Deck 3: Cell Structure and Internal Compartments

Question 1

The plasma membrane of a cell and the membrane boundaries of organelles,such as mitochondria and chloroplasts,serve similar functions.What is one of the main functions of the membranes of both cells and organelles?

A) They keep reactants near each other to speed biological reactions.
B) They allow external chemicals to diffuse freely into and out of the cell.
C) They encourage cellular respiration at the membrane boundaries.
D) They keep water out of the cell and organelle interiors.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following structures is found in all types of cells?

A) chloroplasts
B) cilia
C) a cell wall
D) a plasma membrane

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The part of the plasma membrane that is in contact with the external environment of the cell consists of ________ molecules.

A) hydrophobic portions of the constituent
B) hydrophilic portions of the constituent
C) neutral (uncharged)
D) nonpolar ends of the constituent

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Strong evidence that multicellularity conveys adaptive value to multicellular organisms is provided by the fact that it

A) evolved within various eukaryotic groups independently.
B) first emerged about 1.5 billion years ago.
C) reduces the potential for predation.
D) allows an organism with relatively small cells to develop a large body.

Question 5

The sizes of several biological structures are indicated in the following figure.

Which of the following is the smallest structure you could see with a light microscope?

A) viruses
B) frog egg
C) most bacteria
D) ribosomes

Question 6

Which statement best describes the relationship between cell size (surface area,volume,and average width or radius)and cell function?

A) Bigger cells have more surface area,more volume,more storage capacity,and are adaptively superior in many ways because of their greater size.
B) Spherical cells function best because they have a more favorable surface area : volume ratio,which explains why red blood cells and most bacteria are spherical.
C) The rate of increase of volume exceeds that of surface area,causing membrane transport of nutrients and waste to become progressively inefficient as cell size increases.
D) Since each feature is determined geometrically,the ratios for any two measurements and cell function capabilities remains constant regardless of overall cell size.

Question 7

What components of the plasma membrane of an animal cell would you find at its innermost surface,directly exposed to the cytoplasm?

A) phospholipid tails only
B) proteins only
C) phospholipid heads and proteins
D) phospholipid heads and nucleic acids

Question 8

The word "fluid" in the term fluid mosaic model refers to the fact that

A) membranes are a patchwork of lipids and proteins.
B) membranes are selectively permeable.
C) the proteins within a membrane move around freely.
D) the membrane assembles and disassembles as necessary for cell function.

Question 9

The definition of life is somewhat arbitrary;the critical aspect(s)that currently define(s)cells as living structures is (are)

A) structural organization,energy dependence,and self-replication.
B) nucleic acid housed within a protective,protein-based container.
C) size: any carbon-based molecular assembly between 0.1 and 1 µm.
D) the presence of at least two classically recognized organelles.

Question 10

Advancement in biology was hindered by the concept of spontaneous generation,the belief that nonliving objects could spontaneously come to life.What aspect of the cell theory specifically refutes this idea?

A) Every living organism is composed of one or more cells.
B) All living cells come from preexisting cells.
C) Cells are the smallest unit of life possible on Earth.
D) The components of a cell do not individually retain the distinctive characteristics of life.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The plasma membrane prevents some molecules from entering the cell.
B) The plasma membrane prevents some molecules from leaving the cell.
C) The plasma membrane receives signals from the outside environment.
D) The plasma membrane is the storehouse for each cell's genetic information.

Question 12

Multicellularity offers a variety of advantages to an organism;among the most important is

A) reproductive potential-when separated,each individual cell is capable of independent survival.
B) genetic specialization-each cell can eliminate unnecessary genetic material and produce replicate (backup)copies of essential genetic material.
C) adaptive size-single cells remain constrained by the relationship of surface area to volume,but collectively,the organism can enlarge to the extent that is most advantageous.
D) protective-if partially consumed by predators,the remainder of the organism can replenish the missing cells.

Question 13

Which of the following molecules is NOT found associated with the plasma membrane?

A) phospholipids
B) nucleic acids
C) proteins
D) carbohydrates

Question 14

A screen door allows breezes to enter and aromas to exit,but keeps out insects.Its function most resembles

A) the cytosol.
B) the plasma membrane.
C) the ER lumen.
D) a ribosome.

Question 15

Volvox,the multicellular green alga shown here,has flagellated cells on its surface cells,but not on interior cells.Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the development of this condition?

A) Interior cells attempt to grow flagella,but the lack of open space suppresses the effort.
B) Interior cells discard the genetic instructions for flagella once their interior position is established.
C) The commitment of resources for photosynthesis reduces the availability of protein and other biomolecules needed to produce flagella.
D) Signals from surface cells or the absence of signals from the environment to the plasma membranes of the interior cells suppresses the growth of flagella.

Question 16

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are primarily distinguished by the absence or presence of internal,membrane-bound organelles.Are prokaryotic cells at an evolutionary disadvantage because they lack organelles?

A) Yes;without organelles,prokaryotic cells cannot photosynthesize or respire.
B) Yes;without organelles,prokaryotes are unable to bring together the reactants needed for biological reactions.
C) No;although prokaryotic cells are comparatively less efficient than eukaryotic cells,they are still able to carry out the processes necessary for survival and reproduction.
D) No;eukaryotic organelles are expelled each time the cell divides.

Question 17

Multicellularity does not characterize all types of organisms living today;which eukaryotic kingdoms retain unicellular representatives?

A) protists (slime mold),plants (algae),and fungi (yeast)
B) animals (plasmodium),plants (algae),and fungi (yeast)
C) protists (algae)and fungi (yeast)
D) animals (plasmodium),protists (algae),and fungi (yeast)

Question 18

The magnification of a specimen by a light microscope is a result of

A) the bending of light as it passes through glass lenses.
B) the focusing of electron beams by magnets.
C) the reflection of light off a specimen.
D) using chemicals to physically enlarge cells.

Question 19

The boundary structure that physically defines a cell is the

A) plasma membrane.
B) protein channel.
C) hydrophilic layer.
D) phospholipid side chain.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true?

A) All types of eukaryotic cells have the same structure,appearance,and function.
B) Different eukaryotic cells contain different numbers and types of organelles,depending on the specific tasks they must perform.
C) Bacterial cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
D) Plant and animal cells have the same structure and organelles.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts?

A) They produce proteins used by other parts of the cell.
B) They capture energy from sunlight.
C) They give an animal cell its shape.
D) They contain an entire copy of a cell's genetic material.

Question 22

The nucleolus is

A) the region of the cell where chromosomes are found.
B) the name of the double layer of membranes that forms the boundary of the nucleus.
C) the region of the nucleus where ribosome production begins.
D) a piece of DNA wrapped around proteins.

Question 23

Using an electron microscope,you notice an organelle that consists of stacks of membranes and appears to be producing vesicles.This organelle is most likely

A) endoplasmic reticulum.
B) the nucleus.
C) a mitochondrion.
D) a Golgi apparatus.

Question 24

The process of photosynthesis

A) breaks down sugars to create ATP.
B) traps light energy in an energy carrier like ATP.
C) produces carbon dioxide.
D) occurs in some animal cells.

Question 25

Certain cells in the mouth produce large amounts of the enzyme amylase,a component of saliva that hydrolyzes carbohydrate.Which of the following organelles would be expected to be especially abundant in these cells?

A) chloroplasts
B) mitochondria
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosomes

Question 26

The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the

A) plasma membrane.
B) nuclear envelope.
C) nuclear pore.
D) cytosol.

Question 27

During cellular respiration,mitochondria consume molecules of

A) O₂.
B) CO₂.
C) H₂O.
D) NO₂.

Question 28

Your muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of your body.Which of the following organelles would you expect to be especially abundant in muscle cells?

A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosomes

Question 29

The inner membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts are folded into various arrangements.What is the advantage of having a folded membrane rather than a simple interior membrane that follows the same oval shape as the exterior membrane?

A) The folds in the membranes are a physical barrier against compounds attempting to enter the organelle.
B) The folds allow for more surface area for the chemical reactions that occur across the inner membranes.
C) The folds allow these organelles to interact more efficiently with Golgi bodies.
D) The folds cause a necessary change in the organelle's internal pH.

Question 30

When looking at a plant leaf through a light microscope,you notice small green organelles moving around in the cytoplasm of every cell.What organelle are you most likely seeing?

A) mitochondria
B) chloroplasts
C) lysosomes
D) ribosomes

Question 31

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Eukaryotes use RNA as the hereditary genetic material.
B) Eukaryotes can be multicellular.
C) Eukaryotes have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
D) Eukaryotes have membrane-enclosed organelles.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plant vacuole?

A) storage of ions,pigments,and toxins
B) production of ATP
C) breakdown of macromolecules with enzymes
D) support of overall plant structure

Question 33

Imagine examining a cell using a light microscope;a prokaryote could be distinguished from a eukaryote by the absence of

A) DNA.
B) a plasma membrane.
C) a nucleus.
D) a cell wall.

Question 34

A cell you view under a microscope has a cell wall and chromosomes,but no nucleus.The cell you are viewing could be a

A) human muscle cell.
B) cell from the leaf of a maple tree.
C) bacterium recovered from the large intestine of a mammal.
D) cell from the skin of a potato.

Question 35

Ribosomes are very small,nonmembranous organelles associated with the synthesis of

A) protein.
B) DNA.
C) membrane phospholipid.
D) the membranous organelles.

Question 36

Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules.Why is it useful to have the lysosomal reactions compartmentalized,rather than allowing them to take place freely in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A) The lysosome's enzymes would break down cellular macromolecules that should remain intact.
B) If these reactions took place in the cytoplasm,their host cells would become prokaryotic.
C) The presence of lysosomes allows vesicles to form more quickly.
D) The absence of lysosomes would cause the vacuoles of animal cells to burst.

Question 37

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured.
B) produces the energy needed to run chemical reactions in the cell.
C) converts sunlight into chemical energy.
D) stores water,nutrients,and enzymes.

Question 38

The relative abundance of a specific organelle is often predictable when cell function is considered;for example,more lysosomes than those found in an average cell could be expected to be found in

A) photosynthetic cells of a leaf.
B) brain cells that produce large amounts of proteins to send signals to other cells.
C) acid- and enzyme-producing cells that line your stomach.
D) cells that roam around your body engulfing and consuming bacteria.

Question 39

The Golgi apparatus

A) is the place where a cell's genetic material is stored.
B) sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.
C) captures energy from sunlight and sends it to mitochondria.
D) creates energy by converting ribosomes to proteins.

Question 40

Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A) the machine that assembles a product
B) a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box
C) the garbage truck that hauls away the wastes produced as a product is made
D) the blueprints for making the product

Question 41

Which of the following works like a propeller?

A) eukaryotic flagella
B) prokaryotic flagella
C) eukaryotic cilia
D) prokaryotic cilia

Question 42

DNA from which listed organelle is inherited from a child's mother?

A) the nucleus
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplasts
D) lysosomes

Question 43

At the most basic level of life,organic compounds are organized into energy-dependent,self-replicating units known as ________.

Question 44

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) cilia-microfilaments
B) flagella-tubulin
C) pseudopodia-intermediate filaments
D) microfilaments-keratin

Question 45

Organisms whose cells lack internal,membrane-bound organelles are classified as ________.

Question 46

The contents of cells are often visualized with fluorescent (glow-in-the-dark)stains.You treat a cell with a stain that makes a certain part of the cytoskeleton glow green and another stain that makes mitochondria glow red.Under the microscope,you see a meshwork of green filaments throughout the cell.Red organelles appear to be traveling along the filaments.The green stain you used must stain

A) microtubules.
B) microfilaments.
C) intermediate filaments.
D) motor proteins.

Question 47

Protists use cilia to move within their habitat,but ciliated human cells like those in the bronchi are always anchored to one another and to an extracellular matrix;what benefit does cilia provide these cells?

A) Ciliary movement can dislodge infective bacteria before they permanently fasten to the plasma membrane.
B) The oxygen content of the extracellular fluid can be increased by agitation with cilia.
C) Ciliary movement can create currents that move secretions like mucus over the surface of a tissue.
D) Ciliary movement can lead to the eventual release of cells from a cell layer when necessary.

Question 48

The ________ model describes the plasma membrane as a mobile mixture of phospholipids and proteins.

Question 49

You are an astronaut and have discovered an alien photosynthetic organism.It has organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis;these organelles appear to work in much the same way as the chloroplasts in plants on Earth.The only difference is that they are red.Which color of light is NOT likely to drive photosynthesis in these alien organelles?

A) green
B) blue
C) red
D) violet

Question 50

The light-capturing pigments of photosynthesis like chlorophyll are contained in the membrane of a structure known as a(n)

A) pore.
B) envelope.
C) crista.
D) thylakoid.

Question 51

Certain ________ in a cell's membrane form channels through which ions and molecules may pass.

Question 52

Which of the following would you find in the cells that produce the mucus that lines the nasal cavities?

A) vesicles
B) grana
C) flagella
D) thylakoids

Question 53

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Actin filaments can change rapidly in length.
B) Actin filaments define the paths for vesicle movement within the cell.
C) Actin filaments allow cells to change shape.
D) Actin filaments allow cells to move.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts is FALSE?

A) They were probably primitive eukaryotic cells.
B) They contain their own DNA.
C) They are able to make some proteins.
D) They reproduce independently of the cell in which they reside.

Question 55

The following figure shows a mitochondrion,emphasizing its inner and outer membranes.

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is thought to have evolved from

A) a bit of plasma membrane from the early eukaryotic cell that engulfed a bacterium.
B) the membrane surrounding the lysosome that engulfed a bacterium,once it was inside an early eukaryotic cell.
C) the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell.
D) infoldings of the plasma membrane of an early eukaryotic cell.

Question 56

Which of the following components contribute to the structure of the cytoskeleton of a cell?

A) microtubules and actin filaments
B) pseudopodia and motor proteins
C) chloroplasts and mitochondria
D) the cell wall and plasma membrane

Question 57

The cell in the following figure is moving by producing pseudopodia.This type of movement is a result of the reorganization of a certain component of the cytoskeleton (labeled).

Some of the various labeled lines in the figure show

A) microtubules elongating at the leading edge of movement.
B) microfilaments disassembling at the trailing edge of movement.
C) different types of intermediate filaments located in different parts of the cell.
D) motor proteins attached to microtubules pushing the plasma membrane forward.

Question 58

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a malfunction of or problem in the lysosomes?

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) storage diseases
C) adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
D) asbestosis

Question 59

The entire contents of a cell,except for the nucleus,are included in the ________.

Question 60

Microtubules are responsible for

A) moving and positioning organelles inside the cell.
B) the formation of pseudopodia.
C) reinforcing and supporting cell structure.
D) strengthening skin cells.

Question 61

The symptoms of ________ range from relatively mild muscle weakness to hearing and vision loss and severe muscle and nerve impairment.

Question 62

The components of the cytoskeleton that provide mechanical strength to cells and reinforce the membranes of organelles are called ________.

Question 63

All of the energy in the food we eat is produced when organelles in plants called ________ convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy.

Question 64

Certain cells found in humans are identical to certain cells found in plants.

Question 65

A cell structure that pinches off from a membrane,encloses material,and then fuses with another membrane to release its contents at its destination is called a(n)________.

Question 66

The microfilaments that allow cells to move contain the protein ________.

Question 67

The ________ is the place where the majority of the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is stored.

Question 68

Membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells are called ________.

Question 69

Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.

Question 70

In general,chemical reactions occur more efficiently and quickly in ________ because the reactants of different reactions are concentrated within compartments in the cell specialized to contain those reactions.

Question 71

The ________ has a double membrane,DNA,and stacks of hollow membranous disks,but no cristae.

Question 72

In eukaryotic cells,most of the ATP used for cellular reactions is produced by the specialized,membrane-enclosed compartments known as ________.

Question 73

During the process of photosynthesis,________ is given off as a by-product.

Question 74

The ________ found in eukaryotic cells have cristae.

Question 75

The hydrophobic portions of a membrane's phospholipid bilayer are oriented toward the interior of the membrane and pointed away from aqueous environments.

Question 76

In the chloroplast,pancake-like,membrane-bound structures known as ________ are arranged into stacks.

Question 77

A ribosome has internal cristae.

Question 78

The ________ endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes.

Question 79

A membrane that is selectively permeable causes damage to the cell by allowing solutes to enter and leave the cell indiscriminately.

Question 80

A microscope is used to obtain a magnified view of an object.