Deck 12: Anabolism: the Use of Energy in Biosynthesis

Question 1

Different proteins have different amino acid __________.

Answer 1

sequences

Question 2

Bacteria can synthesize unsaturated fatty acids only under anaerobic conditions.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Photoautotrophs are the only organisms that can incorporate (fix)carbon dioxide into biomolecules.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

There are __________ common amino acids used to synthesize proteins.

A)20
B)61
C)64
D)25

Question 5

Assemblies of macromolecules are referred to as __________ complexes.

A)ultramolecular
B)supramolecular
C)metamolecular
D)maximolecular

Question 6

Nitrogen fixation is used to form ATP,which is then used for energy reserves.

Question 7

In the synthesis of amino acids the addition of the amino nitrogen usually occurs __________ the synthesis of the carbon skeletons.

Question 8

Because peptidoglycan lies outside the plasma membrane,all steps in the complex synthesis process of this molecule takes place outside the cell.

Question 9

Large numbers of small monomeric molecules join together to form large molecules that are known as ______.

A)multimers
B)polymolecules
C)macromolecules
D)maximolecules

Question 10

Large structures (e.g.,ribosomes)form spontaneously from their macromolecular components by a process known as _____-_____.
or

Question 11

The use of compartmentation for the simultaneous but independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways occurs generally in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes.

Question 12

Although most autotrophic microorganisms fix carbon dioxide using the Calvin-Benson cycle,this pathway is absent in the Archaea.

Question 13

Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing carbon-carbon ________ bonds.

Question 14

Many enzyme catalyzed reactions are freely reversible; however,some key steps require separate enzymes for the reverse step in order to provide for independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Question 15

In the biosynthesis of nucleotides,pyrimidines are assembled starting with ribose-5-phosphate while ribose-5-phosphate is added after synthesis of the nitrogenous base for purines.

Question 16

Nongrowing cells continuously degrade and resynthesize cellular molecules during a process known as cellular turnover.

Question 17

Anabolic and catabolic pathways use different cofactors for similar reactions.

Question 18

Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize some anabolic and catabolic pathways so that these pathways can be operated _______.

Question 19

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called ______.

A)metabolism
B)anabolism
C)catabolism
D)amphibolism

Question 20

Which of the following is true about the synthesis of macromolecules from monomeric subunits?

A)It saves genetic storage capacity
B)It saves biosynthetic raw materials
C)It saves energy
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

__________ reactions are used to replace TCA cycle intermediates that have been used to provide carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis.

A)Amphibolic
B)Anaplerotic
C)Anabolic
D)Catabolic

Question 22

A series of enzymatic steps that fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrate is called the ______.

A)Pentose phosphate pathway
B)Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
C)Calvin-Benson cycle
D)Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Question 23

Which pathway(s)is used to fix carbon dioxide?

A)Glycolysis
B)Reductive tricarboxylic pathway
C)Entner-Doudoroff
D)Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 24

In order to synthesize new peptidoglycan for bacterial cell walls,the existing walls must be partially digested by __________ to provide acceptor ends for the new synthesis.

A)lysozyme
B)autolysins
C)autozymogens
D)peptidoglycolysins

Question 25

The process of carbon dioxide fixation refers to

A)release of carbon dioxide during catabolic reactions.
B)reduction of carbon dioxide and incorporation into organic molecules that are assimilated.
C)release of carbon dioxide during anabolic reactions.
D)reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid.

Question 26

The reduction of sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration is called __________ sulfate reduction.

A)assimilatory
B)dissimilatory
C)amodulatory
D)demodulatory

Question 27

Which of the following is a source of carbon skeletons that are used in the synthesis of amino acids?

A)Acetyl-CoA
B)TCA cycle intermediates
C)Glycolysis intermediates
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 28

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors is called ______.

A)glycolysis
B)glutamine synthase
C)gluconeogenesis
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 29

In order to form a single molecule of glucose,it takes ______ turns through the reactions of the Calvin-Benson cycle.

A)3
B)4
C)6
D)12

Question 30

Photoautotrophs use light energy directly for

A)the production of ATP and NADPH.
B)the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.
C)both the production of ATP and NADPH and the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.
D)neither the production of ATP and NADPH nor the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.

Question 31

The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires __________ molecule(s)of ATP.

A)6
B)12
C)18
D)24

Question 32

Which of the following is not a phase of the Calvin-Benson Cycle?

A)Carboxylation phase
B)Oxidation phase
C)Reduction phase
D)Regeneration phase

Question 33

The reduction of sulfate for use in the production of compounds such as cysteine is called __________ sulfate reduction.

A)assimilatory
B)dissimilatory
C)amodulatory
D)demodulatory

Question 34

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation can consume up to ______% of the ATP generated by the host plant.

A)5
B)20
C)30
D)50

Question 35

__________ is the carrier molecule required to transport peptidoglycan subunits to the location where they will be incorporated into the growing bacterial cell wall.

A)Bactoprenol
B)UDP glucose
C)Acyl carrier protein
D)Malonyl-CoA

Question 36

Which pathway(s)are used by eukaryotic microorganisms to fix carbon dioxide?

A)Calvin-Benson cycle
B)Reductive tricarboxylic pathway
C)Entner-Doudoroff
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 37

Most microorganisms assimilate nitrogen as ______.

A)nitrite
B)hydrazine
C)nitrate
D)N₂

Question 38

Microorganisms assimilate large amounts of all of the following except ______ into organic molecules.

A)nitrogen
B)phosphorus
C)sodium
D)sulfur

Question 39

The major reductive amination pathway for incorporation of nitrogen into amino acids initially involves the production of __________ from alpha-ketoglutarate.

A)tryptophan
B)cysteine
C)arginine
D)glutamate

Question 40

The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires __________ molecule(s)of NADPH.

A)6
B)12
C)18
D)24

Question 41

Nitrogen fixation depends on the enzyme nitrogenase,which is produced by some ______.

A)Archaea
B)bacteria
C)eukaryotes
D)bacteria and Archaea but no eukaryotes
E)fungi and bacteria

Question 42

The use of pyruvate carboxylase to convert pyruvate into oxaloacetate is a step unique to gluconeogenesis compared to the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.

Question 43

How many enzyme pathways are shared between gluconeogenesis and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway?

A)3
B)6
C)8
D)11

Question 44

Which of the following is not generally true about fatty acids produced by microorganisms?

A)Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids.
B)Fatty acids have long alkyl chains.
C)Gram-positive bacteria often make cyclopropane fatty acids.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 45

A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar,either ribose or deoxyribose,is called a _______.

A)nucleotide
B)nucleoside
C)nitrogenous base
D)nucleic acid

Question 46

A _____ _____,such as UDPG,is often attached to many sugars during synthesis.

Question 47

Which of the following cofactors is very important in the synthesis of purines?

A)Acetyl-CoA
B)Cytidine diphosphate
C)Folic acid
D)Glutathione

Question 48

The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is called _______.

A)ammonification
B)nitrification
C)denitrification
D)nitrogen fixation

Question 49

Which of the following has the phases of the Calvin-Benson cycle in the correct order,starting with the entry of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate?

A)Regeneration phase,carboxylation phase,reduction phase
B)Reduction phase,carboxylation phase,regeneration phase
C)Carboxylation phase,regeneration phase,reduction phase
D)Carboxylation phase,reduction phase,regeneration phase

Question 50

A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar,either ribose or deoxyribose,which is attached to one or more phosphate groups is called a _______.

A)nucleotide
B)nucleoside
C)nitrogenous base
D)nucleic acid

Question 51

Which of the following do(es)not contribute to the construction of membrane phospholipids?

A)Glycolysis
B)Fatty acid biosynthesis
C)Amino acid biosynthesis
D)Nucleotide biosynthesis

Question 52

Assimilation of organic phosphates from the surroundings uses enzymes known as ______.

A)phosphorylases
B)phosphatases
C)phosphosynthetases
D)phosphoisomerases

Question 53

__________ are cyclic nitrogenous bases with two rings and pronounced aromatic properties.

A)Purines
B)Quinones
C)Amino acids
D)Fatty acids

Question 54

Many microbes use pyruvate carboxylase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to

A)to synthesize amino acids.
B)to synthesize glucose.
C)to synthesize oxaloacetate.
D)to synthesize acetyl-CoA.

Question 55

Which of the following is the best description of a precursor metabolite?

A)An intermediate in the formation of cursor metabolites
B)A macromolecule consumed in the first steps of metabolism
C)An enzyme that is reduced in a metabolic reaction
D)A carbon skeleton used as a starting substrate

Question 56

Phosphorous is usually assimilated by microorganisms as ______.

A)polyphosphate (volutin)
B)phosphene
C)elemental phosphate (P^o)
D)phosphate

Question 57

An autotroph is likely to convert CO₂ into reduced organic carbon in order to produce precursor metabolites.

Question 58

Purines and pyrimidines are precursors for synthesis of _______.

A)fatty acids
B)nucleic acids
C)proteins
D)peptidoglycan

Question 59

In bacteria,synthesis of long chain polysaccharides,such as starch and glycogen,have glucose donated to the end of the growing chain by _____.

A)ADP-glucose
B)ATP-mannose
C)UDPG
D)UTP-galactose

Question 60

Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing __________ carbon-carbon double bond(s).

A)only one
B)exactly two
C)one or more
D)two or more

Question 61

A pyrimidine or purine base that has been joined with a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety is now termed a _____.

Question 62

Bacterial peptidoglycan is not a good target for antibiotics because it is present in human cells as well,leading to host damage.

Question 63

The bacterial cell wall component,_____,is a long,polypeptide chain of NAM and NAG residues that provide the bacterial cell protection from lysis.

Question 64

Purine bases,such as adenine and guanine,have ring(s)in their structure.

Question 65

Bacteria synthesize CDP-diacylglycerol in order to build _____,a major cell membrane phospholipid component.

A)phosphatidylethanolamine
B)lipid rafts
C)lipopolysaccharide
D)peptidoglycan

Question 66

Lipopolysaccharide is comprised of three moieties (lipid A,core oligosaccharide,and O-antigen),which require _____ biosynthetic pathway(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)six

Question 67

The synthesis of _____,a component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes,is complex because it requires understanding both carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis pathways.
or

Question 68

In the biosynthesis of glycerol,the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate produces what important precursor molecule?

A)Dihydrogen monoxide
B)Glycerol-3-phosphate
C)Coenzyme A
D)Phospholipids

Question 69

The $\beta$ -jelly roll of the Lpt system functions to

A)help hide lipid A from the hydrophilic periplasm during LPS transport to the membrane.
B)help attach the O-antigen to core oligosaccharide moieties during synthesis of LPS.
C)help anchor the newly positioned LPS on the bacterial cell surface.
D)help translocate assembled LPS across the outer membrane of the bacterial cell.

Question 70

Two intermediates of the sterol biosynthesis pathway,isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate,are used by archaea in the biosynthesis of _____.

A)diacylglycerol
B)hormones
C)nucleotides
D)isoprenoids

Question 71

Cells save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both .

Question 72

Which statement regarding porphyrin synthesis pathways is CORRECT?

A)The glutamate porphyrin pathway is used by all non-photosynthetic eukaryotes and alpha-proteobacteria.
B)There is very little conservation of porphyrin synthesis pathways between eukaryotes,bacteria,and archaea.
C)The porphyrin biosynthetic pathways are unified at the step of 5-aminolevulinic acid.
D)The succinyl-CoA/glycine porphyrin pathway is used by all bacteria,photosynthetic eukaryotes,and archaea.

Question 73

To convert a nucleoside into a nucleotide,what moiety must be added?

A)One or more purine bases
B)One or more double bonds
C)One or more pyrimidine bases
D)One or more phosphate groups

Question 74

In bacterial synthesis of polysaccharides,such as starch and glycogen,glucose is donated to the end of the growing chain by ADP-glucose.A similar reaction occurs in bacterial branching of phospholipids when phosphatidic acid is attached to a _____.

A)fatty acyl-ATP
B)acetyl-CoA
C)dihydroxyacetone phosphate
D)cytidine diphosphate carrier

Question 75

Which of the following molecules is not considered a porphyrin?

A)Chlorophyll
B)Vitamin B12
C)Hemoglobin
D)Peptidoglycan

Question 76

The cyclic nitrogenous base used in transcription,uracil,is a _____.

A)protein
B)pyrimidine
C)purine
D)porphyrin

Question 77

Because bacterial LPS is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic,a specialized transporting system,_____,is required for membrane transport and insertion.

A)Lpt
B)cytidine diphosphate carrier protein
C)Tol
D)acyl-carrier protein

Question 78

Eukaryotic cell membranes use many sterol molecules for construction,which contrasts with archaeal membranes that utilize _____.