Deck 2: The Evolution of Management

Question 1

The use of scientific management practices led workers to hide the true potential efficiency of the work setting to protect their own well-being.

Answer 1

True
Explanation:The management of work settings frequently became a game between workers and managers: Managers tried to initiate work practices to increase performance, and workers tried to hide the true potential efficiency of the work setting to protect their own well-being.

Question 2

The theory of scientific management was introduced in the late twentieth century.

Answer 2

False
Explanation:The theory of scientific management was introduced in the late twentieth century. Author: Your feedback says the answer should be TRUE.

Question 3

Authority gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.

Answer 3

True
Explanation:Authority is the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources. Authority gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.

Question 4

Scientific management practices allowed workers to define their own rights.

Question 5

Increasing the level of job specialization reduces efficiency and leads to lower organizational performance.

Question 6

In a bureaucracy, a manager's formal authority derives from the knowledge he possesses rather than the position he holds in the organization.

Question 7

In his studies, Adam Smith found that the performance of the factories in which workers specialized in only one or a few tasks was much greater than the performance of the factory in which each worker performed all the tasks.

Question 8

In a bureaucratic system of administration, obedience owed to a manager depends on his or her personal qualities such as personality and social status.

Question 9

In a bureaucracy, tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to respond quickly to the unexpected.

Question 10

According to Frederick W. Taylor, if the amount of time and effort that each worker expends to produce a unit of output is reduced by increasing specialization, the production process will become more efficient.

Question 11

Norms are written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.

Question 12

Authority is more likely to be exercised effectively in an organization when positions are not arranged hierarchically.

Question 13

Scientific management produces huge cost savings in large organized work settings.

Question 14

F.W. Taylor advocated the use of a standard pay system that was independent of worker performance.

Question 15

A time-and-motion study involves the careful timing and recording of the actions taken to perform a particular task.

Question 16

According to Weber, in a bureaucracy, people should occupy positions because of their social standing and personal contacts.

Question 17

As a result of the application of scientific management principles, workers became increasingly dissatisfied.

Question 18

Standard operating procedures are unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations.

Question 19

Rules are formal written instructions that specify what workers should do on the job.

Question 20

Bureaucracy is a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.

Question 21

Fayol recommended the use of organizational charts to show the position and duties of each employee in the organization.

Question 22

The Hawthorne effect suggests that workers' attitudes toward their managers affect the level of workers' performance.

Question 23

The contingency theory suggests that there is always one best way to organize.

Question 24

Fayol believed that authority should be concentrated at the top of the chain of command of an organization.

Question 25

Typically, managers in a mechanistic structure react more quickly to a changing environment than do managers in an organic structure.

Question 26

The line of authority is the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization.

Question 27

Assessing any manager's authority and responsibility in a system of dual command is easier than it is in a system where unity of command exists.

Question 28

When managers rely too much on rules to solve problems, their behavior becomes inflexible.

Question 29

Management science theory focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers.

Question 30

When authority is centralized, only managers at the top of the organization make important decisions.

Question 31

A drawback of management information systems is that they provide information only about an organization's internal environment, and not the external environment.

Question 32

_____ refers to a system where small workshops run by skilled workers produce hand-manufactured products.

A) Mass production
B) Flow production
C) Crafts production
D) Series production
E) Mechanized production

Question 33

Esprit de corps is a French expression that refers to shared feelings of comradeship and enthusiasm.

Question 34

Theory Y assumes that workers are not inherently lazy, do not naturally dislike work, and, if given an opportunity, will do what is good for the organization.

Question 35

The human relations movement in management theory advocates that supervisors be trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.

Question 36

Management science theory focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques.

Question 37

According to Fayol, the fewer the levels in the managerial hierarchy of an organization, the faster the pace of planning and organizing.

Question 38

Henri Fayol's approach to administration more closely reflects the assumptions of McGregor's Theory X as compared to Theory Y.

Question 39

According to Fayol's principles of management, workers should be given more job duties to perform but encouraged to assume less responsibility for their work outcomes.

Question 40

According to the Hawthorne effect, each manager's personal behavior or leadership approach has no effect on performance.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of norms?

A) They are mandatory instructions that must be followed by all employees of a company.
B) They are written instructions about desired behavior in the workplace.
C) They are informal codes of conduct among employees in a particular company.
D) They give detailed instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.
E) They specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific company goals.

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of a company's standard operating procedure?

A) A general recommendation that all employees leave their work machines in good order
B) A compulsory practice of employees cleaning their work areas at the end of each day
C) An informal code of conduct prescribing that employees help each other if time permits
D) A suggestion by the technical department to save all work-related files on D drive
E) A recommendation by the HR department that employees wear formal clothes during the week

Question 43

Which of the following is true of rules?

A) They are mandatory instructions.
B) They are unwritten expectations of behavior.
C) They are informal codes of conduct.
D) They focus more on creating goals rather than achieving them.
E) They are suggestions about best practices.

Question 44

Job specialization refers to:

A) the process by which each position's formal authority in an organizational hierarchy is established.
B) the process by which division of labor occurs as different workers gain expertise in tasks.
C) the process by which subordinates receive orders and report to only one superior.
D) the process by which members of different departments work together in cross-departmental teams to accomplish projects.
E) the process by which employees explore new ways to improve how tasks are performed.

Question 45

According to Taylor, the production process becomes more efficient with:

A) an increase in the effort that each worker puts in to produce a unit of output.
B) an increase in the amount of time required to produce a unit of output.
C) an increase in division of labor through specialization.
D) the use of informal rule-of thumb knowledge.
E) the use of intuitive knowledge.

Question 46

The power to hold workers accountable for their actions and to make decisions about the use of organizational resources is known as:

A) initiative.
B) synergy.
C) authority.
D) esprit de corps.
E) entropy.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of scientific management?

A) It resulted in jobs that were usually nonrepetitive.
B) It brought all workers more gain than hardship.
C) It revealed the maximum efficiency of work systems.
D) It resulted in job dissatisfaction for many workers.
E) It resulted in increased trust between managers and workers.

Question 48

In the context of management, rules refer to:

A) a reporting relationship in which an employee receives orders from only one superior.
B) the ability of an individual to act on his own accord without direction from a superior.
C) formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances.
D) the performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions.
E) the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit.

Question 49

In a bureaucracy, a manager's formal authority derives from:

A) his or her social standing and personal contacts.
B) informal rule-of-thumb knowledge.
C) intuitive knowledge.
D) codifying the new methods of performing tasks into written rules.
E) the position he or she holds in the organization.

Question 50

_____ gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to accomplish organizational goals.

A) Entropy
B) Synergy
C) Esprit de corps
D) Authority
E) Equity

Question 51

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principles of scientific management?

A) Stick to the current method of performing tasks and focus only on increasing the speed.
B) New methods of performing tasks ought to be communicated verbally rather than in writing.
C) Allow workers to establish their own rules and SOPs.
D) Establish a standard pay system that is independent of performance.
E) Increase job specialization in order to make the production process more efficient.

Question 52

An advantage of achieving the right worker-task specialization and linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line is:

A) lower costs.
B) lower job satisfaction.
C) decreased workplace monotony.
D) decreased organizational output.
E) decreased mechanization of work process.

Question 53

Administrative management is the study of:

A) how managers control the organization's relationship with its external environment.
B) how an organizational structure is to be created such that it leads to high efficiency and effectiveness.
C) how the feelings, thoughts, and behavior of work-group members and managers affect worker performance.
D) how characteristics of the work setting-specifically the level of lighting-affect worker performance.
E) how managers should personally behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels.

Question 54

_____ is the process by which division of labor occurs as different workers gain expertise in tasks over time.

A) Job specialization
B) Systems management
C) Esprit de corps
D) Job rotation
E) Centralization

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of a norm rather than a rule?

A) A general mandatory guideline asking all employees to leave their work machines in good order
B) A specific mandatory guideline asking employees to oil machine parts labeled A and B; and replace C and D
C) An informal code of conduct recommending that employees help each other if time permits
D) A recommendation by the HR department that employees wear formal clothes during the week
E) A suggestion by the technical department that all work-related files are saved in a common location

Question 56

When the tasks and authority associated with various positions in the organization are clearly specified, it creates a scenario where:

A) employees are not sure of what is expected either of them or of each other.
B) employees are held strictly accountable for their actions.
C) managers face difficulty in tracking the assigned tasks.
D) confused employees create havoc within the formal hierarchy of authority.
E) order and discipline are undermined.

Question 57

_____ refers to a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.

A) Esprit de corps
B) Bureaucracy
C) Adhocracy
D) Synergy
E) Entropy

Question 58

Henry Fayol believed that in order to increase the efficiency of the management process, it is essential that:

A) authority should be concentrated at the top of the chain of command.
B) managers should discourage creativity in employees so that they stay focused on their jobs.
C) there should be a greater number of levels in a managerial hierarchy.
D) managers should not have the right to give orders to employees; they should only give polite instructions.
E) all organizational members are entitled to be treated with justice and respect.

Question 59

_____ refers to a system of task and authority relationships that controls how employees use resources to achieve a company's goals.

A) Corporate variance
B) Work sharing
C) Management scalability
D) Organizational structure
E) Job rotation

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a rule?

A) A general mandatory guideline asking all employees to leave their work machines in good order
B) A statement issued by the company specifying the sales projection for the next fiscal year
C) An informal code of conduct recommending that employees help each other if time permits
D) A recommendation by the HR department that employees wear formal clothes during the week
E) A suggestion by the technical department to save all work-related files on D drive

Question 61

Fayol's principle of initiative suggests that:

A) employees ought to be closely monitored.
B) managers should encourage employees to be innovative and creative.
C) managers should ensure that the tasks and roles of each employee are clearly specified.
D) authority should be concentrated at the top of the hierarchy.
E) managers should use rewards and punishments to control the behavior of employees.

Question 62

According to Henri Fayol, discipline refers to:

A) the ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior.
B) shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.
C) the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
D) the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities.
E) Stability of tenure of personnel

Question 63

The idea that employees who stay with the organization for many years develop skills on the job which can help the organization to become more efficient is consistent with Fayol's principle of:

A) unity of command.
B) unity of direction.
C) initiative.
D) discipline.
E) stability of tenure.

Question 64

_____ refers to the concentration of authority at the top of the organizational chart instead of being distributed throughout the managerial hierarchy.

A) Unity of direction
B) Synergy
C) Centralization
D) Unity of command
E) Entropy

Question 65

Mary Parker Follett's primary criticism of Taylor's system of scientific management was that:

A) Taylor proposed that managers should involve workers in analyzing their jobs to identify better ways to perform tasks.
B) Taylor did not use scientific techniques like time-and-motion studies to analyze workers' jobs.
C) scientific management did not allow workers to exercise initiative and contribute to the organization.
D) scientific management advocated that workers, rather than managers, should be in control of the work process itself.
E) Taylor said that managers should behave as coaches and facilitators-not as monitors and supervisors.

Question 66

According to Henri Fayol, esprit de corps refers to:

A) the ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior.
B) shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.
C) the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
D) the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities.
E) obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior's authority.

Question 67

The idea that workers should be aware of how their performance affects the performance of the organization as a whole is most consistent with Fayol's principle of:

A) unity of command.
B) subordination of individual interests to the common interest.
C) remuneration of personnel.
D) esprit de corps.
E) stability of tenure of personnel.

Question 68

An organization that has a single, comprehensive long-term plan that leads every department within the organization is following Fayol's principle of:

A) order.
B) line of authority.
C) unity of command.
D) unity of direction.
E) decentralization.

Question 69

Which of the following best reflects Mary Parker Follett's views on management and leadership in an organization?

A) Managers should avoid involving workers in analyzing their jobs to identify better ways to perform tasks, as this could lead to employees underperforming.
B) If workers have the relevant knowledge, then workers, rather than managers, should be in control of the work process itself.
C) The formal line of authority and vertical chain of command are the most essential steps to effective management.
D) Members of different departments should avoid working together in cross-departmental teams to accomplish projects in order to minimize duplication of effort.
E) Managers' formal authority deriving from their position in the hierarchy should decide who will lead at any particular moment.

Question 70

Fayol recommended the use of _____ to show the position and duties of each employee and to indicate which positions an employee might move to or be promoted to in the future.

A) an organizational chart
B) initiative analysis
C) unity of direction
D) the critical path method (CPM)
E) a PERT chart

Question 71

If an organization has a profit-sharing plan in which employees are able to purchase the company's stock at a discount whenever the organization makes huge profits, then this organization follows Fayol's principle of:

A) centralization.
B) discipline.
C) initiative.
D) esprit de corps.
E) remuneration of personnel.

Question 72

The Marketing Manager at RST Global Inc. developed a five-year marketing plan that was in stark contrast with the objectives outlined in the organization's strategic plan. Which of the principles of Henri Fayol does this go against?

A) Order
B) Line of authority
C) Unity of command
D) Unity of direction
E) Span of control

Question 73

The line of authority in an organization is:

A) the concentration of authority at the top of the managerial hierarchy.
B) the singleness of purpose that makes possible the creation of one plan of action.
C) the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization.
D) the shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, and devotion to a common cause.
E) a reporting relationship in which an employee receives orders from only one superior.

Question 74

_____ refers to the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization

A) Line of authority
B) Division of labor
C) Unity of direction
D) Unity of command
E) Esprit de corps

Question 75

Which of the following is true of dual command?

A) It causes confusion among subordinates.
B) It strengthens order and discipline.
C) It makes assessing a manager's authority easy.
D) It was advocated by Henry Fayol.
E) It exists when a subordinate receives orders from only one supervisor

Question 76

Which of the following is true of centralization in an organization?

A) Authority is concentrated at the top of the managerial hierarchy.
B) Subordinates play an important role in decision-making within the company.
C) It prevents the organization from pursuing its strategy.
D) It makes middle and first-line managers more flexible and adaptable.
E) It allows people who are closest to problems to respond to them in a timely manner.

Question 77

Obedience to a manager's authority is most consistent with Fayol's principle of:

A) order.
B) discipline.
C) esprit de corps.
D) equity.
E) decentralization

Question 78

An engineer receives orders from and reports to both his department manager and his project manager. This violates Fayol's principle of:

A) centralization.
B) unity of command.
C) unity of direction.
D) division of labor.
E) esprit de corps.

Question 79

According to Henri Fayol, initiative refers to:

A) the ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior.
B) shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.
C) the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
D) the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities.
E) obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior's authority.

Question 80

Which of the following principles of management by Henri Fayol specifies that an employee should report to only one superior?

A) Line of authority
B) Unity of command
C) Centralization
D) Esprit de corps
E) Decentralization