Deck 34: Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Class I major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on ____________ cells.

A)all nucleated
B)antigen-presenting
C)all anucleated
D)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

T cells produce and secrete factors that do not directly interact with invading microorganisms but that augment the body's defense mechanisms.These molecules are called _________.

A)antibodies
B)cytokines
C)immunogens
D)augmetins

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The transfer of antibodies in breast milk is a good example of

A)naturally acquired passive immunity.
B)naturally acquired active immunity.
C)artificially acquired active immunity.
D)artificially acquired passive immunity.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of _________.

A)CD8
B)CD4
C)CD19
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 5

Which type(s)of antigen-presenting cell can activate T cells?

A)Macrophages
B)B cells
C)Dendritic cells
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Most antigens are monovalent.

Question 7

Class I and II MHC molecules

A)consists of a complex of two protein chains.
B)contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket.
C)consists of a complex of two protein chains and contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket.
D)neither consists of a complex of two protein chains nor contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket.

Question 8

Botulinum antitoxin produced in a horse and given to a human suffering from botulism food poisoning is an example of

A)naturally acquired passive immunity.
B)naturally acquired active immunity.
C)artificially acquired active immunity.
D)artificially acquired passive immunity.

Question 9

If a T cell that has received signal 1 for activation fails to also receive signal 2 it may become _________.

A)anergic
B)apoptotic
C)anuclear
D)cancerous

Question 10

An immune complex resulting from an interaction of antibody with cells or particles which becomes large enough to settle out of solution is called a(n)

A)agglutination reaction.
B)precipitation reaction.
C)hemagglutination.
D)ouchterlony double diffusion.

Question 11

The major histocompatibility complex directs the production of proteins called

A)class I.
B)class II.
C)class IV.
D)both class I and class II.
E)both class I and class IV.

Question 12

T cells attack

A)host cells that have been parasitized by microorganisms.
B)transplanted tissue cells from one host to another.
C)cancer cells.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

A vaccination is a good example of

A)naturally acquired passive immunity.
B)naturally acquired active immunity.
C)artificially acquired active immunity.
D)artificially acquired passive immunity.

Question 14

The immune system normally discriminates between __________ antigens.

A)self and nonself
B)B and T cells
C)humoral and cell-mediated
D)primary and secondary response

Question 15

Each antigen has one antigenic determinant site or epitope.

Question 16

Adaptive immunity refers to the type of specific immunity that

A)develops after exposure to antigen.
B)can result from transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.
C)can be induced by natural or artificial means.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

The humoral immune response defends against _________.

A)bacteria
B)bacterial toxins
C)viruses
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 18

When an individual's immune system responds to an appropriate antigenic stimulus during the course of daily activities,this is called

A)naturally acquired passive immunity.
B)naturally acquired active immunity.
C)artificially acquired active immunity.
D)artificially acquired passive immunity.

Question 19

Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on all of the following types of cells EXCEPT _________.

A)red blood cells
B)B cells
C)macrophages
D)dendritic cells

Question 20

Penicillin is a good example of a hapten.

Question 21

The specific regions within the variable region of an antibody that are responsible for antibody diversity and antigen specificity are called __________ regions.

Question 22

One plasma cell can synthesize approximately __________ antibody molecules per second.

A)20,000
B)200,000
C)2000
D)200

Question 23

The humoral immune response differs from the cell-mediated immune response in that only in the humoral immune response is there

A)secretion of antibody.
B)a precommitted lymphocyte.
C)a clonal selection mechanism.
D)the development of memory cells.

Question 24

Superantigens cause

A)specific activation of phagocytic cells.
B)stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines.
C)specific activation of phagocytic cells and stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 25

Superantigens exert their damaging effects by

A)forming harmful antibody aggregates.
B)causing the massive and non-specific release of cytokines by T cells.
C)killing large numbers of phagocytic cells.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 26

The T cell receptor is comprised of

A)alpha and beta protein chains.
B)a delta protein chain.
C)a gamma protein chain.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

Lipopolysaccharides are a common class of T-dependent antigens.

Question 28

Molecules that stimulate T cells to proliferate nonspecifically,causing the release of massive quantities of cytokines,which,in turn,can lead to tissue damage are called __________.

Question 29

Antigens that depend on the function of T-helper cells are called __________ antigens.

Question 30

Which of the following is not true concerning T-independent B cell activation?

A)Affinity maturation does not occur
B)No B memory cells are formed
C)B cell receptors are not involved in activation
D)All of the choices are true.

Question 31

Cytotoxic T cells destroy target cells by

A)direct killing mediated by activated oxygen species.
B)the perforin pathway.
C)the CD95 pathway.
D)both direct killing mediated by activated oxygen species and the perforin pathway.
E)both the perforin pathway and the CD95 pathway.

Question 32

The variable domain of antibody molecules

A)interacts with various cells of the immune system.
B)binds target antigen.
C)interacts with phagocytic cells.
D)interacts with the first component of the complement system.

Question 33

During activation of a T cell,the cytokine it produces to stimulate its own proliferation is _________.

A)interferon gamma
B)interleukin 1
C)interleukin 2
D)tumor necrosis factor

Question 34

T cells are so named because they mature in the thyroid.

Question 35

In humans,the antigen-presenting cells include all of the following EXCEPT _________.

A)eosinophils
B)dendritic cells
C)macrophages
D)B cells

Question 36

T-cell receptors can only recognize antigens on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells; they cannot bind free antigen.

Question 37

B cells are more effective than macrophages in presenting antigens to activate T cells when

A)macrophages are in short supply.
B)antigen concentrations are high.
C)antigen concentrations are low.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 38

When a presented antigen fragment interacts with the T cell receptor of a helper T cell,the co-receptor that must also participate to finalize recognition is _________.

A)CD4
B)CD8
C)MHC I
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

Most known superantigens are glycolipids.

Question 40

In an antibody molecule,the __________ region mediates binding to host cells.

Question 41

Which enzyme inserts nucleotides at the V-J junction to add further diversity?

A)DNA polymerase
B)RAG enzymes
C)Reverse transcriptase
D)Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

Question 42

In an antibody molecule,each loop of approximately 60 amino acids is called a __________.

Question 43

Which of the following types of immunoglobulins is most abundant in serum?

A)IgA
B)IgG
C)IgE
D)IgM

Question 44

The class of immunoglobulin transferred from mother to infant during breastfeeding is _________.

A)IgA
B)IgD
C)IgG
D)IgM

Question 45

Which of the following function(s)as the B cell antigen receptor?

A)IgG
B)Monomeric IgM
C)IgE
D)IgA

Question 46

The secondary immune response is typically stronger than the primary response because __________ during the secondary response.

A)all classes of immunoglobulins are active
B)both B and T cells are activated
C)the antigen is weakened by the primary response
D)a larger population of lymphocytes reactive to antigen has developed

Question 47

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with secondary antibody responses?

A)Shorter lag phase
B)Higher antibody titer
C)Higher antibody affinity
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

Which of the following is not a function of the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecule?

A)Binding to host cells including some cells of the immune system and some phagocytic cells
B)Binding to a component of the complement system
C)Binding to the antigen
D)All of the choices are functions of the Fc end of an immunoglobulin molecule.

Question 49

The inability of a virus to bind to its target cell as a result of antibody binding to the virus is referred to as _________.

A)toxin neutralization
B)adherence prevention
C)viral neutralization
D)cytotoxicity

Question 50

Which of the following is (are)involved with an antigen binding to an antibody?

A)Folding of both the V(H)and V(L)regions
B)Amino acids and the antigen's epitope determinant
C)Noncovalent bonds
D)All of these are correct.

Question 51

The protein chains in a complete antibody molecule are connected to each other by ___________ bonds.

A)peptide
B)ionic
C)disulfide
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 52

The only immunoglobulin class with members able to cross the placental barrier is _________.

A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE

Question 53

If the clonal selection theory is correct,there exists at least one lymphocyte capable of synthesizing an antibody specific to each antigen prior to exposure to the antigen.

Question 54

A type of antibody light chain is the ___________ chain.

A)omega
B)lambda
C)delta
D)alpha

Question 55

Which of the following is/are true about monoclonal antibodies?

A)They are made by hybridizing a myeloma cell and an activated B cell
B)They recognize a specific epitope
C)They are a useful tool in disease diagnosis
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 56

Antibodies

A)can bind to an immunogen.
B)can target the immunogen for destruction.
C)are part of the nonspecific immune response.
D)both can bind to an immunogen and can target the immunogen for destruction.
E)both can bind to an immunogen and are part of the nonspecific immune response.

Question 57

The __________ chains are structurally distinct for each immunoglobulin class.

Question 58

The changeover in production from IgM to IgG by an activated B cell is called a __________ __________ event.

Question 59

Which of the following prevents some bacteria from adhering to mucosal surfaces?

A)IgD
B)IgA
C)IgM
D)IgE

Question 60

Pentameric IgM activates complement up to 20-fold more effectively than does the hexameric form of IgM.

Question 61

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease are both most often fatal.

Question 62

Tumor cells of the immune system that produce large quantities of antibodies and can be readily cultivated are called _________.

A)myeloma cells
B)monoclonal antibodies
C)lymphoma
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 63

Consider the transplantation of tissue from a donor to a recipient who has a different HLA type but the same ABO blood type.Why will the recipient be likely to reject a kidney from the donor,but will not reject the blood from the donor?

A)There are no Class I MHC molecules on the red blood cells in the donor blood.
B)There are no Class I MHC molecules on the kidney tissue from the donor.
C)There are no Class II MHC molecules on the red blood cells in the donor blood.
D)There are no ABO antigens on the kidney tissue.

Question 64

Clusters of differentiation (CDs)molecules are used to differentiate,classify,and name different cells of the immune system.Where are these molecules located?

A)Cytoplasm
B)Endoplasmic Reticulum
C)Nucleus
D)Plasma membrane
E)Blood Plasma

Question 65

Which type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated?

A)Type IV
B)Type III
C)Type II
D)Type I

Question 66

Type ___________ hypersensitivity is generally called a cytolytic or cytotoxic reaction because it results in the destruction of host cells,either by lysis or toxic mediators.

Question 67

Type _________ hypersensitivity involves delayed,cell-mediated immune reactions.

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV

Question 68

Type III hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis involve

A)the activation of mast cells.
B)a cytotoxic reaction.
C)delayed,cell-mediated immune reactions.
D)the formation of immune complexes.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 69

T-cell tolerance induced in the thymus and B-cell tolerance in the bone marrow is called peripheral tolerance.

Question 70

__________ anaphylaxis is referred to as an atopic reaction.

Question 71

Due to a genetic defect,an individual is unable to make T cytotoxic cells.Predict the most likely consequence.

A)The individual will not be able to synthesize any antibodies.
B)The individual will have SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease).
C)The person will have frequent infections caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
D)The person will not be able to adequately fight viral infections and infections caused by intracellular bacteria.

Question 72

Which of the following enables almost all cells of the body to be recognized by an individual's immune system as "self?"

A)The presence of Ig D molecules on cell surfaces
B)The presence of class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces
C)The presence of class II MHC molecules on cell surfaces
D)The presence of ABO antigenic markers on cell surfaces

Question 73

Which of the statements about haptens is correct?

A)Haptens are usually large proteins.
B)Haptens are usually small organic molecules.
C)Haptens are typically lipid molecules.
D)Haptens are generally large polysaccharides.

Question 74

Acquired immune tolerance is the body's ability to produce T cells and antibodies against antigens such as microbial antigens,while "tolerating" _________ ________.

Question 75

What determines the cell type that a given CD4⁺ T_H0 cell will differentiate into?

A)Specific antibody exposure
B)Type of cytokine exposure
C)Antigen exposure
D)Hormones

Question 76

Clonal deletion that removes lymphocytes that recognize any self antigens that are present is known as _________.

A)positive selection
B)negative selection
C)neutralization
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 77

CD4 molecules are found on T ____________ cells,whereas CD8 molecules are characteristic of T___________ cells.

Question 78

An undifferentiated CD4⁺ T_H0 cell can undergo differentiation into a number of different cells,which include all of the following EXCEPT

A)T_H1
B)T_H2
C)T_C
D)T_Reg
E)T_H17

Question 79

Which of the following antibodies is (are)involved in opsonization?

A)IgG₁
B)IgG₃
C)IgD
D)Only IgG₁ and IgG₃

Question 80

Antigen presented within Type I MHC molecules will activate T____________ cells,while antigens presented within Type II MHC molecules will activate T _____________ cells.

A)cytotoxic; helper
B)helper; cytotoxic
C)CD4⁺; CD8⁺
D)regulatory; cytotoxic