) 3, 4, 2, 1

Question 60

The ________ carry blood from the kidneys back to the ________.

Question 61

Sylvia is suffering from severe edema in her arms and legs.Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that will increase the volume of urine produced).Why might this help to alleviate Sylvia's problem?

Question 62

Presence of glucose in the urine is evidence of what condition?

Question 63

List and describe the three filtration barriers that substances leaving the plasma must pass through before entering the tubule lumen.

Question 64

List and summarize the forces that influence filtration across the walls of glomerular capillaries.

Question 65

Fred weighs 100 kg.Assume his total blood volume is 7%,his heart pumps his total blood volume within 90 seconds,and his renal blood flow is 20% of his cardiac output.Calculate the volume of blood that flows through Fred's kidneys each minute.

Question 66

Trace a drop of water through the urinary system,beginning with the plasma in the renal artery.

Question 67

A man's leg was crushed between a car bumper and a wall.His physicians believe their patient has suffered kidney damage from myoglobin blocking glomerular pores.Tests showed the following results:
plasma creatinine: 30 mg/100 mL plasma
24 hour urine specimen: volume = 1 liter
urine creatinine 30 mg/mL urine
A.How many mg of creatinine are in the urine specimen? How much creatinine appears in the urine per hour?
B.What is the patient's creatinine clearance in mL/min?
C.What is the patient's GFR?
D.Is this a normal GFR? Did the patient sustain kidney damage?

Question 68

You are a physiologist on a space flight to a distant planet.You discover intelligent humanoid aliens inhabiting the planet,and they willingly submit to your tests.You discover that the alien's kidney handles the sugar alcohol mannitol just like our kidneys handle inulin.You also test the alien for its renal handling of glucose.The data from that experiment are: Plasma level (constant over 24 hrs): 6 g/dL of mannitol and 2 g/dL of glucose; 24 hr.urine sample: volume of 2 L,containing 144 g mannitol and 52 g glucose.
A.What is the alien's glomerular filtration rate?
B.What is the alien's clearance rate for glucose?
C.How does the alien kidney handle glucose?

Question 69

In a normal kidney,which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A) constriction of the afferent arteriole
B) a decrease in the hydraulic pressure of the glomerulus
C) an increase in the capsular hydraulic pressure
D) a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood
E) a decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure

Question 70

A person with cirrhosis of the liver has lower than normal levels of plasma proteins and a higher than normal GFR.Explain why a decrease in plasma protein concentration would cause an increase in GFR.

Question 71

Ruby is 77 years old and can no longer control her urination.What changed in the reflex pathway that used to control her urination?

Question 72

Describe GFR autoregulation,and explain why it is important.

Question 73

Patrick's urine sample reveals a high concentration of glucose.Is glucose normally present in urine? Suggest two possible mechanisms to explain why the kidney would excrete excess glucose,and what abnormality may underlie those conditions.

Question 74

Reabsorption involves what two methods of transport? Describe each.What determines which route a solute will take?

Question 75

A professor gave the following analogy of kidney function to his freshman biology class: "Imagine your desk is a disorganized mess,containing things worth keeping and things you should throw out.Instead of picking through each item one by one and considering if it is to keep or toss,you sweep your arm across your desktop in one smooth motion,knocking the entire contents of the desk into your large trash can.Then you pull the items you want to keep out of the trash can and place them back on your desk." In what ways is this analogy accurate? In what ways is it inaccurate? Some students in his class argue that the kidneys are inefficient and poorly designed.How should the professor respond? What modern medical device may he cite in his response?