Deck 1: The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology

Question 1

Viruses constitute the fourth domain of life in current biological classification schemes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Archaea are cellular organisms that have unique cell membrane __________.

Answer 2

lipids

Question 3

The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the

A)cell theory.
B)germ theory.
C)causative theory.
D)disease theory.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?

A)Pasteur
B)Koch
C)Semmelweiss
D)Lister

Question 5

All cellular organisms can be placed into one of three __________,which include the Bacteria,Archaea,and the Eukarya.

Question 6

Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?

A)Fracastoro
B)Koch
C)Pasteur
D)Lister

Question 7

Protists contain all of the following forms of life EXCEPT

A)protozoa.
B)fungi.
C)slime molds.
D)algae.

Question 8

Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called

A)prokaryotes.
B)eukaryotes.
C)urkaryotes.
D)nokaryotes.

Question 9

Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from other fields of biology?

A)The size of the organism studied.
B)The techniques used to study organisms regardless of their size.
C)Both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms.
D)Neither the size of the organism studied nor the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size.

Question 10

Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not classified as living organisms.

Question 11

Extant microorganisms are organisms from the fossil record that are no longer present on Earth today.

Question 12

All eukaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.

Question 13

RNA serves to convert the information stored in DNA to ________.

A)carbohydrates
B)protein
C)lipids
D)RNA

Question 14

Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?

A)Pasteur
B)Lister
C)van Leeuwenhoek
D)Tyndall

Question 15

The earliest microbial fossils that have been found are dated from approximately 4.5 million years ago.

Question 16

The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called

A)biogenesis.
B)cell theory.
C)spontaneous generation.
D)germ theory.

Question 17

Microbiologists study a variety of organisms,but all are considered either Bacteria or Archaea.

Question 18

Proteins function in modern cells as

A)catalysts.
B)hereditary information.
C)structural elements.
D)both catalysts and structural elements.

Question 19

The ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria and the Archaea were begun by

A)Pasteur.
B)Woese.
C)Needham.
D)Watson.

Question 20

Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called

A)prokaryotes.
B)eukaryotes.
C)urkaryotes.
D)nokaryotes.

Question 21

The first disease to be identified as being caused by a virus was tobacco mosaic disease.

Question 22

Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera?

A)Koch
B)Pasteur
C)Jenner
D)Lister

Question 23

Studies by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated that inactivated toxins can induce the synthesis of antitoxins in the blood of rabbits.These antitoxins (antibodies)are the basis of

A)humoral immunity.
B)cell-mediated immunity.
C)antibiotic immunity.
D)phagocyte-mediated immunity.

Question 24

Edward Jenner's work in preventing rabies led to the use of the term vaccination to describe a type of procedure used in the prevention of disease.

Question 25

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by

A)Pasteur.
B)Lister.
C)Jenner.
D)Kitasato.

Question 26

Who of the following first discovered that some blood leukocytes could engulf disease-causing bacteria?

A)von Behring
B)Meister
C)Metchnikoff
D)Ivanowski

Question 27

M.J.Berkeley demonstrated that the great potato blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus.

Question 28

Although developed over 100 years ago,Koch's postulates continue to be used successfully in all known human infectious diseases.

Question 29

Invisible living creatures were thought to exist and cause disease long before they were ever observed.

Question 30

Koch's postulates were instrumental in establishing that Mycobacterium leprae is the cause of leprosy.

Question 31

Old cultures of bacteria that have lost their ability to cause disease are said to be

A)impotent.
B)virulent.
C)pathogenic.
D)attenuated.

Question 32

Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?

A)Koch
B)Pasteur
C)Jenner
D)Lister

Question 33

John Tyndall demonstrated that microorganisms present in the air are carried on dust particles.

Question 34

Whose work on spontaneous generation first demonstrated the existence of a very heat-resistant form of bacteria that are called endospores?

A)Schwann
B)Redi
C)Tyndall
D)Pasteur

Question 35

The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by

A)Beijerinck.
B)Jenner.
C)Pasteur.
D)von Behring.

Question 36

The first surgical antiseptic to be used was

A)iodine.
B)ethanol.
C)phenol.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 37

Charles Chamberland developed porcelain filters that allowed other scientists to demonstrate that viruses are smaller than bacteria.

Question 38

Viruses and bacteria were first cultured in the laboratory at about the same time.

Question 39

Fanny Hesse first suggested that agar be used to solidify microbiological media.

Question 40

Agastino Bassi demonstrated that a type of silkworm disease was caused by a fungus and proposed that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

Question 41

Robert Koch developed a vaccine that could be used to prevent anthrax.

Question 42

Some microorganisms are useful in bioremediation processes that reduce the effects of pollution.

Question 43

Elie Metchnikoff discovered __________,which is a major feature of the host immune response.

Question 44

The branch of microbiology that deals with diseases of humans and animals is called __________ microbiology.

Question 45

__________ microbiology involves the use of microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics,vaccines,steroids,alcohols,vitamins,amino acids,and enzymes.

Question 46

Microbial __________ are scientists who investigate the synthesis of antibiotics and toxins,the production of energy with microorganisms,and the ways in which microorganisms survive harsh environmental conditions.

Question 47

An Italian physician,__________,challenged the concept of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots do not arise from decaying meat but rather from developing fly eggs.

Question 48

The usefulness of agar in solidifying microbiological growth media is limited because it does not remain solid at temperatures above 28^oC.

Question 49

Which of the following provides the best explanation for why viruses are not included in the three domain system?

A)Viruses are too small.
B)Viruses have either DNA or RNA,not both.
C)Viruses are not a cellular life form.
D)Viruses show no evidence of evolution.

Question 50

The relationship between specific bacteria and specific diseases was first demonstrated by Koch.

Question 51

__________ _____________microbiologists monitor community food establishments and water supplies in order to control the spread of communicable diseases.

Question 52

What is the most compelling reason why "protists" are not considered to be a taxonomic group?

A)They are not cellular life forms.
B)They are too small to be included among the eukaryotes.
C)The group includes both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types.
D)The organisms often included in this group are very diverse and don't form a cohesive taxon.

Question 53

__________ was the first to isolate a root nodule bacterium capable of nitrogen fixation.

Question 54

__________ and __________ microbiology investigates the spoilage of products for human consumption and the use of microorganisms in the production of cheese,yogurt,pickles,beer,and the like.

Question 55

The endosymbiotic hypothesis is generally accepted as the origin of two eukaryotic organelles: mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 56

A new microbe has been discovered in the rumen of sheep.Microscopy shows no evidence of a nuclear membrane and biochemical studies of the cell wall demonstrate the lack of peptidoglycan.Metabolic studies show that this microbe generates methane.This microbe would most likely be classified in the:

A)Domain Bacteria
B)Domain Archaea
C)Domain Eukarya,Kingdom Fungi
D)Domain Eukarya,Protists

Question 57

__________ discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron,sulfur,and ammonia to obtain energy.

Question 58

The branch of microbiology that studies the relationship between microorganisms and their habitats is called __________ ______________.

Question 59

The branch of microbiology that deals with the mechanisms by which the human body protects itself from disease-causing organisms is called __________.

Question 60

Microbial __________ focuses on the nature of heredity and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms.

Question 61

Scientists study microorganisms on Earth today to search for life forms elsewhere,as well as to explore the origins of life on Earth.These microorganisms that are studied are referred to as:

A)existing.
B)extant.
C)extinct.
D)extirpated.

Question 62

Three the SSU rRNA sequences of 3 organisms have been compared.For organisms 1 and 2,two of the twelve nucleotides in the sequence are different.For organisms 1 and 3,six of the twelve nucleotides are different.Which organism has greater evolutionary distance from organism 1?

A)Organism 2
B)Organism 3
C)The evolutionary distance is the same.
D)Evolutionary distance cannot be predicted from this data.

Question 63

While each of these processes are believed to have evolved prior to aerobic respiration,which one is the most critical process,without which aerobic respiration could never have developed?

A)Oxygenic photosynthesis
B)Anoxygenic photosynthesis
C)Alcohol fermentation
D)Lactic acid fermentation

Question 64

Which molecule is believed to have preceded the other three during the evolution of life?

A)ATP
B)Proteins
C)DNA
D)RNA

Question 65

Which term is most inclusive? In other words,which term includes all the others?

A)Microbial species
B)Microbial strain
C)Biovars
D)Serovars

Question 66

What is the most compelling reason why DNA,rather than RNA,evolved to be the storage repository for genetic information in cellular life forms?

A)DNA has deoxyribose rather than ribose.
B)DNA molecules are more chemically stable than RNA molecules.
C)DNA is double-stranded rather than single-stranded.

Question 67

Each of the following provides evidence in support of the primary role of RNA in the evolution of life EXCEPT:

A)Some RNA molecules are catalytic.
B)RNA catalyzes peptide bond formation during protein synthesis.
C)ATP (energy currency of the cell)is a ribonucleotide.
D)RNA is less chemically stable than DNA.
E)RNA can regulate gene expression.

Question 68

The most important aspect of agar that makes it a useful ingredient for solidifying media for bacterial culture is

A)It provides an excellent nitrogen source for bacteria.
B)Bacteria are unable to break it down so it stays solidified.
C)It melts at 100^oC and solidifies at temperatures below 50^oC.
D)It provides an excellent carbon and energy source for bacteria.

Question 69

A student is observing microorganisms in a sample of pond water.One organism of interest has an obvious nucleus and has been moving rapidly during observation and appears to have rows of cilia along its surface.In which of the following groups would this microbe most likely be classified?

A)Eukaryotes (Fungi)
B)Eukaryotes (Algae)
C)Bacteria
D)Eukaryotes (Protozoa)

Question 70

A microbial __________ is a collection of strains that share many stable properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains.

Question 71

Which of the processes named here is the least likely to contribute to the evolution of genetic diversity of bacteria and archaea?

A)Mutation
B)Sexual reproduction
C)Binary fission
D)Horizontal gene transfer

Question 72

Morphovars,serovars,biovars,and pathovars are examples of terms that refer to microbial _______________.

A)species
B)strains
C)types
D)Archaea

Question 73

Which group of microbes contains organisms necessary for production of wine and bread?

A)Bacteria
B)Archaea
C)Fungi
D)Algae

Question 74

In a search for new antibiotics,a previously unknown organism has been recovered from the soil.It is nonmotile and is composed of long threadlike structures formed from nucleated cells.It is not-photosynthetic and absorbs its nutrients.This organism will most likely be classified among the

A)Bacteria
B)Archaea
C)Eukaryotes (Fungi)
D)Eukaryotes (Protozoa)
E)Eukaryotes (Algae)

Question 75

A student is observing microorganisms in a sample of pond water.One organism of interest has an obvious nucleus,small oval structures containing a green pigment,and does not appear to be motile.In which of the following groups would this microbe most likely be classified?

A)Eukaryotes (Fungi)
B)Eukaryotes (Algae)
C)Bacteria
D)Archaea
E)Eukaryotes (Protozoa)