Deck 40: Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protists

Question 1

Most individuals with histoplasmosis exhibit a hypersensitive state that can be demonstrated by the histoplasmin skin test.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the malarial life cycle,the male gamete is called _________.

A)macrogametocyte
B)microgametocyte
C)oocyst
D)ookinete

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Dried pigeon droppings are a potential source of infection with ________.

A)Coccidioides immitis
B)Blastomyces dermatitidis
C)Cryptococcus neoformans
D)Malassezia furfur

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Some superficial mycoses are called _________.

A)sporotrichosis
B)tineas
C)dermatophytoses
D)mycetomas

Question 5

Diagnosis of the leishmaniasis is based on finding the parasite within infected _________.

A)lymphocytes
B)macrophages
C)eosinophils
D)mast cells

Question 6

Which of the following is not true with respect to the organism causing histoplasmosis?

A)The fungus grows intracellularly as a facultative parasite
B)The mold form is found in humans
C)It is found worldwide in the soil
D)It produces microconidia and macroconidia

Question 7

Humans become infected with the malarial parasite when mosquitoes inject __________ into the bloodstream.

A)trophozoites
B)sporozoites
C)merozoites
D)schizonts

Question 8

All species of Leishmania utilize sand flies as intermediate hosts.

Question 9

Leishmania donovani causes

A)mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
B)visceral leishmaniasis.
C)cutaneous leishmaniasis.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

African sleeping sickness is caused by

A)Giardia lamblia.
B)Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
C)Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.
D)Histoplasma capsulatum.
E)Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense both cause African sleeping sickness.

Question 11

Which of the following fungi causes Valley fever in semi-arid regions of North American?

A)Coccidioides immitis
B)Blastomyces dermatitidis
C)Cryptococcus neoformans
D)Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 12

Vaccines are not effective against trypanosomiasis because

A)the organisms are never exposed to the immune system.
B)the organism is only weakly antigenic.
C)the organism can change its protein coat and thereby evade the immune response.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following is known to use tsetse flies as intermediate hosts?

A)Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
B)Giardia lamblia
C)Entameoba histolytica
D)Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 14

Most systemic mycoses are acquired from _________.

A)puncture wounds
B)inhaling spores
C)insect vectors
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 15

Blastomyces dermatitidis causes _________.

A)valley fever
B)blastomycosis
C)San Joaquin fever
D)cryptococcosis

Question 16

In humans,Cryptococcus grows as a _________.

A)mold
B)yeast
C)dimorphic fungus
D)a mycelium

Question 17

Which of the following is not caused by a protozoan?

A)Cryptosporidiosis
B)Cryptococcosis
C)Both cryptosporidiosis and cryptococcosis
D)African sleeping sickness

Question 18

Once inside an erythrocyte,the Plasmodium begins to enlarge as a uninucleate cell called a _________.

A)trophozoite
B)sporozoite
C)merozoite
D)schizont

Question 19

Fungal diseases are usually divided into __________ groups according to the level of infected tissue and the mode of entry into the host.

Question 20

Birds carry Histoplasma capsulatum.

Question 21

The yeast Trichosporon beigelii causes ________.

A)black piedra
B)athlete's foot
C)histoplasmosis
D)white piedra

Question 22

Human malaria is caused by __________ known species of Plasmodium.

A)one
B)two
C)four
D)five
E)many

Question 23

Tinea pedis is

A)a beard infection.
B)an infection of scalp hair.
C)known as "jock itch."
D)known as "athlete's foot."

Question 24

A dermatophytic infection of the nail bed is ________.

A)tinea manum
B)tinea unguium
C)tinea capitis
D)tinea barbae

Question 25

Trichomoniasis is a

A)disease caused by a flagellate.
B)sexually transmitted disease.
C)disease that can be treated with Flagyl.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 26

Trichomoniasis is frequently asymptomatic in males but seldom is asymptomatic in females.

Question 27

Cutaneous mycoses are called ________.

A)dermatomycoses
B)ringworms
C)tineas
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 28

The most common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the United States is ________.

A)maduromycosis
B)mycetoma
C)sporotrichosis
D)cryptococcosis

Question 29

The dermatophytes that cause the subcutaneous mycoses are normal saprophytic inhabitants of

A)the digestive system of insects.
B)the digestive system of humans.
C)the soil and decaying vegetation.
D)plants.

Question 30

Piedraia hortae causes ________.

A)tinea versicolor
B)white piedra
C)black piedra
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 31

A __________ is a deformity that looks like a tumor that results from a subcutaneous fungal infection.

Question 32

Which of the following is a dermatophytic infection of any part of the skin?

A)Tinea barbae
B)Tinea capitis
C)Tinea corporis
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following is an oral agent used for treating dermatophytoses?

A)AZT
B)Itraconazole
C)Bacitracin
D)Chloroquine

Question 34

In sporotrichosis the lesions can remain localized or can spread throughout the body; in the latter case it is referred to as

A)extracutaneous sporotrichosis.
B)disseminated sporotrichosis.
C)systemic sporotrichosis.
D)fulminating sporotrichosis.

Question 35

Which of the following is a dermatophytic infection of the groin?

A)Tinea barbae
B)Tinea capitis
C)Tinea corporus
D)Tinea cruris

Question 36

Which of the following is not an amoeba?

A)Entamoeba histolytica
B)Acanthamoeba species
C)Cryptosporidium species
D)Naegleria fowleri

Question 37

Which of the following is not a subcutaneous mycosis?

A)Chromoblastomycosis
B)Coccidiomycosis
C)Maduromycosis
D)Sporotrichosis

Question 38

In the intestinal tract,Entamoeba histolytica

A)can undergo excystation in the small intestine.
B)lives as a commensal in the lumen of the intestine.
C)can invade the host tissue.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

Which of the following does not cause cutaneous mycoses?

A)Cryptococcus
B)Microsporum
C)Trichophyton
D)Epidermophyton

Question 40

Diagnosis of malaria is made by demonstrating the presence of parasites within Gram-stained erythrocytes.

Question 41

Entamoeba histolytica feeds on _________.

A)erythrocytes
B)bacteria
C)yeasts
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

The fungal diseases that are acquired the airborne route typically stay localized to the lungs,causing pneumonia.

Question 43

Pneumocystis pneumonia occurs widely in ________.

A)immune compromised hosts
B)prisons and military installations
C)children
D)cattle

Question 44

As the population ages and the number of immunocompromised individuals increase,the number of serious fungal and protist infections is decreasing.

Question 45

Acanthamoeba species

A)are facultative parasites.
B)cause encephalitis.
C)cause keratitis.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about Pneumocystis jiroveci is true?

A)The disease it causes occurs almost exclusively in immunocompromised hosts.
B)The organism and the disease remains localized in the lungs even in fatal cases.
C)It causes the alveoli to fill with a frothy exudate.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 47

Which of the following drugs is(are)used to treat giardiasis?

A)Atabrine
B)Flagyl
C)Metronidazole
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

Which of the following is most responsible for the increasing challenge of protist infections?

A)Protists are mutating and gaining virulence factors.
B)The size of the susceptible population is growing as the number of patients with immunocompromising conditions is increasing.
C)Protists are not always recognized by the host immune response.
D)Protists are becoming completely resistant to the drugs used to control them.

Question 49

Which of the following is/are used to categorize fungal diseases?

A)The type of asexual spores formed by the infecting fungus
B)The type of sexual spores formed by the infecting fungus
C)The route by which the disease becomes established in the host
D)The environmental source of the fungi

Question 50

Which of the following can prevent amebiasis?

A)UV light treatment of water
B)Avoidance of food or water that might be contaminated with human feces in endemic areas
C)Flagyl
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

Which of the following produces a highly resistant spore containing a polar tubule?

A)Pneumocystis
B)Microsporidia
C)Trypanosoma cruzi
D)Cyclosporans

Question 52

Diagnosis of candidiasis is difficult because

A)this fungus is a frequent secondary invader in other disease processes.
B)a mixed microbiota is most often found in the diseased tissue.
C)no immunologic procedures for the identification of Candida currently exist.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 53

A(n)__________ organism is generally harmless in its normal host but can become pathogenic in a compromised host.

Question 54

The most common cause of epidemic waterborne diarrheal disease is _________.

A)Acanthamoeba
B)Naegleria
C)Giardia intestinalis
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 55

Removal of Giardia intestinalis from municipal water supplies involves the use of ________.

A)rapid sand filters
B)slow sand filters
C)gamma radiation
D)predatory microorganisms

Question 56

Select the statement about coccidioidomycosis that is false.

A)In the United States,Coccidioidomycosis is most often encountered in the southwestern states.
B)In most infected patients,Coccidiodomycosis causes an acute pneumonia characterized by production of large amounts of purulent sputum.
C)Coccidioidomycosis is most often acquired by inhalation of the arthroconidia.
D)Coccidioidomycosis may disseminate throughout the body in immunocompromised individuals.

Question 57

Which of the following has emerged as one of the leading organisms responsible for death in AIDS patients?

A)Toxoplasma gondii
B)Pneumocystis jiroveci
C)Acanthamoeba
D)Naegleria

Question 58

The major portal of entry for Aspergillus is the _________.

A)gastrointestinal tract
B)respiratory tract
C)urinary tract
D)skin

Question 59

A newly described fungus has been isolated from the lungs of several patients experiencing symptoms of pneumonia.All of these patients have a preexisting immunocompromising condition,including four patients with AIDS and two who have been recipients of organ transplants.The natural habitat of this fungal species is the soil.This fungal disease would most likely be classified as a (an)________________ mycosis.

A)superficial
B)cutaneous
C)subcutaneous
D)systemic
E)opportunistic

Question 60

Candida albicans is normally found in the vagina but does not usually cause disease because the acidic pH created by the lactobacilli prevents their overgrowth.

Question 61

A rural farm worker is brought to the clinic,experiencing a cluster of nodular skin lesions on his arm.Some of the lesions have ulcerated.The worker indicates that he frequently gets scratches and abrasions on his hands and arms and that the first nodule appeared several weeks after he had removed a sliver.The nodules have been progressing slowly for the past six weeks.What is the most likely infection?

A)Necrotizing fasciitis
B)Erysipelas
C)Subcutaneous mycosis
D)Candidiasis

Question 62

Men rarely become infected with Trichomonas vaginalis because the male reproductive tract lacks the appropriate receptors and has a pH unfavorable for Trichomonas.

Question 63

Which of the fungi listed below will stay localized to the skin surface and will not invade and spread?

A)Trichophyton spp.
B)Candida spp.
C)Sporothrix schenckii
D)Blastomyces dermatitidis

Question 64

A 22-year-old woman is experiencing a malodorous greenish-yellow vaginal discharge.The pH of the discharge is 6.A microscopic exam of a drop of the discharge shows eukaryotic microorganisms with flagella.What is the most likely diagnosis?

A)Candidiasis
B)Trichomoniasis
C)Giardiasis
D)Bacterial vaginosis
E)Sporotrichosis

Question 65

The fever paroxysms of malaria correlate with

A)the release of merozoites from infected liver cells during the exoerythrocytic cycle.
B)the entry of sporozoites into the blood following the bite of an infected mosquito.
C)the synchronized rupture of infected blood cells and release of merozoites.
D)the production of gametocytes within infected erythrocytes.

Question 66

Which of the following does not occur during the erythrocytic stage of the malarial life cycle?

A)Sporozoites are produced within erythrocytes and are released by the infected red blood cells.
B)The parasites are protected from the host's immune response.
C)The parasite reproduces sexually producing microgametocytes and macrogametocytes.
D)The parasite reproduces asexually via schizogony,producing merozoites.

Question 67

All of the following must be overcome by an opportunistic fungal species as it attempts to establish infection in a new host EXCEPT

A)the presence of normal microbiota.
B)immune factors such as IgA,complement,and white blood cells.
C)non-optimal pH for fungal growth.
D)presence of nutrients.

Question 68

Several friends returned from a backpacking trip in a nearby state forest area and began to experience bouts of abdominal cramping,flatulence,and severe diarrhea with greasy,fatty stools.What is the most likely cause?

A)Amebic dysentery
B)Giardiasis
C)Toxoplasmosis
D)Cryptosporidiosis

Question 69

An American nurse returning from serving in a hospital in the Congo experienced chills,fever,and sweats.The fever cycle peaked about every 48 hours.Which of the following is a likely diagnosis?

A)Histoplasmosis
B)Leishmaniasis
C)African sleeping sickness
D)Malaria

Question 70

What virulence factor does Cryptococcus neoformans have in common with most of the bacteria that cause meningitis?

A)Adhesive pili
B)Capsule
C)Toxin production
D)Hyaluronidase production
E)Superantigen characteristics

Question 71

Which protozoan parasite can invade the intestinal wall using a protease enzyme that not only breaks down the wall tissue but also cleave IgA,IgG,and complement components?

A)Giardia intestinalis
B)Cryptosporidium parvum
C)Entamoeba histolytica
D)Cyclospora cayetanensis

Question 72

What protozoan parasite is acquired by the oral route,but once ingested can readily cross the placenta causing an infection in the fetus that can result in a number of congenital defects?

A)Giardia intestinalis
B)Toxoplasma gondii
C)Cryptosporidium parvum
D)Cyclospora cayetanensis

Question 73

Which of the following parasites is the major parasitic cause of deaths worldwide,yet its transmission could be prevented by access to clean water?

A)Cyclospora cayetanensis
B)Giardia intestinalis
C)Entamoeba histolytica
D)Cryptosporidium parvum

Question 74

Thrush in a newborn's oral cavity becomes less frequent as the infant ages.What is the most likely reason for this?

A)The infant begins to produce antifungal antibodies.
B)The eruption of the teeth inhibits the growth of yeast.
C)The acquisition of normal microbiota prevents the overgrowth of yeast.
D)Vaccines given in early infancy prevent the development of thrush.

Question 75

The ability of dermatophytes to grow on the skin surface and cause superficial mycoses is related to their ability to metabolize keratin.

Question 76

A woman has been treated three times for trichomoniasis,and each time the symptoms disappear for a couple of weeks and then return.She indicates that she has been in a monogamous relationship and that her partner has experienced no symptoms.Which of the following is the most likely explanation for her repeated infections?

A)The Trichomonas has become resistant to the antimicrobial that was prescribed.
B)The woman is allergic to the prescribed antimicrobials.
C)The woman has been misdiagnosed and has a yeast infection which will need a different antimicrobial.
D)Her partner has an asymptomatic infection and keeps re-infecting her.