Deck 11: Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis

Question 1

Which of the following is a quality of typical sampling?

A) It is necessary for all educators.
B) It is unnecessary for qualitative research purposes.
C) It emphasizes typical people/places of a given culture.
D) It is required for approving the study.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Conducting good observations means ______.

A) guiding data collection
B) it is not part of qualitative research
C) recording carefully and systematically
D) letting your biases impact your observations

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In qualitative research, video cameras ______.

A) identify a problem
B) analyze data independently
C) are not part of qualitative research
D) can only capture limited perspective

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Field notes may be insufficient for ______.

A) using various ideologies
B) developing a study
C) depicting richness and details of the setting
D) centralized research

Question 5

Which of the following characterizes data analysis in qualitative studies?

A) It provides logic to the process.
B) It is ongoing.
C) It is definitive in nature.
D) It guides the conclusion of the study.

Question 6

Which of the following is a type of qualitative sampling?

A) statistical sampling
B) measurement sampling
C) detailed sampling
D) typical sampling

Question 7

Interview questions should be ______.

A) models of questioning
B) brief, clear, and simply worded
C) measurement tool(s)
D) for the development of action plans

Question 8

______ case sampling focuses on the study of an outlier case, or a case that displays extreme characteristics.

A) Extreme
B) Focused
C) Outlier
D) Outrageous

Question 9

Interviews may be conducted ______.

A) with details of the selection process
B) with a description of the population/sample
C) with an action plan
D) with varying amounts of structure

Question 10

Interviewing more than one individual at a time is called ______.

A) communicated style interview
B) variable account interview
C) audience interview
D) focus group interview

Question 11

In maximum variation sampling, the researcher ______.

A) offers comprehensive perspectives
B) maximizes educational phenomena
C) samples cases that differ on a characteristic/trait
D) uses a type of quantitative sampling

Question 12

According to Creswell (2005), qualitative researchers intentionally ______.

A) provide a detailed, written plan
B) select specific individuals and sights
C) investigate the quality of a given topic
D) investigate many topics from different perspectives

Question 13

Which of the following is true of interviews?

A) They are discussions among participants.
B) They are conversations between participants and researchers.
C) They are planned dialogue regarding a specific perspective.
D) They must always be video-recorded.

Question 14

Which of the following describes the sample size used in qualitative studies?

A) It is similar to qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods.
B) It serves as the primary basis for whether the study is approved.
C) It can vary greatly but typically do not.
D) It is objectively determined for each unique study.

Question 15

Observer's comments often shed light on ______.

A) examining sequentially and divergently
B) examining divergently and analytically
C) the emerging patterns in your observational data
D) analyzing participatory and practical data types

Question 16

Which of the following are true of qualitative data?

A) They are accommodating.
B) They are in narrative form.
C) They are not academic and scholarly.
D) They are a rationale that is always evolving.

Question 17

Random sampling is the focus in ______ research.

A) all
B) qualitative
C) quantitative
D) mixed-methods

Question 18

Which of the following is true of qualitative sampling strategies?

A) They conduct the study themselves.
B) They can save researchers time later.
C) They may occur before or after a study.
D) They may only be completed before the study

Question 19

What is critical sampling?

A) It is a process that improves education, in general, by incorporating change.
B) It is a process that is determined by the participants.
C) It is a process that is practiced by all qualitative researchers.
D) It is a technique that emphasizes people/sites representing phenomena in dramatic form.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of data journals?

A) They are a detailed presentation of the methodology that is simply not feasible.
B) They may be part of a brief literature review before writing the proposal.
C) They may be used by the researcher, participants, or others in a study.
D) They are a component of quantitative research.

Question 21

The researcher samples individuals or sites because they can help generate or discover a new concept or theory when using ______ sampling.

A) opportunistic
B) theory
C) snowball
D) typical

Question 22

Which of the following is true of peer debriefing?

A) It can negatively affect a study's validity.
B) It involves enlisting other professionals to help you review and critique your data collection and analysis.
C) It can cause the attrition of participants.
D) It involves enlisting willing participants to help you review and critique your data collection and analysis.

Question 23

______ are written observations of what a researcher sees taking place in a particular setting.

A) Setting notes
B) Location notes
C) Field notes
D) Focus notes

Question 24

Which of the following does not describe reflexivity?

A) involves observer's comments
B) involves peer debriefing
C) a strategy for enhancing validity
D) intermingling your own preliminary thoughts and interpretations with your notes

Question 25

The goal of ______ is to reduce the volume of information collected, thereby identifying and organizing the data into important patterns and themes to construct some sort of framework for presenting the key finding of the action research study.

A) implication
B) inference
C) deductive analysis
D) inductive analysis

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question?

A) What does "school" mean to you?
B) How old are you?
C) Is math your favorite subject?
D) Do you have homework?

Question 27

Which of the following is true of structured interviews?

A) They begin with an interview guide consisting of a set of predetermined questions.
B) They begin with "base" questions but also has the option of following up a given response with additional questions.
C) They provide the respondent with only a few questions that are very broad in nature.
D) They allow the respondent to structure the interview.

Question 28

Evaluative validity refers to ______.

A) the accuracy of the interpretations of participants' behaviors and words
B) the factual accuracy of the account provided in the research
C) the extent to which the researcher behaved objectively enough to report the data and findings in an unbiased manner, without making judgments of the collected data
D) the extent to which the study, and its final report, relates the phenomenon being studied to a broader theory

Question 29

Theoretical validity refers to ______.

A) the accuracy of the interpretations of participants' behaviors and words
B) the factual accuracy of the account provided in the research
C) the extent to which the researcher behaved objectively enough to report the data and findings in an unbiased manner, without making judgments of the collected data
D) the extent to which the study, and its final report, relates the phenomenon being studied to a broader theory

Question 30

______ deals with the extent to which the data collected accurately measure what they purport to measure.

A) Reliability
B) Accuracy
C) Precision
D) Validity

Question 31

______ sampling occurs after the research begins to capitalize on the researcher's realization of new or unfolding events.

A) Opportunistic
B) Theory
C) Snowball
D) Typical

Question 32

Descriptive validity refers to ______.

A) the accuracy of the interpretations of participants' behaviors and words
B) the factual accuracy of the account provided in the research
C) the extent to which the researcher behaved objectively enough to report the data and findings in an unbiased manner, without making judgments of the collected data
D) the extent to which the study, and its final report, relates the phenomenon being studied to a broader theory

Question 33

______ involves establishing that the results of qualitative research are credible, or believable, from the perspective of the participant(s) in the research.

A) Transferability
B) Dependability
C) Credibility
D) Confirmability

Question 34

______ observations are more typical of qualitative data collection, since they are "free flowing," allowing the researcher to shift focus from one event to another as new events occur.

A) Structured
B) Loose
C) Semistructured
D) Unstructured

Question 35

The qualitative data analysis process involves which of the following?

A) vague observations
B) biased observations
C) formulation of mathematical equations
D) development of general conclusions and theories

Question 36

Qualitative research may result in ______.

A) one, final interpretation
B) multiple interpretations
C) an external audit
D) lower quality data

Question 37

Glesne (2006) is quick to point out that the location of the researcher's role along the participant-observer continuum is not always a(n) ______ decision.

A) conscious
B) positive
C) negative
D) important

Question 38

Interpretive validity refers to ______.

A) the accuracy of the interpretations of participants' behaviors and words
B) the factual accuracy of the account provided in the research
C) the extent to which the researcher behaved objectively enough to report the data and findings in an unbiased manner, without making judgments of the collected data
D) the extent to which the study, and its final report, relates the phenomenon being studied to a broader theory

Question 39

______ sampling occurs when interview participants recommend other individuals who they think would be a benefit to the study.

A) Opportunistic
B) Theory
C) Snowball
D) Typical

Question 40

______ involves the intentional selection of individuals and sites to learn about or understand the topic at hand.

A) Random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Purposeful sampling
D) Proactive sampling

Question 41

When gathering truly qualitative data, interviews are best conducted using an open-ended format.

Question 42

Qualitative sample sizes typically do not vary.

Question 43

Preparing an interview guide prior to conducting any interviews can lead to biased questions.

Question 44

An alternative to observing people is to ask them questions directly.

Question 45

Member checking is the procedure of asking other observers to review the findings.

Question 46

As you make observations, over time patterns should begin to emerge.

Question 47

Transferability involves the provision of descriptive and contextualized statements so that someone reading the study can easily identify with the setting.

Question 48

Open-ended interviews gather information from individuals based on how those individuals interpret the questions.

Question 49

An acceptable alternative to observation and note taking is to ask participants questions.

Question 50

Qualitative data will always consist of narrative accounts.

Question 51

The researcher should not participate in the observation.

Question 52

Describe one type of sampling in qualitative research.

Question 53

Credibility emphasizes the need for the researcher to account for the ever-changing context within which research occurs.

Question 54

The length of time spent observing and interviewing at the site is not as important as the quantity of information collected.

Question 55

In qualitative research, the researcher selects particular people or sites that help explain and describe the phenomenon under study.

Question 56

As you make observations, patterns begin to emerge from the data immediately.

Question 57

Open-ended questions should not depend on the interviewee's interpretation of the question.

Question 58

Before we can collect data in qualitative studies, we must identify and select the participants.

Question 59

All qualitative sampling takes place before the study begins.

Question 60

Which of the following is not an example of narrative data?

A) transcriptions of audio- or videotapes
B) existing records or reports
C) observational notes
D) grade point averages

Question 61

Explain the concept of triangulation.

Question 62

Describe the five criteria for establishing the validity of qualitative research through concrete actions to be taken by the researcher.

Question 63

Explain the participant-observer continuum.

Question 64

Describe inductive analysis and its role in qualitative research.

Question 65

Describe the difference between structured, semistructured, and unstructured classroom observations.

Question 66

Describe the types of classroom observation.

Question 67

The text provides general guidelines for conducting interviews as part of qualitative research studies. Provide four guidelines a researcher should keep in mind when conducting interviews.

Question 68

Describe typical sampling.

Question 69

Discuss at least one strategy that will enhance the validity of research data and findings of qualitative studies.

Question 70

Explain how researchers decide what type of sampling to use in qualitative studies.

Question 71

Describe the purpose of observer's comments in field notes.

Question 72

Explain the rationale for the sample size in qualitative research.

Question 73

Discuss the benefits of focus groups. Also, discuss why the author cautions researchers to be careful when using focus groups.

Question 74

Describe extreme case sampling.

Question 75

Describe the difference between the types of data journals.

Question 76

Qualitative research often necessitates the gathering of data that already exist. Provide three types of existing individual student documentation or records a researcher may collect for qualitative research studies.