Deck 11: Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation

Question 1

Very few Gram-positive bacteria utilize the Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic pathway.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The most common pathway for conversion of glucose to pyruvate is

A)Entner-Doudoroff.
B)Pentose phosphate.
C)Embden-Meyerhoff.
D)mixed acid fermentation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi,when coupled with an exergonic chemical reaction is called __________ phosphorylation.

A)chemiosmotic
B)oxidative
C)substrate-level
D)conformational change

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The catabolism of glucose begins with one or more of the glycolytic pathways that yield pyruvate.

Question 5

In the TCA cycle,two carbons in the form of __________ are added to oxaloacetate at the start of the cycle.

A)acetyl-CoA
B)ethanol
C)carbon dioxide
D)methanol

Question 6

Some aerobic bacteria lack the Entner-Doudoroff and Embden-Meyerhoff pathways and instead use the pentose phosphate pathway for glycolysis.

Question 7

Metabolic pathways can be either catabolic or anabolic but not both.

Question 8

TCA cycle enzymes are found in the _____________ _________ of eukaryotic cells.

Question 9

The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway in prokaryotes is

A)2.
B)36.
C)38.
D)85.

Question 10

The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called

A)anabolism.
B)catabolism.
C)metabolism.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 11

In the TCA cycle,two carbons are removed from citric acid in the form of __________,thereby regenerating oxaloacetate to complete the cycle.

A)acetyl-CoA
B)ethanol
C)carbon dioxide
D)methanol

Question 12

The TCA cycle generates all of the following from each acetyl-CoA molecule oxidized except

A)three NADH molecules.
B)two CO₂ molecules.
C)one FADH₂ molecule.
D)two ATP or GTP molecules.

Question 13

Although most metabolic reactions are freely reversible,a few irreversible catabolic steps are bypassed during biosynthesis with special enzymes that catalyze the reverse reaction in order to allow for independent regulation of catabolic and anabolic pathways.

Question 14

An organism may use glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway simultaneously.

Question 15

The pentose phosphate pathway produces

A)CO₂.
B)NADPH.
C)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

__________ pathways are those that function both catabolically and anabolically.

Question 17

____________ ____________ is a process that can completely catabolize an organic energy source to CO₂ using the glycolytic pathways and TCA cycle with O₂ as the terminal electron acceptor for an electron transport chain.

Question 18

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex oxidizes and cleaves pyruvate to form one CO₂ and

A)lactate.
B)isocitric acid.
C)acetyl-CoA.
D)succinyl-CoA.

Question 19

The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized to pyruvate using Entner-Doudoroff pathway is

A)4.
B)2.
C)1.
D)0.

Question 20

After glycolysis,pyruvate is oxidized to one CO₂ and the two-carbon molecule acetyl-CoA by a multienzyme system called the ________ ________ complex.

Question 21

When mitochondria pass electrons donated by NADH through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen,a theoretical maximum of __________ molecules of ATP can be made per oxygen molecule reduced.

Question 22

Production of ATP using the energy liberated when electrons from reduced chemical bonds are passed through the electron transport system is generally referred to as

A)chemiosmotic.
B)respiration.
C)substrate-level.
D)conformational change.

Question 23

Reduction of nitrate to nitrite by Paracoccus denitrificans is an example of anaerobic respiration.

Question 24

When cells of a facultative anaerobe such as Paracoccus denitrificans are growing under anaerobic conditions and using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor,______________ nitrate reduction is occurring.

Question 25

Prokaryotes may use several different terminal oxidases for the electron transport system.

Question 26

Organisms that form lactate,ethanol,and CO₂ as end products of glucose metabolism are called __________ fermenters.

Question 27

The hypothesis that proton motive force drives ATP synthesis is called the __________ hypothesis.

Question 28

In higher eukaryotes,most aerobically generated ATP is produced by

A)glycolysis.
B)the TCA cycle.
C)a membrane-bound proton translocating ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation.
D)all of these generate equal amounts of ATP.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT true regarding ATP synthases?

A)They require proton motive force to make ATP.
B)They span the inner membrane of mitochondria.
C)The proton flow is outward during ATP synthesis.
D)The subunits of ATP synthase undergo conformational changes during ATP production.

Question 30

In addition to being used in the making of ATP,proton motive force is used directly to power the rotation of bacterial flagella.

Question 31

Mitochondrial electron transport takes place

A)on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
B)on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C)in the fluid matrix of the mitochondria.
D)on the outer mitochondrial membrane and on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 32

Bacterial electron transport chains may be comprised of fewer components and have lower P/O ratios than mitochondrial transport chains.

Question 33

Which of the following can be used as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration?

A)Nitrate
B)Sulfate
C)Carbon dioxide
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 34

The most commonly accepted hypothesis for the production of ATP that results from electron transport system is called the __________ hypothesis.

Question 35

The theoretical maximum net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized aerobically in eukaryotes is

A)2.
B)32.
C)38.
D)85.

Question 36

The electron transport systems in eukaryotes and prokaryotes use different electron carriers.

Question 37

In aerobic conditions,it takes __________ sugar to produce the same amount of ATP when compared to anaerobic conditions.

A)more
B)less
C)the same amount of

Question 38

The number of ATP molecules generated per atom of oxygen that is reduced when electrons are passed from NADH or reduced FAD (FADH)to O₂ is called the

A)utilization ratio.
B)energy yield.
C)P/O ratio.
D)phosphorylation coefficient.

Question 39

The major function(s)of the TCA cycle is(are)

A)energy production.
B)provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components.
C)electron transport.
D)energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components.

Question 40

Fermentation involves the use of pyruvate and/or other organic molecules as electron acceptors.

Question 41

All prokaryotic photosynthesizers are anoxygenic.

Question 42

All eukaryotic photosynthesizers are oxygenic.

Question 43

Amino acids are processed first by the removal of the amino group through

A)deamination.
B)transamination.
C)phosphorolytic cleavage.
D)deamination or transamination.

Question 44

How many molecules of ATP are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate by oxygenic phototrophs during the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)10-12

Question 45

In the process of __________,ATP is synthesized when excited electrons from chlorophyll P700 pass through a series of electron carriers then return to chlorophyll P700.

A)photosynthesis
B)cyclic photophosphorylation
C)acyclic photophosphorylation
D)noncyclic photophosphorylation

Question 46

Large external polysaccharides are degraded by bacteria and archaea using ________ ________,which they secrete outside the cell.

Question 47

Oxygen is always required for the regeneration of NAD from NADH.

Question 48

Nitrification of ammonia occurs when ammonia is first converted to nitrite and then is converted to nitrate by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Question 49

How many quanta of light are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate during photosynthesis?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)10-12

Question 50

Photosynthetic organisms serve as the base for most food chains in the biosphere.

Question 51

Which of the following may be used as sources of energy by chemolithotrophs?

A)Hydrogen gas
B)Reduced nitrogen compounds
C)Reduced sulfur compounds
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 52

In the process of noncyclic photophosphorylation

A)water is split to form oxygen gas.
B)electrons from water flow through electron transport chains resulting in synthesis of ATP and NADPH.
C)photosystems I and II are both required.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 53

Fatty acids are metabolized by the __________ pathway.

A)alpha-oxidation
B)beta-oxidation
C)gamma-oxidation
D)delta-oxidation

Question 54

Organisms that directly reduce almost all of their pyruvate to lactate are called __________ fermenters.

Question 55

How many molecules of NADPH are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate by oxygenic phototrophs during the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)10-12

Question 56

In the process of fermentation an organic substrate,such as glucose,is reduced and an intermediate of the pathway,such as pyruvate,is oxidized.

Question 57

Proteins are catabolized by hydrolytic cleavage to amino acids by the action of enzymes called __________.

Question 58

During breakdown of fatty acids,carbons are removed __________ at a time with each turn of the cycle,and two carbon units are released as __________.

A)one; carbon dioxide
B)one; methane
C)two; acetyl-CoA
D)two; ethanol

Question 59

_______________ is a two-step process that depends on the activity of at least two genera to carry out the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate.

Question 60

Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be processed as nutrients after first being cleaved to monosaccharides by either __________ or __________.
or

Question 61

Which of the following is produced in largest numbers by the TCA cycle?

A)ATP (GTP)
B)NADH
C)FADH
D)CO₂

Question 62

An organism can fit into only one nutritional pattern,such as photoheterotrophy,and cannot change if the environmental conditions change.

Question 63

In order for a substance to transfer a phosphate to ADP in a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction,which of the following must be true?

A)The phosphate donor must have a lower phosphate transfer potential than ATP.
B)The phosphate donor must have a higher oxidation-reduction potential than ATP.
C)The phosphate donor must have a higher phosphate transfer potential than ATP.
D)The phosphate donor must have a lower oxidation-reduction potential than ATP.

Question 64

Glycolysis and the TCA cycle are two of the most important catabolic pathways in chemoorganotrophs.

Question 65

In most cases,fueling reactions are__________reactions.

A)catabolic
B)anabolic
C)reducing
D)synthesizing

Question 66

The six carbons of the glucose molecule that enter the cell respiration pathway end up in/as _______ ______ by the end of the process.

Question 67

The terms Krebs cycle,tricarboxylic acid cycle,and citric acid cycle all refer to the same process.

Question 68

Processes that supply ATP,reducing power,and precursor metabolites are collectively referred to as ____________ reactions.

A)redox
B)fueling
C)synthetic
D)generating

Question 69

Photosynthetic electron transport in cyanobacteria takes place

A)on the plasma membrane.
B)in the chloroplast.
C)in the cytoplasm.
D)on the thylakoid membranes.

Question 70

Which of the following produces the most ATP during aerobic respiration?

A)Glycolysis
B)TCA cycle
C)Fermentation
D)Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
E)Susbstrate level phosphorylation

Question 71

Whereas the Embden-Meyerhof pathway produces two molecules of pyruvate (net)for each glucose,the Entner-Doudoroff pathway produces one molecule each of ___________ and ____________.
or

Question 72

During glycolysis,ATP is produced when 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate to ADP forming ATP.This is an example of

A)photophosphorylation.
B)oxidative phosphorylation.
C)substrate-level phosphorylation.
D)glycolytic phosphorylation.

Question 73

What distinguishing feature characterizes aerobic and anaerobic respiration but does not play a role in fermentation pathways?

A)Oxidation-reduction reactions
B)Hydrolysis reactions
C)The absence of O₂
D)The presence of an electron transport chain

Question 74

Which nutritional classification would you predict to fit most of the well-known members of the human microbiome?

A)Photolithoautotrophs
B)Chemoorganoheterotrophs
C)Chemolithoautotrophs
D)Chemolithohetertrophs

Question 75

An organism can take advantage of energy available from both light and from organic molecules and exhibit both phototrophy and chemoorganotrophy.

Question 76

A newly described bacterial species has been shown to use CO₂ as its carbon source.Its energy source and its source of reducing power (electrons)are inorganic chemicals.Which term would best describe this nutritional type?

A)Chemolithoheterotroph
B)Photoorganoheterotroph
C)Photolithoheterotroph
D)Chemolithoatotroph

Question 77

The terms phototroph and chemotroph refer to an organism's source of

A)energy.
B)electrons.
C)carbon.
D)nitrogen.

Question 78

Aerobic respiration,anaerobic respiration,and fermentation are the three basic types of

A)chemoorganoheterotrophic metabolism.
B)photolithoautotrophic metabolism.
C)chemolithoautotrophic metabolism.
D)chemoorganoautotrophic metabolism.

Question 79

Which of the following is the major glycolytic pathway used by plants and animals?

A)Tricarboxylic acid cycle
B)Embden-Meyerhof pathway
C)Entner-Doudoroff pathway
D)Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 80

The pentose phosphate pathway is the major glycolytic pathway used by archaea.