Deck 10: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Leila's parents use a parenting style characterized by consistent control,strong support,and affection for her.This is referred to as

A) indulgent parenting.
B) authoritative parenting.
C) authoritarian parenting.
D) insecure parenting.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Prosocial behaviors such as helping and sharing can be promoted by

A) restrictive parenting.
B) inductive techniques.
C) permissive parenting.
D) micro parenting.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Saying a child "has a mind of his own" means

A) the child misbehaves.
B) the child is stubborn.
C) the parents are proud of the child's independence.
D) It could mean all of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following phrases would a power-assertive parent agree with the most?

A) "Defiance is normal."
B) "Kids will be kids."
C) "Spare the rod,spoil the child."
D) "Too much discipline ruins a child's creativity."

Question 5

Which of the following children would be most likely to develop in socially and emotionally healthy ways?

A) A child raised by permissive parents
B) A child raised by restrictive parents
C) A child raised by warm parents
D) Social and emotional development do not depend upon childrearing

Question 6

Research indicates that parental warmth can come from parental beliefs about how to best rear their children,parents' tendencies to imitate the behavior of their own parents,and

A) by adopting the parenting styles of their friends.
B) by taking a parenting class.
C) genetic factors may be involved.
D) There has been no research conducted on this topic

Question 7

The parental technique of power assertion is associated with

A) lower acceptance by peers.
B) higher rates of antisocial behavior.
C) interpersonal problems.
D) All of these

Question 8

Two-year-old Matt reaches over and pulls his mother's hair.She responds by saying,"Don't do that.It hurts." This type of response qualifies as

A) an inductive technique.
B) a power-assertive method.
C) withdrawal of love.
D) permissive-indulgent parenting.

Question 9

Warm parents are

A) less likely to hug or kiss their children.
B) less affectionate overall than other parents.
C) less likely to use physical punishment.
D) more likely to blame the child for his/her actions.

Question 10

Richard prefers to use inductive techniques with his 5-year-old son,Nathan.Which of the following is Richard most likely to do?

A) Explain to Nathan why he should not do something
B) Punish Nathan for doing something wrong
C) Tell Nathan that what he is doing is wrong and not to do it again
D) Withdraw love if Nathan does not do what is right

Question 11

According to Baumrind,do the two broad dimensions of childrearing interact?

A) No,they do not
B) Yes,parents can fall on either side of either continuum
C) If one is permissive,then one is also warm
D) There are no consistent dimensions of child-rearing

Question 12

Generally speaking,permissive parents

A) impose few rules and do not supervise closely.
B) tend to have greater numbers of children than other types of parents.
C) are more likely to use power assertion as a parenting strategy.
D) are more permissive with first-born children than later-born children.

Question 13

The best way to get a preschooler to stop doing something may be to

A) punish her by taking away toys.
B) reward her with a cookie.
C) ignore her.
D) involve her in doing something else.

Question 14

Celia is playing at the sand table.Each time one of her friends makes a sand castle,she knocks it down.As a preschool teacher,which of the following would likely be the best way to alter Celia's behavior?

A) Tell her to stop doing that
B) Make her feel guilty by telling her you won't like her anymore unless she stops
C) Ignore the behavior
D) Redirect her to another activity

Question 15

Zoe hits another child on the playground.Her mother responds by telling her she will stop loving her if this continues and then she ignores Zoe for a period of time.Which method of child control is this?

A) Inductive technique
B) Love withdrawal
C) Power assertion
D) All of the above

Question 16

Children raised by warm parents are more likely to

A) develop a sense of conscience.
B) act in aggressive ways with other children.
C) be perceived as naughty.
D) have poor social and emotional well-being.

Question 17

Providing children with knowledge that enables them to generate desirable behavior patterns is called

A) an inductive method.
B) a deductive method.
C) a power method.
D) a love withdrawal method.

Question 18

Which of the following might be a reason why permissive parenting is associated with higher self-esteem in children who live in Brazil and Spain?

A) Permissive parenting may be more in accord with that culture
B) The permissive parenting style has been passed down from generation to generation in these countries
C) Children's temperaments in Brazil and Spain tend to respond better to the permissive parenting style
D) There is no research to support the premise that permissive parenting is associated with higher child self-esteem in these countries

Question 19

The statement that parents who use strict control create rebellious children

A) is true.
B) is true for girls,but not for boys.
C) is false,when combined with strong support and affection for the child.
D) can be true or false depending upon the child's temperament.

Question 20

Which of the following is recognized as a dimension of childrearing?

A) Sensitivity-aloofness
B) Friendship-guardianship
C) Hands-on-unrestrictedness
D) Restrictiveness-permissiveness

Question 21

As a parent,Kevin is high on control and low on warmth.Which of the following phrases would Kevin most likely agree with?

A) "Children should be involved in their own rearing."
B) "Obedience is a virtue."
C) "Children have opinions too."
D) "Children should be reasoned with."

Question 22

The difference between permissive-indulgent parents and permissive-neglecting parents is on the dimension of

A) control.
B) warmth.
C) control and warmth.
D) demands for mature behavior from their children.

Question 23

Children who show high levels of independence,self-esteem,exploration,and self-reliance are likely to have

A) authoritarian parents.
B) permissive parents.
C) rejecting parents.
D) authoritative parents.

Question 24

The research of Diana Baumrind (1991)and others shows that

A) parenting styles cause certain behavior patterns in children.
B) characteristics of children contribute to parental responses.
C) parenting styles and characteristics of children may interact to establish the parent-child relationship.
D) the temperaments of parents and children always match because temperament is inherited.

Question 25

According to the research of Diana Baumrind (1991),

A) boys of authoritarian parents are likely to be defiant.
B) girls of authoritarian parents are likely to be low in independence.
C) children of authoritarian parents tend to anxious and irritable.
D) All of these

Question 26

Jordan's parents place few demands on her behavior.They are not warm or responsive to her needs.Jordan's parents would be classified as

A) permissive-indulgent.
B) authoritative.
C) authoritarian.
D) rejecting-neglecting.

Question 27

According to D.Baumrind (1991),which pattern of parenting is low on the dimensions of both restrictiveness/control and warmth/responsiveness?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Uninvolved-neglectful
D) Rejecting-neglecting

Question 28

In many cultures,

A) older brothers typically take care of younger siblings.
B) younger siblings typically turn to older sisters when their mothers are unavailable.
C) the influence of older sisters on siblings disappears after adolescence.
D) as siblings reach adolescence,their conflict increases.

Question 29

Are there positive outcomes to permissive-indulgent parenting?

A) Yes,children tend to be high in self-confidence
B) Yes,children are less likely to engage in substance abuse
C) Yes,children are more creative due to lack of parental control and rules
D) No,there are no positive outcomes to permissive-indulgent parenting

Question 30

Older siblings tend to

A) be nurturing of their younger siblings.
B) be dominant over their younger siblings.
C) be role models for their younger siblings.
D) All of the above

Question 31

Which researcher used the dimensions of warmth-coldness and restrictiveness-permissiveness to develop four parenting styles?

A) Erikson
B) Baumrind
C) Ainsworth
D) Piaget

Question 32

Which of the following may be the most appropriate method for regulating a preschooler's behavior?

A) Give the child a direct request
B) Threaten to withdraw love
C) Use physical punishment
D) Withdraw the child's privileges

Question 33

Which of the following is TRUE about siblings?

A) Their interactions are mostly negative
B) Their interactions are usually unemotional
C) There are no consistent findings in sibling relationships
D) There are both positive and negative aspects to sibling relationships

Question 34

Parents tend to use power-assertive techniques when they believe that children

A) are behaving badly in an attempt to get attention.
B) don't understand what rule they have violated.
C) are not capable of acting appropriately.
D) None of the above

Question 35

In the early years,siblings

A) always show quite strong rivalry.
B) may spend more time with each other than with their parents.
C) rarely,if ever,show sibling rivalry.
D) provide little support of any kind for each other.

Question 36

Which child would probably be less friendly and spontaneous in social interactions?

A) Ella,raised by authoritative parents
B) Ben,who has younger siblings
C) Lilly,who has an easy temperament
D) Todd,raised by authoritarian parents

Question 37

As a parent,Thomas is high on control and high on warmth.Which of the following phrases would Thomas most likely agree with?

A) "Spare the rod,spoil the child."
B) "If you ignore bad child behavior,it will go away."
C) "Children should be reasoned with."
D) "Obedience is a virtue."

Question 38

In the textbook,parenting is described as

A) driven by the child's temperament.
B) driven by the parent's personality and goals.
C) determined by the particular situation parents and children find themselves in.
D) a two-way street.

Question 39

According to D.Baumrind (1991),permissive-indulgent parents are _______ on the dimension of restrictiveness and control and _______ on the dimension of warmth and responsiveness.

A) high; high
B) low; low
C) low; high
D) high; low

Question 40

Which of the following statements about conflict among siblings is TRUE?

A) These conflicts can enhance child social competence
B) These conflicts contribute to the child's sense of who they are and what they stand for
C) These conflicts can have positive consequences
D) All of these

Question 41

Which of the following represents regression on the part of a child when a sibling is born?

A) Wanting to help mommy take care of the new baby
B) An older child having toilet accidents,even after having been potty trained
C) A younger sibling attempting to imitate an older sibling
D) None of these

Question 42

In comparison to later-born children,

A) parents expect less from first-born children.
B) parents expect first-born children to help raise their younger siblings.
C) parents impose tougher restrictions on first-born children.
D) All of these

Question 43

Why might later-born children be more popular with their peers?

A) They learn social skills by dealing with their older siblings
B) Their peers feel sorry for them
C) Their parents force them to interact with peers at an early age
D) They strive to attract peers to counteract the low amounts of attention they get at home

Question 44

As siblings move from early childhood through adolescence,their relationships become less intense and

A) less friendly.
B) less egalitarian.
C) more egalitarian.
D) more competitive.

Question 45

Jesse answers the question "I am..." by saying "a vegetarian who likes classical music and runs marathons for fun." This perspective is that of a/n

A) collectivist.
B) socialist.
C) individualist.
D) naturalist.

Question 46

Why might parents "relax" in their expectations of later-born children?

A) They have come to trust their parenting skills
B) They have fewer resources to "share" amongst multiple children
C) They see that the first-born child is developing in a healthy way
D) All of these are possible reasons

Question 47

What is probably the most important thing children learn from peer interactions?

A) Social skills
B) Negative behaviors
C) They actually learn very little
D) Language skills

Question 48

At what age do children first show interest in their peers?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 49

Asal answers the question "I am…" by saying "a sister,a Jordanian,and a Muslim." This perspective is that of a/n

A) collectivist.
B) socialist.
C) individualist.
D) naturalist.

Question 50

In the study by Kobayashi-Winata and Power (1991),were there any differences in the childrearing techniques of middle-class parents from Japan and America?

A) In both cases,parents used high amounts of punishment
B) Japanese parents were higher in control and lower in warmth
C) American parents were low in control and low in warmth
D) American parents relied on external punishments,such as sending a child to his/her room,whereas Japanese parents used more explanations and reprimands

Question 51

Conflict between siblings can become greater when

A) parents treat the children differently.
B) the oldest child is a boy.
C) there is a large age range between the siblings.
D) all the children are girls.

Question 52

When observing young children playing,how can one tell if they are friends or just ordinary playmates?

A) It is impossible to tell
B) Friends have more conflict than ordinary playmates
C) Friends show more competition for toys
D) Friends smile more and show more cooperation and collaboration

Question 53

Which of the following children is most likely to have an imaginary playmate?

A) A later-born girl
B) A first-born boy
C) A later-born boy
D) A middle child

Question 54

How can parents diminish the potential negative effects of the birth of a new sibling on existing children in a family?

A) Explain what is to come and give the existing child/children lots of support
B) There is little that can be done
C) Punish negative behaviors right away,so that they will not get worse
D) Explain to the older child that this is just a fact of life and give him/her time to get used to it

Question 55

Which of the following is TRUE about how children respond to the birth of a new sibling?

A) They may react with increased independence
B) They may react with increased anger
C) They may have increased toilet accidents
D) All of these are possible

Question 56

Which of the following appears to be an effect of being an only child?

A) They are more likely to get into serious trouble as adolescents
B) They tend to perform better academically
C) They tend to be less anxious than later-born children
D) They tend to be more self-reliant

Question 57

Which of the following children is likely to have the poorest self-concept?

A) An only-born boy
B) A first-born girl
C) A later-born child
D) Birth order is not related to self-concept

Question 58

Does the birth of a sibling have an impact on existing children in the family?

A) No,it usually does not
B) Yes,but the effects are almost always positive
C) No,unless there is more than one sibling already in the family
D) Yes,in both positive and negative ways

Question 59

By what age will children show a preference for a small group of playmates?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 60

Research on the differences in personality between first- and later-born children explains such findings by saying

A) they may be linked to contrasts in the parenting styles used with each child.
B) later-born children tend to have easier temperaments.
C) parents tend to be more authoritarian with later-born children.
D) there are no definite personality differences found between first- and later-born children.

Question 61

Dramatic play

A) is the same as parallel play.
B) may foster social and emotional development.
C) can create problems,as children pretend to be something they are not.
D) reinforces egocentrism on the part of the child.

Question 62

By approximately what age do children show significant gender-stereotyped preferences for toys?

A) 12 months
B) 18 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

Question 63

Bridgette and Ben have created a basketball game in which whoever gets three baskets first wins.There are rules such as how far you have to be from the basket and how much time is allowed before the game is over.According to Piaget,this type of play is defined as

A) functional.
B) symbolic.
C) constructive.
D) formal games.

Question 64

At daycare,Jennifer is playing with a toy piano while Rebecca is playing with a fire truck.According to Parten,what type of play is this?

A) Solitary
B) Onlooker
C) Cooperative
D) Dramatic

Question 65

According to Piaget,in which stage of play do children create settings,characters,and scripts?

A) Functional play
B) Symbolic play
C) Constructive play
D) Formal games

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a category of play,according to Parten?

A) Parallel
B) Solitary
C) Indiscriminate
D) Cooperative

Question 67

Are early friendships stable?

A) No,children are too young to form attachment bonds that last
B) Yes,even 1-year-olds show stable friendships
C) No,friendships are not stable before 3 years of age
D) Yes,but the stability generally doesn't last longer than six months

Question 68

Jake and Vanessa are pretending to be husband and wife.This kind of play is called

A) pretend.
B) dramatic.
C) cooperative.
D) All of these

Question 69

Two children are wrestling in the grass.Given the research on play in American children,what might you guess about these children?

A) They are both girls
B) It depends upon their ages
C) They are both boys
D) There are no gender differences in this kind of play

Question 70

A group of eight 5-year-olds are playing together.Given the research on play,what might you guess about the gender mix of this group of children?

A) They are likely to be girls
B) They are probably a mixed-sex group
C) It depends upon how the parents have raised them as to what the gender mix would be
D) They are likely to be boys

Question 71

_______ African-American mothers report that father figures are involved with their preschoolers.

A) One out of 10
B) One-third to one-half
C) Eight out of 10
D) There is no research in this area

Question 72

Are boys or girls more likely to stray from playing with gender-typed toys?

A) Girls
B) Boys
C) There are no gender differences found
D) It depends upon their caregivers' adherence to traditional gender roles

Question 73

According to Parten,_______ play comes before _______ play.

A) solitary; onlooker
B) associative; parallel
C) associative; cooperative
D) onlooker; solitary

Question 74

According to the 2010 census,66% of children ages 0-17 live with two married parents.This percentage is ______ since 1980.

A) not changed
B) up dramatically
C) down 5 %
D) down 11%

Question 75

Solitary play and onlooker play can both be categorized as

A) non-interactive.
B) nonsocial.
C) independent.
D) All of these

Question 76

How would a typical preschooler define a friend?

A) "Someone I really like"
B) "Someone who looks like me"
C) "Someone who likes to do the same things I do"
D) "Someone who understands how I feel"

Question 77

What is the difference between associative play and cooperative play?

A) Associative play involves more rules
B) Cooperative play does not involve group goals
C) Associative play is more common in older children
D) Cooperative play involves the purposes of the group

Question 78

Does play serve a purpose?

A) No,it is a simple pleasure of childhood
B) Yes,it serves many purposes
C) Not until the age of 3 or older,when the child can learn from it cognitively
D) No,because not all children in all cultures demonstrate play

Question 79

According to Piaget,building Legos would be considered _______ play,whereas playing dodgeball would be considered ________ play.

A) functional; symbolic
B) symbolic; constructive
C) constructive; formal
D) Both activities are symbolic play

Question 80

Whereas Piaget examined the ________ aspects of play,Parten focused on the _______ aspects of play.

A) social; cognitive
B) cognitive; emotional
C) cognitive; social
D) Both researchers focused on the social aspects of play