Deck 22: Metabolism and Energy Balance

Question 1

The respiratory quotient is ________ for consumed carbohydrates compared to proteins and fats.

A) highest
B) lowest
C) the same

Answer 1

A

Question 2

An enzyme that digests fats is

A) hydrolase.
B) lipase.
C) lyase.
D) ligase.
E) kinase.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The brain relies solely on ________ as its energy source.If it is deprived of this substrate,the cells soon die.

A) fatty acids
B) glucose
C) amino acids
D) insulin

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The synthesis of glucose from a noncarbohydrate precursor is referred to as

A) glycogenesis.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) glycolysis.
D) gluconeogenesis.
E) glycogen.

Question 5

One kilocalorie (kcal)is the amount of energy needed to raise one ________ of water by 1 degree Celsius.

A) milliliter
B) tablespoon
C) cup
D) liter
E) gallon

Question 6

Metabolism is a term that describes

A) all work done by a living organism.
B) all chemical reactions that take place within an organism.
C) only chemical reactions that release ATP from living cells.
D) the energy released from chemical bonds in living cells.
E) the extraction of nutrients from biomolecules.

Question 7

Energy input equals energy output.This statement is known as the

A) first law of thermodynamics.
B) second law of thermodynamics.
C) law of mass balance.

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis refers to

A) converting glucose to glycogen storage.
B) removing glucose from storage as glycogen.
C) creating glucose from glycerol, amino acids, or lactate.
D) converting glucose to storage as adipose tissue.
E) removing fatty acids from adipose storage.

Question 9

Diet-induced thermogenesis is highest after ingestion of

A) spicy foods, like jalapeno peppers.
B) fats.
C) proteins.
D) carbohydrates.

Question 10

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) fats.
D) nucleic acids.
E) vitamins.

Question 11

Adipocytes secrete the hormone

A) ghrelin.
B) leptin.
C) neuropeptide Y.
D) orexin.
E) insulin.

Question 12

Most obese humans are deficient in leptin.

Question 13

Which is NOT produced in the body for the purpose of storing extra calories?

A) fat
B) protein
C) carbohydrate
D) All of these are produced in the body for that purpose.

Question 14

Which of the following can be measured to determine a person's metabolic rate?

A) only heat released from body in sealed chamber
B) only oxygen consumed by body in sealed chamber
C) only carbon dioxide produced by body in sealed chamber
D) heat released from body in sealed chamber, oxygen consumed by body in sealed chamber, and carbon dioxide produced by body in sealed chamber
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 15

The first law of thermodynamics states that

A) the total amount of energy in the universe is variable.
B) energy can be neither created nor destroyed and thus must be accounted for.
C) what heats up must cool down.
D) natural processes move from order to disorder, or entropy.
E) there is no way a process can increase the amount of order.

Question 16

The liver and skeletal muscles store glucose as ________ for a ready energy source.

A) lipids
B) glucose
C) glycogen
D) urea
E) ketone bodies

Question 17

The brain neurotransmitter that is an important stimulus for food intake is

A) ghrelin.
B) leptin.
C) neuropeptide Y.
D) orexin.
E) insulin.

Question 18

Anabolism is a term that describes

A) reactions that release energy.
B) reactions that require a net input of energy.
C) reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules.
D) reactions that release energy and reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules.
E) reactions that require a net input of energy and reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules.

Question 19

A bomb calorimeter measures

A) the carbon dioxide produced when a food sample is completely combusted.
B) the oxygen consumed when a food sample is completely combusted.
C) only the food calories available to the human body.
D) the heat produced when a food sample is completely combusted.
E) both carbon dioxide produced and oxygen consumed when a food sample is completely combusted.

Question 20

The most practical way to estimate a person's basal metabolic rate is to measure it when the person is

A) sleeping.
B) resting after a large meal.
C) resting after a 12-hour fast.

Question 21

D cells in the islet of Langerhans secrete

A) somatostatin.
B) amylin.
C) insulin.
D) glucagon.
E) pancreatic polypeptide.

Question 22

Which of the following factors increases basal metabolic rate?

A) only thyroid hormones
B) only acetylcholine
C) only insulin
D) only epinephrine
E) thyroid hormones and epinephrine

Question 23

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) renin.
D) cortisol.
E) digestive enzymes.

Question 24

The brain can use ________ for energy.

A) only glucose
B) only fats
C) only ketones
D) only lactate
E) both glucose and ketones

Question 25

The process of disassembling fatty acids into two-carbon units inside mitochondria is called

A) oxidative phosphorylation.
B) deamination.
C) ketonization.
D) chemiosmosis.
E) beta-oxidation.

Question 26

Before converting amino acids into intermediates for energy metabolism,they must first undergo

A) denaturation.
B) deamination.
C) detoxification.
D) depeptidization.
E) delousing.

Question 27

During the fasting state,the energy stores of the ________ become the major source of glucose for the whole body.

A) brain
B) liver
C) muscles
D) pancreas
E) adipose tissues

Question 28

When blood glucose levels fall,

A) only insulin is released.
B) only glucagon is released.
C) only peripheral cells take up less glucose.
D) only protein synthesis decreases.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 29

Insulin secretion

A) is stimulated by sympathetic neurons.
B) decreases in response to elevated amino acid concentrations.
C) is stimulated by parasympathetic neurons.
D) is inhibited by GLP-1.
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 30

When blood glucose levels rise,as in the "fed" state,

A) only insulin is released.
B) only glucagon is released.
C) only peripheral cells take up less glucose.
D) only protein synthesis decreases.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 31

During starvation,

A) carbohydrate utilization increases.
B) gluconeogenesis accelerates.
C) there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies.
D) structural proteins cannot be used as a potential energy source.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 32

A primary target tissue for insulin is the

A) brain only.
B) liver only.
C) intestine only.
D) brain and liver.
E) brain, liver, and intestine.

Question 33

The reactions where fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids are called

A) glycerolysis.
B) glycolysis.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) lipolysis.
E) liposuction.

Question 34

A harmful substance that the liver produces when metabolizing fatty acids is

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) ketone bodies.
D) rancid fatty acids.
E) beta units.

Question 35

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called

A) very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).
B) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
C) intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs).
D) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
E) very high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs).

Question 36

During the absorptive state,

A) the liver forms glycogen.
B) adipocytes contribute fatty acids to the circulation.
C) skeletal muscles break down glycogen.
D) glucagon levels are elevated.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 37

The beta cells of the pancreas produce

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) renin.
D) cortisol.
E) digestive enzymes.

Question 38

GLUT4 transporters are

A) only stored in cytoplasmic vesicles.
B) only inserted in response to glucagon.
C) only inserted into the plasma membrane by endocytosis.
D) only found in adipose and skeletal muscles.
E) stored in cytoplasmic vesicles and found in adipose and skeletal muscles.

Question 39

The feeding and satiety centers are located in the

A) medulla oblongata.
B) pons.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebrum.
E) cerebellum.

Question 40

When amino acids are metabolized for energy,the nitrogen is converted to urea and then is excreted from the body by the

A) liver.
B) skin.
C) kidneys.
D) sweat glands.
E) spleen.

Question 41

Classify each scenario below as to primarily which type of work is being done.
A.chemical work
B.transport work
C.mechanical work
working on a dock,loading and unloading boxes into trucks all day

Question 42

Classify each scenario below as to primarily which type of work is being done.
A.chemical work
B.transport work
C.mechanical work
wound healing,recovering from surgery

Question 43

Pre-diabetes is a condition that will likely become diabetes if eating and exercise habits are not altered.

Question 44

Classify each scenario below as to primarily which type of work is being done.
A.chemical work
B.transport work
C.mechanical work
maintaining a concentration gradient across a membrane

Question 45

Convective heat loss occurs when

A) water evaporates from the skin's surface.
B) warm air rises from the body's surface.
C) a cooler object rests on the body's surface.
D) one swims in water below body temperature.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 46

Classify each scenario below as to primarily which type of work is being done.
A.chemical work
B.transport work
C.mechanical work
a thoroughbred horse,or greyhound dog,running around the track

Question 47

Most heat is lost from the body through the process of

A) radiation.
B) conduction.
C) convection.
D) evaporation.
E) concentration.

Question 48

Glucagon

A) only stimulates gluconeogenesis.
B) primarily targets the liver.
C) primarily targets skeletal muscle.
D) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets the liver.
E) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets skeletal muscle.

Question 49

Amylin

A) is co-secreted with insulin.
B) is co-secreted with glucagon.
C) helps regulate glucose homeostasis by speeding up gastric emptying.
D) is co-secreted with insulin and helps regulate glucose homeostasis by speeding up gastric emptying.
E) is co-secreted with glucagon and helps regulate glucose homeostasis by speeding up gastric emptying.

Question 50

Match each term to its definition.
A.anabolism
B.biochemical pathway
C.catabolism
reactions that result in the breakdown of large biomolecules

Question 51

Match each term to its definition.
A.anabolism
B.biochemical pathway
C.catabolism
reactions that result in the synthesis of large molecules

Question 52

Classify each scenario below as to primarily which type of work is being done.
A.chemical work
B.transport work
C.mechanical work
enlarging one's muscles through body-building exercises

Question 53

Match each term to its definition.
A.anabolism
B.biochemical pathway
C.catabolism
a series of interconnected chemical reactions

Question 54

Insulin

A) only stimulates glycolysis.
B) only stimulates lipogenolysis.
C) only inhibits gluconeogenesis.
D) stimulates glycolysis and lipogenolysis.
E) stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Question 55

In type I diabetes,a hyperglycemic hyperosmotic state may occur.Which of the following best describes this state?

A) There are low levels of vasopressin (ADH).
B) There is decreased water intake.
C) Plasma glucose and blood osmolarity levels are above normal.
D) ATP production is increased due to the increased levels of glucose.
E) Blood osmolarity is below normal levels due to elevated glucose.

Question 56

Heat loss is promoted by

A) sweating.
B) dilation of cutaneous blood vessels.
C) nonshivering thermogenesis.
D) sweating and dilation of cutaneous blood vessels.
E) sweating, dilation of cutaneous blood vessels, and nonshivering thermogenesis.

Question 57

Homeothermic refers to

A) natural treatments or remedies.
B) shivering.
C) regulating body temperature within a narrow range.
D) warm relationships with others of the same gender.

Question 58

Classify each scenario below as to primarily which type of work is being done.
A.chemical work
B.transport work
C.mechanical work
bringing glucose molecules inside brain cells so one can think

Question 59

Specific responses to changes in body temperature are regulated by the

A) thermoreceptors.
B) hypothalamus.
C) medulla oblongata.
D) skin.
E) cardiac output.

Question 60

Dehydration can result from

A) heat exhaustion.
B) CCK.
C) diabetes.
D) gluconeogenesis.
E) heat exhaustion and diabetes.

Question 61

Lipoproteins that contain large amounts of cholesterol for transport to peripheral tissues are called ________.

Question 62

A diet of pure carbohydrate would produce an RQ of ________.

Question 63

Match the nutrient to its primary fate.
A.carbohydrate
B.protein
C.fat
storage

Question 64

Metabolism is often divided into ________,energy-producing reactions,and ________,energy-utilizing reactions.

Question 65

The energy content of a food or similar substance is measured by a process called ________.

Question 66

Match the nutrient to its primary fate.
A.carbohydrate
B.protein
C.fat
synthesis of tissues

Question 67

________ are unstable molecules that are formed during normal metabolism and are thought to contribute to aging,disease,and some cancers.

Question 68

The pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose concentration is ________.

Question 69

The ________ represents the minimum resting energy expenditures of an awake,alert individual.

Question 70

Match the term to its definition.
A.metabolism
B.catabolism
C.anabolism
large molecules synthesized from smaller ones

Question 71

The lipoprotein most likely to be called "good (or healthy)cholesterol" is ________.

Question 72

________ are molecules that prevent damage to our cells by stopping the destructive effects of free radical formation.

Question 73

________ are lipoproteins that are formed in the intestine to carry lipids into circulation.

Question 74

Lipids are broken down into ________,which feeds into glycolysis,and ________,which are metabolized to acetyl CoA.

Question 75

Measuring oxygen consumption as a way of estimating a person's metabolic rate is a type of ________.

Question 76

Match the nutrient to its primary fate.
A.carbohydrate
B.protein
C.fat
used immediately for energy

Question 77

The enzyme ________ converts triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Question 78

Match the term to its definition.
A.metabolism
B.catabolism
C.anabolism
large molecules broken into smaller ones

Question 79

Match the term to its definition.
A.metabolism
B.catabolism
C.anabolism
the sum of all the body's chemical reactions

Question 80

The process of synthesizing glucose from lipids,amino acids,or other carbohydrates is called ________.