Deck 3: Prenatal Development

Question 1

At about 21 days,two ridges appear in the embryo and fold to make up the neural tube,which develops into the

A) nails,hair,and teeth.
B) digestive system,liver,and pancreas.
C) brain and spinal cord.
D) circulatory system,muscles,and skeleton.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to the textbook,_________ is required for the development of male genital organs.

A) androgens
B) testosterone
C) Mullerian inhibiting substance
D) All of these are required

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Prema has read many books about pregnancy.Each gives a different estimate for how many pregnancies end in miscarriage.Given what you know from your text,which estimate is MOST accurate?

A) One-half
B) One-third
C) Less than 10%
D) 75%

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Within 36 hours after conception,the zygote consists of ______ cells.

A) 2
B) 36
C) 72
D) it depends upon the sex of the developing fetus

Question 5

If the body were considered to have a central axis,what would it be?

A) The brain
B) The heart
C) The spinal cord
D) The lungs

Question 6

When the heart begins to beat in the developing embryo,

A) it is usually during the third week after conception.
B) the organism weighs a fraction of an ounce.
C) the organism is only one-fourth of an inch in length.
D) All of these are accurate

Question 7

Given the cephalocaudal pattern of development,which of the following should happen first?

A) Development of the sensory systems
B) Growth of the hands and feet
C) Development of the brain and spinal cord
D) Development of the kidneys and liver

Question 8

Which of the following does NOT develop from the four membranes of the trophoblast?

A) Zygote
B) Amniotic sac
C) Umbilical cord
D) Placenta

Question 9

If a fetus's spine develops before its fingernails,this represents proximodistal development,characterized by

A) growth spreads outward from the spine.
B) development from the head down.
C) at birth,the head is oversized in comparison to the body.
D) None of these is correct

Question 10

Prenatal development can be thought of in terms of the germinal,embryonic,and fetal periods.Or,it can be thought of as three trimesters.In terms of the way time is divided into periods,these two viewpoints are

A) identical; they both see prenatal development as occurring in three 3-month periods.
B) identical; they both see prenatal development as divided into the first two weeks,week 3 through 8 and third month through birth.
C) similar in that both assume a pregnancy will last 266 days.
D) different in how development is viewed.

Question 11

Prior to implantation,how are the developing cells that will become the fetus nourished?

A) Nourishment is not necessary at this stage of development
B) From the umbilical cord and through the placenta
C) From the yolk of the original egg cell
D) None of these is correct

Question 12

If a fetus's upper arms develop before the lower forearms,this is called cephalocaudal development and is characterized by

A) growth spreads outward from the spine.
B) development from the head down.
C) inner organs grow faster than the extremities.
D) None of these is correct

Question 13

Female and male embryos have a pair of sexually undifferentiated gonads and two sets of primitive duct structures.These are known as the ___________ and __________ducts.

A) XX ; XY
B) MIS; DHT
C) Mullerian; Wolffian
D) testosterone; estrogen

Question 14

The nails,hair,teeth,and outer layer of skin develop from the

A) endoderm.
B) ectoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) neural tube.

Question 15

Before the end of the first month of embryonic development,the neural tube is producing about 400 million neurons per

A) second.
B) minute.
C) day.
D) week.

Question 16

When the genetic code (XX or XY)begins to assert itself,

A) genetic activity on the Y sex chromosome causes ovaries to begin to differentiate.
B) genetic activity on the X sex chromosome causes ovaries to begin to differentiate.
C) ovaries begin to differentiate if the Y sex chromosome is absent.
D) testes begin to differentiate if the Y sex chromosome is absent.

Question 17

Once in the uterus,the zygote

A) stops dividing into more cells.
B) becomes implanted immediately.
C) wanders around for 3 or 4 days before becoming implanted.
D) is now called an embryo.

Question 18

Nina says that a newly fertilized egg cell cannot survive without nourishment from the mother.Carole says that the fertilized egg cell is nourished by the yolk of the ovum and gains mass before implantation.Sarah says that the fertilized egg cell only gains mass after implantation.Which person is correct?

A) Nina
B) Carole
C) Sarah
D) None is correct

Question 19

Pregnancies can be dated from the onset of the last menstrual period before conception or by

A) assuming conception is two weeks after the woman's last menstrual cycle.
B) counting ahead nine months from the date the woman learned she was pregnant.
C) counting forward from the date the woman believes she conceived.
D) pregnancies are not dated as there is too much variability from woman to woman.

Question 20

Which of the following eventually becomes the embryo?

A) The blastocyst
B) The trophoblast
C) The placenta
D) The sperm cell

Question 21

The placenta contains a membrane that acts as a filter.It allows for which of the following to pass from mother to fetus?

A) Nutrients
B) Oxygen
C) Germs
D) All of these are able to pass across the placenta from mother to fetus

Question 22

Women who are infected with HIV pass it to their offspring

A) through the placenta.
B) during delivery through contact with maternal blood and fluids.
C) via breastfeeding.
D) All are ways an HIV-infected mother can infect her offspring

Question 23

During the pregnancy,when have all of the fetal organs formed?

A) By the end of the first trimester
B) Not until the end of the second trimester
C) Halfway through the third trimester
D) It depends upon the particular developing fetus

Question 24

Which of the following secretes hormones that preserve the pregnancy?

A) The placenta
B) The umbilical cord
C) The amniotic sac
D) All three secrete hormones that work to preserve the pregnancy

Question 25

What structure stimulates the uterine contractions that prompt childbirth?

A) The umbilical cord
B) The placenta
C) The amniotic sac
D) The uterus itself

Question 26

Kenisha had an ultrasound and sees that her developing fetus is sucking its thumb.What can we infer from this?

A) That Kenisha is at least at the end of the second trimester
B) That the developing fetus must be at least 22 weeks gestation
C) That the fetus will also have periods of wakefulness and sleep
D) All of these can be inferred from the statement

Question 27

It is the job of the amniotic sac to

A) allow the fetus to exchange nutrients and wastes with the mother.
B) help the developing fetus maintain a stable temperature.
C) filter germs and drugs away from the developing fetus.
D) None of these is accurate

Question 28

If a child is born with alcohol-related abnormalities,what do we know?

A) The mother ingested alcohol sometime during the pregnancy
B) Alcohol can be passed from the mother to the developing child
C) That the placenta was unable to keep the alcohol from being passed to the child
D) All of these can be assumed

Question 29

Low levels of androgens in females leads to

A) the development of the fallopian tubes.
B) the development of the uterus.
C) the degeneration of the Wolffian ducts.
D) All of these are affected by low levels of androgens

Question 30

What methods can we use to determine if a fetus can differentiate between different sounds?

A) Differences in their movements in response to different sounds
B) Changes in heart rate in response to different sounds
C) Startle-like movements when sounds change
D) All of these can be used to address the question

Question 31

During the pregnancy,when will the developing fetus alternate between periods of wakefulness and sleep?

A) In the first trimester
B) By the end of the second trimester
C) Not until the end of the third trimester
D) It depends upon the particular developing fetus

Question 32

What makes the placenta unique in origin?

A) It is the first fetal structure to develop
B) It allows oxygen and nutrients between mother and embryo to mix
C) It develops from material from both the mother and embryo
D) It provides the fluid that surrounds the embryo and protects it

Question 33

All of the following occur by the end of the second trimester EXCEPT for

A) advancing from one ounce to two pounds in weight.
B) growing four to five times in length.
C) opening and closing of the eyes.
D) fetal activity level decreases.

Question 34

DeCasper and colleagues (1984,1986,1991)found that newborns preferred the voices of their own mothers to that of their fathers or unfamiliar women.Their explanation was that

A) newborns simply had less exposure to the voices of their fathers and unfamiliar women.
B) this might be a basis for attachment to the mother.
C) while female infants preferred their mother's voices,male infants preferred their father's voices.
D) this preference disappeared by the time the infants were two months old.

Question 35

Danielle is at the end of her second trimester.Her fetus kicks and moves whenever she plays jazz music.What can we infer from this?

A) The fetus can perceive sounds
B) The movement is random because the fetus cannot yet hear
C) The fetus has developed enough that it can now survive independently if born
D) What we could infer would depend upon the rhythm of the music

Question 36

Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding the placenta?

A) It secrets hormones that prepare the breasts for nursing
B) It stimulates contractions that prompt childbirth
C) It's also called the afterbirth
D) All of these are true

Question 37

The fetus is connected to the placenta by the ____________,whereas the mother is connected to the placenta by the __________.

A) umbilical cord; system of blood vessels
B) system of blood vessels; umbilical cord
C) umbilical cord; amniotic sac
D) amniotic sac; system of blood vessels

Question 38

What can be said regarding detectable fetal movements across pregnancy?

A) Slow squirming movements begin at about 5 or 6 months
B) Sharp jabbing or kicking movements begin at 5 or 6 months and progressively decline
C) Movements begin at 5 to 6 months and increase steadily until the fetus is born
D) The fetus is only active when the mother is active

Question 39

Without the influence of ___________,all individuals,whether genetically female or male,would develop female external genitalia.

A) androgens
B) oxytocin
C) progesterone
D) prolactin

Question 40

In the DeCasper and Fifer study (1980),infants showed a preference for the reading of

A) The King,the Mice,and the Cheese.
B) The Cat in the Hat.
C) Where the Wild Things Are.
D) Goodnight Moon.

Question 41

Prenatally,Michael was a non-active and lethargic fetus.Given the research on fetal activity levels,what might you expect to find postnatally?

A) High activity levels because he rested in utero
B) Low activity levels
C) Low activity levels and slower physical development across the first year
D) Prenatal activity is unrelated to postnatal activity

Question 42

The word teratogen is derived from a word meaning

A) healthy.
B) giving birth to monsters.
C) from head to tail.
D) critical period.

Question 43

What can be done to offset the negative cognitive effects of fetal malnutrition?

A) Enriched daycare programs for the children
B) A vitamin regimen for the children
C) Regular exercise for the children
D) Nothing can be done to undo the negative cognitive effects

Question 44

Maternal obesity is associated with

A) increased risk of miscarriage.
B) higher risk of stillbirth.
C) cognitive deficits in the newborn.
D) slower physical development.

Question 45

Why might the fetus move less often during the ninth month of gestation than before?

A) Growth has slowed,so movements will too
B) The fetus is conserving energy for the difficult birth process
C) The fetus is spending more time sleeping
D) The fetus is larger and there is simply less room for movement

Question 46

Women who are too slender

A) have the healthiest infants.
B) are more likely to have infants who are obese.
C) risk having preterm deliveries and low-birth-weight infants.
D) should consume diets high in fat and sugar in order to gain weight during pregnancy.

Question 47

What can be done to improve the motor development of fetuses of malnourished mothers?

A) Exercise by the mother during the pregnancy
B) The motor development cannot be improved once the mother is malnourished
C) It depends upon the sex of the child
D) Provide protein and calorie supplements during the pregnancy

Question 48

To help ensure the health of her fetus,Rita eats green leafy vegetables every day.This helps increase her intake of

A) vitamin B.
B) zinc.
C) iron.
D) folic acid.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Maternal malnutrition has no effect on fetal health
B) Fetuses "take what they need" from their mothers in terms of nutrition
C) Supportive caregiving environments cannot offset the negative effects of fetal malnutrition
D) Maternal malnutrition is related to fetal prematurity and cognitive deficiencies

Question 50

If a child is born with stunted arms and legs,what may have happened?

A) The fetus was exposed to a significant teratogen between the 4th and 8th weeks after conception
B) The mother must have ingested alcohol at least once during the pregnancy
C) The fetus was exposed to a teratogen during the third trimester
D) The amniotic fluid was infected with some kind of virus

Question 51

According to the data presented in the textbook,higher parental education is related to lower birth rates.The relationship between these two variables can best be described as

A) a positive correlation.
B) a negative correlation.
C) a random event.
D) countries with lower birth rates have higher rates of infertility.

Question 52

Which of the following is TRUE about teratogens?

A) We cannot predict with certainty what their effects will be
B) The effects of teratogens may depend upon when after conception they are encountered
C) Exposure to teratogens is more likely to affect the embryo than the fetus
D) All of these are accurate about teratogens

Question 53

If you know that someone is attempting to increase their intake of zinc and cobalt,what might they be doing?

A) Eating more liver
B) Eating more seafood
C) Eating more leafy vegetables
D) Eating more wheat germ

Question 54

What is the relationship between a woman's BMI and her recommended weight gain during pregnancy?

A) Slimmer mothers should gain less weight
B) Heavier mothers are encouraged to diet while pregnant
C) The heavier the mother,the less weight she should gain during pregnancy
D) BMI and weight gain are unrelated; each mother decides what is a healthy weight gain for her

Question 55

Aside from eating a well-balanced diet,many pregnant women take folic acid supplements to reduce their chances of giving birth to children with

A) neural tube defects.
B) low birth weights.
C) food allergies.
D) PKU.

Question 56

If Emmeline wants to increase the amount of vitamin E in her diet while she is pregnant,she should eat more

A) citrus.
B) meat,egg yolk,and raisins.
C) wheat germ and whole grain bread.
D) dairy.

Question 57

Environmental agents that can harm the embryo or fetus are called

A) toxins.
B) critical agents.
C) teratogens.
D) encephalons.

Question 58

Alcohol would be an example of a

A) fetal stimulant.
B) hallucinogen.
C) teratogen.
D) chemical that cannot cross through the placenta.

Question 59

In a study by Shaw and colleagues,the higher the level of maternal obesity,the higher the rate of neural tube defects.Folic acid supplements

A) were effective in reducing neural tube defects for all women.
B) were not effective in women weighing more than 154 pounds.
C) were effective only in the most obese women.
D) increased the rate of neural tube defects.

Question 60

Which of the following is TRUE regarding fetal activity in utero?

A) It varies by individual
B) It varies by sex of fetus
C) Highly active fetuses show less advanced motor development after birth
D) It predicts infant intelligence at 6 months of age

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a sexually transmitted infection that can affect the fetus?

A) Genital herpes
B) Chlamydia
C) HIV/AIDS
D) Pre-eclampsia

Question 62

Why would African-American and Puerto Rican children have higher death rates from AIDS than European-American children?

A) Poor nutrition
B) Less access to high-quality healthcare
C) There are no racial or ethnic differences in AIDS death rates
D) Due to genetic differences among ethnic groups

Question 63

An antibiotic would be MOST successful in fighting which of the following illnesses?

A) Rubella
B) HIV
C) Syphilis
D) Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 64

What would be the BEST way for a woman to ensure that she does not contract rubella during pregnancy?

A) Check and see if she had it as a child,as this would cause immunity
B) Get vaccinated during pregnancy just to be as safe as possible
C) Rubella cannot harm the child,so there is nothing to worry about
D) Get vaccinated after pregnancy as rubella can only be passed to the child through breast milk

Question 65

An infant born with skin sores,a runny nose,slimy patches in the mouth,and anemia may have been exposed to _________ in utero.

A) the flu
B) syphilis
C) rubella
D) thalidomide

Question 66

A baby born to a mother with untreated syphilis

A) has a 40 to 70% chance of being infected in utero.
B) may show no symptoms at birth,even if infected.
C) has a 12% chance of dying from the disease.
D) All of these are accurate

Question 67

It is suspected that the flu (influenza)may lead to such problems as __________in the developing fetus.

A) impaired vision and hearing
B) seizures
C) autism and schizophrenia
D) swollen liver,jaundice,and anemia

Question 68

An African study (2000)found that the probability of transmission of HIV through breast milk was about 1 in

A) 6.
B) 10.
C) 16.
D) 25.

Question 69

Rh incompatibility results when

A) enzymes produced by the fetus infect the mother.
B) bacteria from the mother cross the placenta and infect the child.
C) antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the fetus.
D) high blood pressure in the mother damages the fetal nervous system.

Question 70

The number of children in the United States born with birth defects caused by rubella has

A) risen over time.
B) dramatically declined since the 1960s.
C) declined,but is now on the rise again.
D) remained constant over time.

Question 71

According to the textbook,the acronym STI refers to

A) serious terminal indicator.
B) sometimes infectious.
C) sexually transmitted infection.
D) syphilitic infected individual.

Question 72

Which of the following mothers has the greatest chance of giving birth to a baby with birth defects due to contracting rubella during pregnancy?

A) A woman who has the illness within one month of pregnancy
B) A woman who contracts the illness during the third trimester
C) Rubella is equally dangerous at any point from conception to birth
D) Rubella is only dangerous within one month after the fetus is born

Question 73

Aside from the possibility of being infected with HIV during the birth process,how else might a child become infected by the mother?

A) There is no other way a baby could be infected
B) Through breast milk
C) By physical contact with the mother after birth
D) A fetus can be infected with HIV in utero or during the birth process,but not after the fetus is born

Question 74

Current recommendations to help prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child include bottle feeding,C-section,and

A) HAART.
B) blood transfusion.
C) breast-feeding.
D) high doses of folic acid.

Question 75

A pregnant woman is diagnosed as having syphilis.Which of the following is TRUE regarding her fetus?

A) She will not be given antibiotics,as the syphilis bacterium is immune to antibiotics
B) She must be in her last trimester,as syphilis cannot be detected earlier in a pregnancy
C) An infected,untreated woman has about a 40% chance of having a child who is stillborn or who dies shortly after birth
D) All of these are true

Question 76

Linda is doing research on the possible effects of influenza on the developing fetus.She learns from the research that it may not be the flu virus per se but __________ that may lead to fetal brain abnormalities.

A) the mother's inflammatory response
B) the mother's use of over-the-counter remedies to treat the flu
C) the effects of the mother having a flu shot
D) the mother's use of prescription drugs to treat the flu

Question 77

Dona is early in the third trimester of her pregnancy.She has developed a life-threatening disease that is characterized by high blood pressure.Her healthcare provider informed her that this condition is known as

A) rubella.
B) Rh incompatibility.
C) pre-eclampsia.
D) maternal congenital hypertension.

Question 78

What appears to be the main defense against developing pre-eclampsia?

A) Controlling intake of fat
B) Receiving prenatal care
C) Minimizing intake of protein
D) Gaining extra weight during pregnancy

Question 79

What appears to be the only problem linked to pre-eclampsia?

A) Excess mineral consumption during pregnancy
B) Prenatal drug use by the mother
C) Alcohol consumption by the mother
D) Malnutrition on the part of the mother

Question 80

In which of the following ways can HIV be passed from parent to child?

A) Through amniotic fluid
B) Through rupturing of maternal and fetal blood vessels during childbirth,which allows an exchange of blood and HIV
C) Via HIV infected sperm
D) HIV cannot be passed from parent to child