Deck 7: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Ainsworth used the __________ to study attachment.

A) Strange Situation
B) Mother-Present Procedure
C) Mother-Absent Procedure
D) Stranger Test

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Mothers of securely attached infants

A) are more likely to be affectionate to their children.
B) respond more sensitively to their babies' social behaviors.
C) provide more predictable caregiving.
D) All of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Home visits to economically disadvantaged families increased maternal involvement with infants and secure attachment.The home visitors helped mothers

A) positively conceptualize their fetuses.
B) accurately interpret infant cues.
C) engage in positive play.
D) All of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Secure attachment can be increased by

A) increasing the amount of physical contact between mother and child.
B) better prenatal nutrition.
C) better postnatal nutrition.
D) It cannot be increased as it is genetically determined

Question 5

When compared to insecurely attached children,those who are securely attached are

A) better adjusted at school.
B) more cooperative with parents.
C) happier.
D) All of these

Question 6

Intergenerational transmission of attachment means that

A) attachment is a biologically driven and heritable trait.
B) all children in one family will have the same attachment classification.
C) secure mothers tend to raise secure children.
D) the attachment styles of mothers transfer to children,but not those of fathers.

Question 7

Securely attached infants

A) are probably this way because of genetics.
B) are probably this way because of good parenting.
C) are probably this way because of a combination of genetics and parenting.
D) There is no way to know what causes attachment

Question 8

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation,Aluisio plays with his toys without fuss when he's alone and ignores his mother when she returns to the room.This form of attachment is

A) ambivalent attachment.
B) insecure attachment.
C) avoidant attachment.
D) secure attachment.

Question 9

Infants who are securely attached are more likely to

A) stray from their mothers,using them as a secure base.
B) stay close to their mothers,using them as a secure base.
C) stay close to their mothers because they are afraid to explore.
D) stray from their mothers as they show ambivalence towards them.

Question 10

An infant appears dazed and confused by her mother's departure.This child may have

A) ambivalent attachment.
B) disorganized attachment.
C) avoidant attachment.
D) secure attachment.

Question 11

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation,Evan showed severe distress when his mother left the room.When she returned,he ran to cling to her and then pushed her away.What type of attachment is this?

A) Ambivalent/resistant attachment
B) Confused attachment
C) Avoidant attachment
D) Secure attachment

Question 12

In the United States,most infants,children,and adults can be classified as

A) insecurely attached.
B) unattached.
C) securely attached.
D) avoidantly attached.

Question 13

A mother leaves the room and her infant starts to cry.This may represent

A) attachment.
B) separation anxiety.
C) temperament.
D) It could represent all of these

Question 14

The Strange Situation assesses

A) how the infant responds when the mother leaves the room.
B) how the infant responds to the presence of a stranger.
C) how the infant responds when the mother returns.
D) All of these

Question 15

Economically disadvantaged mothers

A) usually have children with ambivalent attachment.
B) usually have children with avoidant attachment.
C) usually have children with disorganized attachment.
D) have better attachment relationships with their infants when they are provided childcare information and social support.

Question 16

Attachment can be used as a measure of the

A) SES of the parents.
B) attachment classifications of siblings.
C) IQ scores of the parents.
D) quality of parenting the child receives.

Question 17

Attachment

A) may be passed along generationally.
B) is determined solely by the environment.
C) has nothing to do with the parents and everything to do with the child.
D) is more likely to affect female children than male children.

Question 18

John Bowlby viewed infant behaviors such as crying,smiling,and clinging as

A) reflexes and non-meaningful.
B) essential to the infant's survival.
C) indicators of separation anxiety.
D) having different meanings depending upon whether the infant was a girl or boy.

Question 19

An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks comfort from her upon her return.This infant shows

A) ambivalent attachment.
B) insecure attachment.
C) avoidant attachment.
D) secure attachment.

Question 20

Mary Ainsworth defined attachment as

A) an emotional tie between one animal or person and another individual.
B) a negative co-dependency developed between a parent and child.
C) imprinting that occurs in the first few hours after birth.
D) not necessary for healthy human functioning.

Question 21

Which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 22

Omar spent his first year of life in an orphanage where he was insecurely attached to his caregivers.He has now been adopted by a loving parent.His adoptive parent wants to know,can Omar's insecure attachment pattern change?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Attachment patterns can change,but only in girls
D) It depends upon the child's age at adoption

Question 23

Infant-father attachment is predicted by

A) the amount of time the father spends with the infant.
B) the quality of time the father spends with the infant.
C) the child's attachment to the mother.
D) the marital relationship.

Question 24

Brenna is 2 months old.At a recent family reunion,she was passed around for multiple relatives to hold.Emily showed no particular preference for her mother,father,or any other relative.In which of Ainsworth's phases of attachment is Brenna?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 25

Makani is 7 months old.She has developed an intense dependence upon her primary caregiver,her grandmother.Which of Ainsworth's (1978)attachment phases does this best represent?

A) Over-attachment
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 26

A cognitive view of attachment assumes that

A) attachment will assist in developing the child's cognitive skills.
B) attachment and cognitive skills are unrelated.
C) some understanding of object permanence is necessary for specific attachment.
D) infant-specific attachments will occur as soon as the child can recognize faces.

Question 27

Research with Ugandan infants shows

A) indiscriminate attachment early on.
B) the beginning of specific attachment to the mother at 4 months,which grew intense by 7 months of age.
C) fear of strangers developing by about 8-9 months.
D) All of these

Question 28

The involvement of the father with the child

A) can be predicted by the number of diapers the father changes.
B) is unrelated to infant attachment.
C) is based upon the mother's pattern of attachment.
D) only affects boys and not girls.

Question 29

Can insecurely attached children become more securely attached?

A) No
B) Yes
C) It depends upon the sex of the child
D) It depends upon whether the strongest attachment is to the mother or the father

Question 30

According to Ainsworth,which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 31

Which phase of attachment is characterized by a preference for familiar faces?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 32

With "indiscriminate" attachment,

A) the child sways back and forth in attachment between the father and the mother.
B) the child shows no tendency to form attachment bonds.
C) the child shows no preference in attachment between parents or other caregivers.
D) the attachment is weak and will quickly become insecure.

Question 33

Jerome is securely attached to his parents.However,his parents undergo a divorce,and Jerome is now being neglected.What is likely to happen to his level of attachment?

A) It may change because of the change in care he is receiving
B) Once attachment bonds are in place,they will not change
C) It depends upon whether he is living with his mother or his father
D) It depends upon age,as attachment will not change after age 3

Question 34

Michael Lamb (1992)found that when observed in the home or other familiar settings,infants sought out mothers as much as they did fathers.However,when infants were stressed,they tended to

A) seek out their mother.
B) seek out their father.
C) seek out whichever parent was closest in proximity.
D) isolate themselves from caregivers.

Question 35

Christopher is 4 months old.He prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than relatives or people he's never met.In terms of attachment,in which of Ainsworth's phases is Christopher?

A) Absolute-attachment phase
B) Initial-preattachment phase
C) Attachment-in-the-making phase
D) Clear-cut-attachment phase

Question 36

An infant with a difficult temperament who is very active and displays negative emotions

A) is likely to have a mother who is sensitive and responsive.
B) is likely to become securely attached.
C) is likely to have a mother who has other children to tend to.
D) is likely to become insecurely attached.

Question 37

In studies of Scottish and Ugandan infants,which of the following was TRUE?

A) The Ugandan infants were more likely to be securely attached than the Scottish infants
B) Fear of strangers followed separation anxiety in both studies
C) The Scottish infants showed no separation anxiety
D) Fear of strangers preceded separation anxiety in both studies

Question 38

Which of the following appears to be TRUE?

A) Attachment runs in families
B) Siblings tend to develop the same kind of attachment relationships with parents
C) Attachment predicts important outcomes later in life
D) All of these

Question 39

Which of the following is/are associated with insecure attachment?

A) Maternal mental illness
B) Maternal abusive behavior toward the child
C) Maternal insensitivity to the child
D) All of these are associated with insecure attachment

Question 40

In terms of attachment,

A) daughters and sons respond similarly to maternal behavior.
B) the father plays no role in attachment relationships.
C) the quality of the attachment relationship is entirely dependent upon the mother.
D) None of these

Question 41

Any pattern triggered by a species-specific releasing stimulus is called

A) a reflex.
B) development.
C) a fixed-action pattern.
D) maturation.

Question 42

Three-month-old Jocelyn smiles in response to the sound of her father singing her a silly bedtime song.This is called

A) social smiling.
B) reflexive smiling.
C) genetic smiling.
D) responsive smiling.

Question 43

The impact of social deprivation

A) can be overcome if the deprived organism is placed with younger members of their species.
B) cannot be overcome; once social deprivation has occurred,the effects are permanent.
C) can be overcome for females,but not for males.
D) can be overcome for males,but not for females.

Question 44

The fixed-action pattern of attachment is theorized to occur during a critical period of life.This means

A) it is essential for the survival of the organism.
B) if it does not occur during this period,it may never occur.
C) if it does not occur,that means it was not needed.
D) None of these

Question 45

Infant attachment involves

A) perceptual processes in the infant.
B) the caregiving provided.
C) cognitive processes in the infant.
D) All of these

Question 46

Which of the following might impair the development of attachment?

A) Autism
B) Social deprivation
C) Child abuse
D) All of these

Question 47

Social deprivation refers to

A) a lack of social smiling on the part of the infant.
B) a lack of responsive smiling on the part of the parent.
C) an overall lack of social stimulation provided to the infant.
D) None of these

Question 48

Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966)conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that feeding was not as critical to the attachment process as who suggested?

A) Ainsworth
B) Erikson
C) Freud
D) None of these

Question 49

According to Erikson,what is MOST critical for a child to develop in the first year of life?

A) A sense of trust
B) A sense of autonomy
C) A sense of identity
D) A sense of self-efficacy

Question 50

Konrad Lorenz's goslings (1962; 1981)ran to him when frightened,honked with distress at his departure,and tried to overcome obstacles to be near him.This is an example of

A) secure attachment.
B) bonding.
C) imprinting.
D) object permanence.

Question 51

When infant monkeys were alone or had wire surrogate mother for a companion,they were afraid of the "bear monster." But when the cloth mother was present,the infant monkeys

A) clung to the cloth mother and did not explore their surroundings.
B) were as afraid of the cloth mother as they were the bear monster.
C) used the cloth mother as a secure base.
D) sought out the wire mother who offered food.

Question 52

The development of smiling

A) is entirely genetic.
B) is entirely social.
C) is random and must be learned.
D) follows similar patterns cross-culturally.

Question 53

Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966)suggests that

A) the basis of attachment is the food provided by the mother.
B) contact comfort may be as important a basic need as the need for food.
C) attachment is driven by the need for trust.
D) infants become attached because it helps them to form their identity.

Question 54

According to the behavioral view,infants become attached to caregivers because

A) caregivers feed infants and tend to their physiological needs,thus becoming reinforcers.
B) infants develop object permanence and miss their caregivers.
C) caregivers are love objects.
D) infants become imprinted on a specific caregiver.

Question 55

Dr.Martin is conducting a study of infant attachment.Her hypothesis is that infants who have not yet developed some concept of object permanence will not show specific attachments to caregivers.Which theoretical view of attachment does Dr.Martin hold?

A) Cognitive
B) Behavioral
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Biological

Question 56

Attachment that occurs during a critical period based upon a specific releasing stimulus is called

A) imprinting.
B) fixed response.
C) maturation.
D) maternal instinct.

Question 57

Bowlby suggested that smiling in the infant

A) is random until about 6 months of age.
B) is usually due to gastrointestinal distress.
C) is unrelated to attachment.
D) may serve as a releasing stimulus for affection from others.

Question 58

According to the cognitive perspective,at what age will a child develop specific attachments?

A) 6-7 months
B) 4-5 months
C) 3-4 months
D) 1-2 months

Question 59

Can social deprivation experiments be conducted with infants?

A) Yes,and the findings are consistent with animal studies
B) No,it would be unethical to experimentally induce social deprivation
C) No,because infants do not need social contact to attach and thrive
D) Yes,but the studies are longitudinal and extremely expensive to conduct

Question 60

Which theoretical view contends that caregivers become "love objects" and form the basis for all later attachments?

A) Cognitive
B) Behavioral
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Biological

Question 61

When we consider the relationship between a child abuser and a victim,which is LEAST likely?

A) A child being maltreated by someone other than their parent
B) A child being maltreated by their mother acting alone
C) A child maltreated by their parents acting together
D) A child maltreated by their father acting alone

Question 62

Believing that sunshine and fresh air will make children ill,the natives in one Guatemalan village isolate their children until they are 13 to 14 months of age (Kagan & Klein,1973).After this isolation,the children

A) remain apathetic.
B) are physically and mentally retarded through adulthood.
C) are as intellectually and physically able as American children by age 11.
D) regress even further in their physical and emotional development.

Question 63

What percentage of child abuse cases is estimated to be unreported?

A) 60-70%
B) 50-60%
C) 30-40%
D) 10%

Question 64

Statistically speaking,who has the highest rates of victimization?

A) Older children and boys
B) Younger children and boys
C) Older children and girls
D) Younger children and girls

Question 65

Sexual abuse

A) is sometimes hard to define.
B) is usually just misinterpreted and harmless.
C) is clear and unambiguous.
D) None of these

Question 66

Approximately how many children in the United States are reported to be abused or neglected each year?

A) About 1 million
B) 750,000
C) Almost 3 million
D) 5 million

Question 67

Children transferred from foster homes to adoptive homes after 6 months of age

A) showed worse developmental outcomes than children transferred at younger ages.
B) did not bond with adoptive parents,but also did not show developmental deficits.
C) greatly outpaced non-adopted children in terms of social development.
D) were less likely to have developmental problems because of age.

Question 68

The U.S.Department of Health and Human Services recognizes six types of child maltreatment.Which is NOT one of these forms?

A) Emotional neglect
B) Sexual abuse
C) Educational neglect
D) Sibling assault

Question 69

Shyla is a socially withdrawn 4-year-old girl.Given what you know about the studies done on social deprivation with rhesus monkeys,what might help Shyla overcome being withdrawn?

A) Socially advanced elders
B) Younger playmates
C) Female playmates only
D) Intense psychodynamic therapy

Question 70

Amy is a 4-month-old infant.She appears withdrawn and depressed,and is losing all interest in the world.Amy

A) may suffer from early-onset schizophrenia.
B) probably has severe neurological damage.
C) may be the victim of social deprivation.
D) may be displaying early signs of mental retardation.

Question 71

Which of the following is an example of a situational stressor that may contribute to child abuse?

A) Unemployment
B) Having a sick child
C) Parental divorce or separation
D) All of these

Question 72

Institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation

A) may develop physical problems.
B) may develop intellectual problems.
C) may die.
D) All of these

Question 73

A 2-year-old child,left home alone all day to feed and fend for himself,is an example of

A) physical neglect.
B) emotional abuse.
C) emotional neglect.
D) physical abuse.

Question 74

Skeels (1966)found that the difference between those children who were functioning well and independent as adults and those who were still in some type of institutional setting as adults was

A) educational opportunity.
B) early nutrition.
C) individual attention and environmental stimulation.
D) exposure to physically stimulating activities.

Question 75

"Actions impairing the child's emotional,social,or intellectual functioning" is the definition of

A) physical neglect.
B) educational neglect.
C) emotional neglect.
D) emotional abuse.

Question 76

What appears to influence the effects of social deprivation?

A) The lack of love and affection
B) The deficiency in social stimulation
C) The deficiency in sensory stimulation
D) The age of the infant

Question 77

Austin has been maltreated by his parents.As a result,he is more likely

A) to suffer low self-esteem.
B) to show impaired cognitive functioning.
C) to act aggressively toward a date or spouse.
D) All of these

Question 78

In comparison to physical abuse,physical neglect

A) occurs less frequently.
B) is more obvious.
C) is less damaging.
D) causes more deaths.

Question 79

Yarrow and Goodwin (1973)found that the incidence of problems in adopted children,such as decreased social responsiveness and extremes in attachment behaviors,were positively correlated to the

A) caregiving styles of the adoptive parents.
B) age of the adoptive parents.
C) SES of the adoptive parents.
D) age at which child was separated from the temporary foster parents.

Question 80

Compared to the effects of maltreatment,the effects of childhood sexual abuse

A) result in a higher incidence of psychological and physical problems.
B) are less likely to lead to syndromes and other disorders.
C) are less predictable and more variable.
D) None of these