Deck 5: Infancy: Physical Development

Question 1

Who matures more quickly and will reach half their adult height by 18 months of age?

A) Whichever children eat the most food
B) Whichever children have the tallest parents
C) Boys
D) Girls

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The brain regulates essential functions such as

A) heartbeat.
B) hormone secretion.
C) basic drives such as hunger and thirst.
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Infants grow in spurts and are NOT growing approximately how much of the time?

A) 90-95%
B) 80-85%
C) 60-70%
D) For two weeks out of each month

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Among neonates,the arms

A) are longer than the legs.
B) are shorter than the legs.
C) are about equal in length to the legs.
D) develop more slowly than the legs after the first birthday due to the cephalocaudal trend.

Question 5

Infants exhibit more generalized and diffuse motions before they begin to reach and grasp with specific intent.The tendency of behavior to become more specific and distinct is called

A) integration.
B) conceptualization.
C) globalization.
D) differentiation.

Question 6

Why is the head disproportionately large during infancy and childhood?

A) Muscle grows slower than brain tissue
B) because bone grows so slowly
C) because the brain is essential for all other growth
D) There is no scientific reason,it just is

Question 7

By the second birthday,a child's arms have grown longer than his legs.This is an example of

A) proximodistal development.
B) differentiation in development.
C) cephalocaudal development.
D) minimalist development.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) The head triples in length between birth and maturity
B) The arms double in length between birth and maturity
C) The legs double in length between birth and maturity
D) The lower parts of the body,such as the legs,must do more growing to reach adult size than the upper parts,such as the head

Question 9

Heartbeat,digestion,respiration,and elimination of wastes are carried out by organ systems close to the central axis.These functions,close to the center of the body,operate or are ready to operate when the child is born.What principle of development does this represent?

A) Cephalocaudal
B) Differentiation
C) Proximodistal
D) None of the above

Question 10

How does the brain regulate growth and development of the infant's body?

A) By sending electrical signals to the muscles and bones
B) Through a predetermined sequence that is initiated at birth
C) Through the secretion of hormones
D) Through regulation of the somatic nervous system

Question 11

A newborn that thrashes about wildly and cries in response to a heel stick test (a needle prick)has not yet developed

A) cephalocaudal development.
B) differentiation in development.
C) proximodistal development.
D) general distress syndrome.

Question 12

Gaining control of one's upper body before one's lower body is an example of which type of development?

A) Differentiation
B) Proximodistal
C) Integration
D) Cephalocaudal

Question 13

Gina is a taller than the average infant.What will likely happen to her growth rate?

A) It will continue to increase
B) It will likely slow down
C) She will stop growing earlier than other girls
D) There is no way to predict what will happen to her growth rate

Question 14

A fetus's weight will increase how much in the period between conception and birth?

A) A billionfold
B) A trillionfold
C) It will double
D) It will quadruple

Question 15

Can children "grow overnight?"

A) No,it is not possible
B) Yes,but only during the teen years
C) Yes,but in childhood it is usually only girls that do
D) Yes,research seems to confirm this

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between infant and adult heights?

A) There is no relationship between height as an infant and height as an adult
B) There is an almost perfect relationship between height as an infant and height as an adult
C) Long infants always grow up to be tall adults
D) None of these is true about the infant/adult height relationship

Question 17

Within a span of nine months,a fetus develops from a zygote that is 1/175 of an inch long to a neonate that is

A) about 10 pounds.
B) about 10 inches long.
C) about 20 inches long.
D) about 5 pounds.

Question 18

Infants can grow

A) as much as .5 centimeters in one month.
B) as much as 2.5 centimeters in one day.
C) as much as 2.5 centimeters in one month.
D) as much as .5 centimeters in one day.

Question 19

By eight weeks after conception,the brain constitutes _______ the length of the entire embryo.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 20

Infants grab large things before than can pick up tiny objects.What type of development does this represent?

A) Proximodistal
B) Integration
C) Cephalocaudal
D) Differentiation

Question 21

Joseph has been treated for FTT and is now returning to his normal growth rate.What does this represent?

A) Canalization
B) Proximodistal development
C) Differentiation
D) Phenalization

Question 22

Anusha wants to breast-feed her baby.She read that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends

A) feeding with formula instead of breast milk.
B) feeding with formula for four months,then switching to breast milk.
C) breast-feeding for two years.
D) breast-feeding for one year and longer if possible.

Question 23

When infant formula was developed in the 1930s,

A) women refused to use it.
B) it was a nutritionally poor substitute for breast milk.
C) Breast-feeding declined,women entered the workforce,and they became less constrained by traditional roles.
D) most babies showed allergies to it.

Question 24

After the second birthday,the legs begin to grow rapidly and are soon longer than the arms.This is an example of

A) differentiation in development.
B) cephalocaudal development.
C) minimalist development.
D) proximodistal development.

Question 25

How should new foods be introduced to the infant?

A) One at a time to assess for allergies or preferences
B) It does not matter,as infants will not show taste preferences
C) Poultry and fish should be introduced before cereal and strained fruits
D) Meat and fish should not be introduced before age 2

Question 26

Even though children represent 24% of the United States population,they represent ______of the number of people living in poverty.

A) 14%
B) 24%
C) 34%
D) 44%

Question 27

Failure to thrive

A) is an organic illness.
B) is apt to be created by a combination of organic and non-organic causes.
C) is a non-organic problem.
D) is caused by prenatal problems.

Question 28

Children with PEM

A) may suffer before birth if their mother is malnourished.
B) suffer up to 160 days of illness per year.
C) suffer the most severe form of malnutrition.
D) All of the above are true

Question 29

Recent studies indicate that women are more likely to breast-feed if they

A) are older.
B) were born outside the United States.
C) have less education.
D) have an influential person who encourages breast-feeding.

Question 30

Jessie was diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT)at 20 months of age.At age 8,we would expect to find that Jessie

A) shows no effects of her earlier FTT.
B) is now is taller and weighs more than her peers.
C) may have a protein deficiency.
D) is smaller,less cognitively advanced,and more emotionally disturbed than typical children.

Question 31

Failure to thrive (FTT)has been linked to deficiencies in caregiver-infant interactions,resulting in

A) child abuse.
B) secure attachment.
C) insecure attachment.
D) difficult child temperament.

Question 32

Matthew is 20 months old and has been diagnosed as having non-organic FTT (NOFTT).The cause of this is thought to be

A) an underlying health problem.
B) failure to make use of adequate nutrition due to a health problem.
C) trouble accessing food due to a health problem.
D) a psychological and/or social cause.

Question 33

At about what age can an infant begin ingesting solid foods?

A) By about 4 to 6 months of age
B) As early as 2 weeks,if they are really hungry
C) Not until about 1 year of age
D) It varies significantly from child to child

Question 34

Research has shown that infants with failure to thrive (FTT)

A) also have sleep problems.
B) may have inherited it from their parents.
C) are born with other disorders that complicate childrearing.
D) are introduced to solid and finger foods later than other children.

Question 35

Compared to children in other countries,how is the nutrition of children in the United States?

A) Worse than in many other countries
B) Better than in many countries,but the nutrition of poor children in the U.S.continues to decline
C) Better than in many other countries,with the nutrition of the poor in the U.S.getting better
D) The U.S.is on an equal basis with most other countries

Question 36

Which of the following is TRUE regarding low-income children in the United States?

A) Federal programs,such as WIC,have helped to improve the nutritional status of poor children
B) Low-income children show lower rates of FTT and anemia
C) 60% of Asian-American children live in poverty
D) American-Indian children show the lowest rates of poverty

Question 37

Which of the following is a central feature of failure to thrive?

A) Irritability
B) Poor REM sleep
C) Feeding problems
D) Excessive eye contact with adults

Question 38

Lin is 6 months old.She is losing weight due to a diet low in essential nutrients.Her mother does not produce enough breast milk,and there is no access to formula where Lin lives.Lin is most likely suffering from

A) FTT.
B) marasmus.
C) canalization.
D) the rule of the golden section.

Question 39

What reflex prevents infants from ingesting solid foods prior to 4 months of age?

A) Babinski
B) Rooting
C) Tongue thrust
D) Sucking

Question 40

At the end of one year,one woman in ______ is still breast-feeding.

A) two
B) three
C) five
D) seven

Question 41

Which of the following is TRUE about the brain?

A) The heavier it is,the more complex it is
B) It contains more neurons than the rest of the body
C) When born,the brain contains no neurons,as they develop due to experience
D) At birth,it contains over 40 million neurons

Question 42

If a child's brain cannot control heartbeat and respiration,which part of the brain might be damaged?

A) Medulla
B) Cerebellum
C) Pituitary
D) Hypothalamus

Question 43

The ________ of the myelin sheath insulates neurons so messages are conducted more efficiently.

A) globulin
B) high fat content
C) profferin
D) alduin

Question 44

An individual develops mental retardation due to a disorder called PKU.What do we know about this?

A) The individual has excessive myelination
B) The disorder inhibits the formation of myelin in the brain
C) The myelin travels into the soma and destroys the neuron
D) The myelin covers the dendrites and stops the communication process

Question 45

Breast milk is unlikely to upset the infant's stomach; it contains the mother's antibodies,which are transmitted to the infant,and it

A) helps protect against lymphoma.
B) decreases the chances of developing diarrhea.
C) reduces allergic responses and constipation.
D) All of these are benefits of breast milk

Question 46

The infant brain

A) grows slower than the rest of the body.
B) triples in weight by the child's first birthday.
C) is fully developed at birth.
D) will not reach 70% of its adult weight until adolescence.

Question 47

When does lactation end?

A) Once it begins,it never ends
B) When the thyroid returns to normal functioning
C) After one year
D) When breast-feeding ceases and oxytocin and prolactin are no longer secreted

Question 48

One negative factor to consider regarding breast-feeding is that

A) breast milk can transmit HIV and environmental hazards,such as PCBs,to the infant.
B) breast-feeding has been shown to increase mothers' responses to stress.
C) breast-feeding increases the risk of early breast cancer.
D) there are no negative factors associated with breast-feeding.

Question 49

You use your cell phone to transmit a message to another person.Which part of the neuron performs this function?

A) Axon
B) Cell body
C) Dendrite
D) Synapse

Question 50

_______ is caused by the replacement of myelin with a hard fibrous tissue.

A) SIDS
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) Alzheimer's
D) PKU

Question 51

Breast milk is related to

A) increased likelihood of asthma later in life.
B) increased likelihood of breast cancer for the mother later in life.
C) decreased likelihood of obesity for the child later in life.
D) All of these are related to breast milk

Question 52

Myelination

A) is complete at birth.
B) is complete at birth for boys but not for girls.
C) is a life-long process.
D) continues into the second decade of life.

Question 53

A baby has begun to crawl.This means

A) myelin will soon form to coat motor neurons.
B) a maturation process will be activated that will result in myelination of neurons by the end of the first year.
C) myelination of neurons has already begun.
D) myelin has nothing to do with this process.

Question 54

Kwashiorkor

A) is a name for a birthing process.
B) results in swollen stomach and feet,hair loss,and rash.
C) is a type of formula given to babies who are malnourished.
D) is a nutrient in breast milk that reduces childhood lymphoma.

Question 55

Negatives to breast-feeding include

A) Fear of pain
B) Undernourishment of some mothers,which results in fewer nutrients in breast milk
C) Mothers' assumption of the sole responsibility for nighttime feedings
D) All of these are negatives of breast-feeding

Question 56

Neurotransmitters

A) are short fibers that receive incoming messages.
B) are hormones that promote breast-feeding.
C) are released from axon terminals.
D) can be several feet long.

Question 57

Breast-feeding provides benefits to mothers such as reducing the risk of breast and ovarian cancers,building bone strength,reducing the risk of osteoporosis,and

A) helping shrink the uterus after delivery.
B) reducing the chances of becoming obese.
C) creating immunity to common illnesses,such as colds.
D) There are no benefits for mothers,just for infants

Question 58

A neuron contains

A) cell body.
B) axon.
C) dendrite.
D) A neuron contains all of these

Question 59

How big is the neonate's brain?

A) About half the size it will be in adulthood
B) It depends greatly upon the size and shape of the infant's head
C) About one-third the size it will be in adulthood
D) Less than one pound

Question 60

You use your cell phone to receive text messages.Which part of the neuron performs this function?

A) Dendrite
B) Cell body
C) Axon
D) Synapse

Question 61

Which part of the brain allows for learning,thought,and memory?

A) Cerebellum
B) Medulla
C) Amygdala
D) Cerebrum

Question 62

If a child cannot maintain her balance,control her motor behavior,or coordinate her eye movements with bodily sensations,which part of the brain might be faulty?

A) Cerebellum
B) Amygdala
C) Medulla
D) Hypothalamus

Question 63

When does the second growth spurt of the brain occur?

A) During the second and third weeks of life
B) During the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development
C) Between the 25th week of prenatal development and the end of the second year after birth
D) There is no such thing as a second growth spurt of the brain

Question 64

Rats placed in "amusement park" environments

A) develop comparably to all other rats.
B) show significant development of the medulla.
C) develop heavier brains than those not in enriched environments.
D) show shrinkage of the visual cortex.

Question 65

Brain nourishment

A) influences how close a child can come to reaching the potential set by genetics.
B) decreases the number of neurons formed,but increases their efficiency.
C) leads to a smaller brain size,but one that is more efficient.
D) Brain nourishment can lead to all of these

Question 66

In the human brain,the cerebrum

A) constitutes a larger percentage of the brain than in any other organism.
B) controls autonomic nervous system functions such as heart rate and respiration.
C) controls balance,motor behavior,and coordinated eye movements.
D) None of the above

Question 67

The rapid formation of neurons

A) may cause the first growth spurt in the infant brain.
B) increases the density of the brain but not the size or weight.
C) does not occur until the child enters school and begins learning rapidly.
D) is automatic and unrelated to learning.

Question 68

Voluntary motor movements require

A) myelination of neurons in the cerebral cortex.
B) myelination of the neurons in the medulla.
C) myelination of the neurons of the motor pathways.
D) myelination of the neurons in the cerebrum.

Question 69

What is the implication of the phrase "brain adaptability is a double-edged sword?"

A) Our brains are not good at adapting to changing environments
B) Excessive stimulation can be as damaging as too little stimulation
C) Our brains allow us to adjust to changing demands,but lack of stimulation can impair this ability
D) Once we learn something,we cannot unlearn it

Question 70

The neurons involved in vision begin to myelinate ___________ and complete the process of myelination ____________ than those involved in hearing.

A) later; later
B) sooner; sooner
C) later; sooner
D) sooner; later

Question 71

Myelination of motor pathways

A) increases the speed at which the infant can process cognitive information.
B) is unrelated to the infant's motor skills.
C) results in finely coordinated motor movements.
D) enhances the neonate's ability to engage in stereotyped reflexes.

Question 72

Research shows that myelination

A) may continue into early adulthood and beyond.
B) is complete by the time the child is born.
C) is enhanced by vitamin B intake.
D) enhances cognitive functioning,but not motor functioning.

Question 73

Motor development

A) does not follow the same patterns as cognitive development.
B) is much more predictable than cognitive development.
C) occurs independent of other factors such as environment or nutrition.
D) follows cephalocaudal,proximodistal,and differentiation patterns.

Question 74

Which of the following is TRUE about infant brains in comparison to adult brains?

A) Infant brains have more neural connections
B) Infant brains comprise a significantly smaller percentage of body size
C) Infant brains have connections that are not activated by experience
D) Infant brains have only about half the structures of adult brains

Question 75

When does the first brain growth spurt occur?

A) During the second and third weeks of life
B) During the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development
C) About the first month after birth
D) Not until the end of the first year

Question 76

As myelination increases,

A) the infant becomes less able to learn from new experiences.
B) the brain areas become less sophisticated.
C) the brain areas become increasingly complex.
D) the brain becomes less likely to experience damage.

Question 77

If an infant is born with a smaller brain,fewer neurons,and less myelination than a typical child,what might have happened?

A) Excessive vitamin B intake by the mother
B) Inadequate fetal nutrition
C) Low levels of iron in the infant and mother
D) Insufficient levels of fat in the infant's diet

Question 78

A child has died from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).Which part of the brain might be involved?

A) Cerebellum
B) Amygdala
C) Medulla
D) Hypothalamus

Question 79

The second growth spurt of the brain is due to

A) neuron development.
B) proliferation of dendrites and axons.
C) enlargement of the brain ventricles.
D) There is no such thing as a second brain growth spurt

Question 80

The development of hearing in the fetus may be linked to

A) degree of external stimulation.
B) the development of the cerebellum.
C) myelination of the neurons involved in hearing.
D) The fetus cannot hear