Deck 13: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

The self-concepts of preschoolers and those in middle childhood differ in that

A) preschoolers see themselves as either "good at doing things" or not.
B) preschoolers can make judgments about their performance in seven different areas,such as physical ability and peer relationships.
C) in middle childhood,children differentiate only between two facets of self-concept: general competence and social acceptance.
D) children do not develop a self-concept until age 10.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Research has shown that ______ are slightly more likely than _______to define themselves in terms of the groups to which they belong.

A) females; males
B) males; females
C) only children; later-born children
D) shy children; outgoing children

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What area within psychology studies a child's understanding of the relationship between self and others?

A) Ethology
B) Psychoanalysis
C) Empathy
D) Social cognition

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The period of concrete operations is characterized by a decline in

A) perspective taking.
B) egocentrism.
C) need for identity.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 5

During the ages of 6 to 12,the child's social world

A) becomes more distorted.
B) expands.
C) is limited by prejudice.
D) stagnates.

Question 6

The period during which psychosexual feelings become unconscious so that children can focus on social and intellectual skills is known as

A) the anal stage.
B) the phallic stage.
C) the latency stage.
D) the oral stage.

Question 7

Four-year-old Daniel is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises.Daniel says that he would not save the kitten because he has allergies to kittens and that his father would not save the kitten because he probably has allergies,too.Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?

A) Level 0
B) Level 1
C) Level 2
D) Level 3

Question 8

Celia is 13 years old.She answers Selman's perspective-taking exercise by saying that society expects children to obey their parents.Because of this,Holly should realize why her father might punish her.Which of Selman's stages does this represent?

A) Level 1
B) Level 2
C) Level 3
D) Level 4

Question 9

According to Piaget,which stage of cognitive development is associated with middle childhood?

A) Preoperational
B) Formal operations
C) Concrete operations
D) Summative operations

Question 10

According to recent longitudinal research (DuBow et al.,2009),a parent's education level when a child is 8 years old predicts child

A) popularity in high school.
B) educational and occupational success 40 years later.
C) IQ at age 20.
D) level of aggressive behavior at age 8.

Question 11

Which is the typical developmental path for self-esteem?

A) A decline in early childhood followed by an increase through adulthood
B) A decline in middle childhood until age 12 or 13 followed by an increase in adolescence
C) A steady increase in self-esteem from early childhood through adulthood
D) Low in early childhood,high in middle childhood,low in adolescence

Question 12

Stephanie is 7 years old.She is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises.Stephanie states that Holly's father would be upset because she climbed the tree.But if Holly told him she climbed the tree to rescue a kitten,then he would not be upset.Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?

A) Level 0
B) Level 1
C) Level 2
D) Level 3

Question 13

The middle childhood years are marked by

A) development of new skills.
B) expansion of self-understanding.
C) increasing importance of social relationships.
D) All of these

Question 14

Compared to early childhood,self-definitions in middle childhood are

A) more concrete.
B) more focused on physical characteristics.
C) based on abstract and internal traits.
D) less realistic.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE about how children in middle childhood regulate their behavior?

A) They have an increasing need for direct rewards and punishments
B) Children increasingly regulate their own behavior
C) Boys are better able to regulate their behavior than girls
D) Modeling ceases to be an effective method for prompting change

Question 16

Erikson and Freud agreed that the main task of middle childhood is to

A) develop intellectual and social skills.
B) develop a relationship of trust with a caregiver.
C) resolve conflict over sexuality.
D) develop a sense of autonomy instead of shame and doubt.

Question 17

According to Freud,during middle childhood,psychosexual feelings

A) recede.
B) resurface.
C) are punished.
D) express themselves through the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Question 18

Reese describes herself by saying,"I am a girl.I love soccer.I have a younger brother.I ride the bus to school.I like strawberries." This self-description is typical of

A) a child in middle childhood.
B) an only child.
C) a child in early childhood.
D) an adolescent.

Question 19

Erin is 8 years old.According to Erikson,she's in the industry versus inferiority stage.In order to successfully navigate this stage,Erin will need to

A) develop a sense of trust with a caregiver.
B) master potty training.
C) master the tasks and challenges of being an 8-year-old.
D) model the behavior of her parents.

Question 20

According to Erikson,children in middle childhood are in the ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A) industry versus inferiority
B) initiative versus guilt
C) trust versus mistrust
D) latency

Question 21

The gradual transfer of control from parent to child is known as

A) counterdependence.
B) transference.
C) co-regulation.
D) familial interdependence.

Question 22

Which of the following accurately shows the influence of others on child self-esteem?

A) Parents and classmates are most influential,followed by close friends and teachers
B) Close friends are most influential,followed by parents,teachers,and classmates
C) Teachers are most influential,followed by parents,close friends,and classmates
D) Classmates and teachers are most influential,followed by parents and close friends

Question 23

Why is it the case that even though girls are doing as well in math and science as boys,they are less confident in their abilities in these areas?

A) Parents hold stereotyped views that girls will do less well in math
B) Teachers give girls lower grades in math and science than they do boys
C) Parents push girls toward other subjects such as sports
D) Girls have more test anxiety in math and science than do boys

Question 24

In a research study by Richard Green (1978),he found that children reared by lesbians or transsexuals tended to be _________ in sexual orientation.

A) homosexual
B) heterosexual
C) bisexual
D) transsexual

Question 25

Which of the following argues for a genetic component to self-esteem?

A) Self-esteem perpetuates itself through the process of self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Children who believe in their own ability have higher levels of self-esteem
C) The concordance rates for self-esteem are higher among identical twins than for fraternal twins
D) Self-esteem can be increased by having successes in areas deemed important to the self

Question 26

A Japanese study looked for genetic components to self-esteem.The researchers found greater concordance (agreement)for self-esteem in

A) dizygotic twins.
B) monozygotic twins.
C) mothers and daughters.
D) fathers and sons.

Question 27

Younger children might have higher levels of self-esteem than older children because

A) their self-esteem comes from parents,who always provide positive feedback.
B) they only base their self-esteem on their physical appearance.
C) their initial self-concepts may be unrealistic due to their egocentrism.
D) their self-esteem is based solely upon the opinions of their friends,not their parents.

Question 28

During middle childhood,parent-child interactions focus on

A) school-related matters.
B) assignment of chores.
C) peer activities.
D) All of these

Question 29

Five- to 7-year-olds are able to judge their abilities in seven different areas.These areas include physical ability,peer relationships,and

A) general school performance.
B) moral development.
C) musical ability.
D) level of altruism.

Question 30

As children progress into middle childhood,

A) they become increasingly capable of monitoring their own behavior.
B) they become less able to control their own behavior.
C) conflict with parents increases dramatically.
D) parental influence decreases dramatically.

Question 31

The psychological adjustment of children with lesbian or gay parents is

A) less than that of children with heterosexual parents.
B) equal to the adjustment of children with heterosexual parents.
C) more positive than the adjustment of children with heterosexual parents.
D) There is no research that can help us answer this question

Question 32

After a few weeks of taking clarinet lessons,Kamron has decided that playing the clarinet has to do more with ability than effort and that he simply does not have the ability.Instead of persisting or changing his strategy,he decides to quit.This is known as

A) negative cognitive capacity.
B) learned helplessness.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) theory of mind.

Question 33

Patterson (2003)studied personal and social development of children with lesbian and gay parents and found that

A) the sexual orientation of the children was generally homosexual.
B) children who were adopted by gay or lesbian parents tended to have adjustment problems.
C) when parents got divorced due to sexual orientation,children experienced adjustment issues similar to when heterosexual parents get divorced.
D) the sexual orientation of the parent was related to the fitness of the parent.

Question 34

High self-esteem is related to

A) parenting style.
B) close relationships between parents.
C) closeness of child to parents.
D) All of these

Question 35

The child's developing cognitive ability in middle childhood leads to

A) increased acting out.
B) more critical appraisals of parents.
C) being more demanding of friends.
D) being more obedient in school.

Question 36

During middle childhood,

A) children and parents spend less time together.
B) fathers' involvement tends to center on recreational activities.
C) children continue to spend more time with their mothers than with their fathers.
D) All of these

Question 37

In middle childhood,children rate ________ as their best source of emotional support.

A) siblings
B) friends
C) parents
D) people they meet online

Question 38

Someone who experiences learned helplessness in a particular area is likely to

A) believe that success in that area is based on effort.
B) believe that success in that area is based on ability.
C) be female.
D) be male.

Question 39

Research on gay and lesbian parents has fallen into two categories: general child adjustment and

A) whether or not the children of gay and lesbian parents are more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves.
B) socioemotional problems.
C) peer relationships.
D) attachment to parents.

Question 40

It has been found in cross-cultural studies that girls tend to have higher self-esteem in ______,whereas boys tend to have higher self-esteem in ______.

A) social relationships; public speaking
B) writing; math
C) competition; individual activities
D) physical appearance; academics

Question 41

Tyler has been categorized as "aggressive and insecure" six years after a parental divorce.Given the research,what can we assume about Tyler?

A) Tyler is a boy
B) Tyler was older at the time of the divorce
C) Tyler is a girl
D) Tyler was younger at the time of the divorce

Question 42

Effects of divorce on children may depend upon

A) inadequate problem solving on the part of the parents.
B) marital conflict.
C) change in financial status.
D) All of these

Question 43

Some children benefit from psychological treatment after divorce.A program mentioned in the text that includes mothers

A) recommends children live with their same-sex parent.
B) teaches children to be independent,as parental monitoring often declines after divorce.
C) helps children handle stressors and learn not to blame themselves.
D) All of these

Question 44

Nearly ______ of European-American children and ______ of African-American children will spend at least part of their childhood in a single-parent home.

A) 10%; 20%
B) 20%; 50%
C) 40%; 75%
D) 75%; 40%

Question 45

Regardless of the emotions associated with a divorce,what tends to happen to children afterward?

A) Downward movement in financial status
B) Serious psychological disturbance
C) Enhanced psychological functioning because marital conflict is reduced
D) Parents become more authoritative in their parenting style

Question 46

Some studies find that it is not divorce,per se,that leads to problems among children.Rather,______ is an important contributing factor.

A) maternal depression
B) loss of the child's friends due to moving to a new neighborhood
C) paternal depression
D) increased fighting among siblings

Question 47

What do cross-cultural studies show about the effects of divorce on children?

A) The effects are more dramatic for American children
B) The effects are more dramatic for children from poorer countries
C) The effects are very similar cross-culturally
D) There has been little research on this question

Question 48

Children of divorced parents are more likely to

A) engage in substance abuse.
B) have good physical health immediately following the divorce.
C) have high self-esteem.
D) have high grades in school.

Question 49

What might explain the long-term effects of divorce?

A) Research is not clear on how to answer this question
B) A decline in parenting after the divorce
C) It depends greatly upon the sex of the child
D) Problems the child developed before the divorce

Question 50

Approximately how many children will spend some part of their childhood in a stepfamily?

A) 1 in 3
B) 1 in 5
C) 1 in 7
D) 1 in 10

Question 51

Which name is associated with a longitudinal study on the effects of divorce on children?

A) Amato
B) O'Connor
C) Hetherington
D) Dunlop

Question 52

When discussing sex with children,

A) children find mothers more approachable than fathers.
B) children should be directed to books rather than parents discussing it with them.
C) saying things like "the baby is in mommy's tummy" is perfectly acceptable.
D) parents should wait to teach children the proper names for body parts until the child is 9 or 10.

Question 53

Cara blames herself for the divorce of her parents.Why might this be the case?

A) Because her parents refuse to accept responsibility for the divorce
B) Cara doesn't blame herself.Instead,like most children,she blames her mother
C) She frequently heard her parents disagreeing over how to raise her
D) Because she was told she is to blame by her parents

Question 54

How soon after divorce do most girls return to pre-divorce levels of functioning?

A) One year
B) Two years
C) Four years
D) Six years

Question 55

There is a significantly higher incidence of _______ by stepparents than by biological parents.

A) physical abuse
B) infanticide
C) sexual abuse
D) All of the above

Question 56

How can we sum up the predictors of how children will respond to divorce?

A) They are always negatively affected by it
B) The effects are significant and long lasting
C) The effects can be somewhat offset by social support
D) None of these

Question 57

What is known about the long-term effects of divorce on children?

A) Anger toward the parent they perceive as responsible for the breakup persists
B) Children typically bounce back quickly and show few long-term effects
C) The younger the child,the more readily he/she will bounce back from the effects of divorce
D) All of these

Question 58

The incidence of infanticide is ______ times as great in stepfamilies than in genetically related families

A) 10
B) 25
C) 45
D) 60

Question 59

Which of the following is TRUE regarding stepfamilies?

A) There are many negative psychological effects to living in stepfamilies
B) There is a higher risk of being physically abused in stepfamilies
C) The risk of sexual abuse is lower in stepfamilies
D) Infanticide happens less often in stepfamilies than in families with biological kinship

Question 60

Approximately how many children each year experience the divorce of their parents?

A) 1,000
B) 10,000
C) 100,000
D) 1 million

Question 61

Maternal employment in the United States

A) increased dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s,but has declined since that time.
B) is rare in the United States,but common in other countries.
C) has increased dramatically in the past 50 years.
D) has had a negative impact on children's psychological functioning.

Question 62

Parental bickering,or severe fighting in front of the children,is linked in research studies to

A) no behavior problems in children.
B) the same kinds of problems that children experience when their parents get separated or divorced.
C) behavior problems in girls,but not in boys.
D) a decrease in child biological "alarm reactions."

Question 63

If children show a physiological "alarm reaction" to marital conflict,what is occurring?

A) Their heart rate and blood pressure increase
B) Their self-esteem goes down
C) Their endocrine system slows down
D) All of these

Question 64

In terms of maternal employment and delinquent behavior,

A) the more a mother works,the greater the degree of delinquent behavior exhibited by her children.
B) working mothers have more delinquent sons,but not daughters.
C) the effects appear to be related to degree of parental supervision.
D) the effects can be offset by authoritarian parenting in the home.

Question 65

Children

A) may share things with their peers that they will not share with their parents.
B) generally are not influenced by peers.
C) generally strive to be independent and different from peers.
D) always do things they would not normally do because of peers.

Question 66

Which of the following causes the greatest increase in behavior problems in children?

A) Parental separation
B) Parental divorce
C) Marriages with high levels of marital conflict
D) Single-parent homes

Question 67

Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to negative outcomes for children?

A) Having a mother who works part-time outside the home
B) Having a stay-at-home mother and financial problems in the family
C) Having a mother who works full-time outside the home
D) Having a working mother who tells her children how rewarding her work is

Question 68

The effects of maternal employment on child development are related to

A) the timing of the employment,or when the mother enters the workforce during the child's life.
B) the continuity of the employment,or how consistently the mother works outside the home.
C) both the timing and the continuity of maternal employment.
D) neither the timing nor the continuity of maternal employment.

Question 69

Wendy Goldberg's meta-analysis (2008)of studies conducted on the effects of maternal employment revealed that

A) among lower-income families,maternal employment benefited child achievement.
B) there has been a burst of research into the effects of stay-at-home fathers.
C) maternal employment among higher SES families led to greater child achievement and lower levels of misbehavior,especially among boys.
D) child performance on achievement tests,intelligence tests,and grades varied considerably depending upon whether mothers worked outside the home or were full-time homemakers.

Question 70

Marital conflict

A) is less damaging to children than parental divorce.
B) causes psychological distress in children and adolescents.
C) is more damaging for the parents than for the children.
D) has been shown to teach children conflict resolution skills.

Question 71

Which of the following can be said with certainty about the problems demonstrated by children of divorce?

A) Divorce causes adjustment problems in children
B) Divorce causes psychological disorders in children
C) The effects of divorce are entirely mitigated by degree of parental conflict
D) None of these

Question 72

Paternal employment

A) has no negative effect on children.
B) is more harmful to children than maternal employment.
C) is related to positive effects on children.
D) None of these

Question 73

Which of the following takes on increasing importance in middle childhood?

A) Parents
B) Peers
C) Schools
D) Siblings

Question 74

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the influence of peers?

A) It is generally negative
B) It always plays a less important role than that of parents
C) It is an important part of the socialization process
D) It is more important in the socialization of girls than in boys

Question 75

Olivia is achievement oriented and sets high career goals for herself.She is flexible in her gender-role stereotypes.What might we assume about Olivia?

A) She is an only child
B) She has a mother who works outside the home
C) She has a mother who is a full-time homemaker
D) She has older sisters

Question 76

In a Japanese study (Holloway et al.,2006),mothers who were most satisfied were those who were highly committed to their roles in the workforce and

A) had stay-at-home spouses.
B) had fewer children.
C) felt they were doing an excellent job as mothers.
D) had the financial resources for high-quality childcare.

Question 77

Children with mothers working outside the home

A) tend to be more flexible in their gender roles.
B) are more dependent than children whose mothers stay at home.
C) view their mothers as less competent.
D) have more negative views of their fathers because of the lack of a clear male "breadwinner" role.

Question 78

Which of the following mothers will have better-adjusted children?

A) A working mother
B) A stay-at-home mother
C) A single mother
D) There is too little information to tell

Question 79

Why are peers important?

A) They help in socializing children
B) They are of a different generation and have different perspectives than parents
C) They have different skills and competencies than parents
D) All of these

Question 80

Research indicates that working-class,full-time homemakers were more likely to be depressed than employed mothers.In turn,maternal feelings of depression were related to

A) maternal anxiety.
B) maternal substance abuse.
C) use of permissive and authoritarian parenting styles.
D) lack of social support.