Deck 13: Quantitative Data Analysis

Question 1

Data organized into rankings ______.

A) can only capture limited perspective
B) can be correlated
C) is not part of quantitative research
D) cannot be correlated

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Nominal variables are typically expressed as ______.

A) ideologies
B) dichotomies
C) depictions
D) centralizations

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Raw scores are often transformed into comparable scores to make them ______.

A) stylistic
B) variable
C) systematic
D) understandable

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A tabulation of the number of times each value of a variable occurs ______.

A) is more practical but less relevant
B) only exists in quantitative research
C) is a frequency distribution
D) is a standard deviation

Question 5

Discriminant analysis is analogous to ______.

A) stratified sampling
B) multiple regression
C) correlation coefficient
D) ANOVA test

Question 6

Which of the following characterizes demographic variables?

A) They are optimal for qualitative and quantitative studies.
B) They are utilized for qualitative research purposes.
C) They emphasize typical people/places of a given culture.
D) They must have a numerical value for statistical analysis.

Question 7

Correlation coefficients may be ______.

A) simple or random
B) stratified or random
C) cluster or positive
D) positive or negative

Question 8

There are ______ types of correlation coefficients.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) numerous

Question 9

A purpose of conducting statistical analysis procedures is to ______.

A) be specialized and limited
B) be correct and accurate
C) control variables
D) show relative standing of those in a group

Question 10

Which of the following is a software used for data analysis?

A) SBSTAT
B) SPRR
C) Macrotab
D) SPSS

Question 11

One purpose of conducting statistical analysis procedures is ______.

A) to differ from qualitative methods
B) to generalize results to the entire population
C) to summarize data and reveal typical/atypical results
D) to show objective standing of individuals in a group

Question 12

Which of the following describes measures of central tendency?

A) They improve education, in general, by incorporating change.
B) They are determined by the participants' location.
C) They consist of a single score that represents what is typical among a group.
D) They emphasize people/sites that are accessible to the researcher.

Question 13

One main characteristic of a normal distribution is that ______.

A) the percentage of cases in each standard deviation is known
B) it is brief, clear, and simply conducted
C) it occurs in several phases
D) it combines cluster and individual random sampling

Question 14

A purpose of conducting statistical analysis procedures is not to ______.

A) conduct the study independently
B) show relationships among variables
C) show similarities and differences among groups
D) test for significance of findings

Question 15

______ is used to determine the degree of correlation between an interval or ratio dependent variable.

A) Stratified sampling
B) Multiple regression
C) Correlation coefficient
D) ANOVA test

Question 16

The midpoint of all the scores is called ______.

A) a plan for systematic development
B) a lack of randomization
C) a plan of systematic approaches
D) the median

Question 17

Statistics refers to ______.

A) summary indices resulting from data analysis
B) selecting specific research site(s)
C) summarizing an appropriate sample
D) investigating many topics from different perspectives

Question 18

Which of the following describes measures of dispersion?

A) They are similar to what is used in qualitative studies.
B) They serve as the primary basis for whether the study is approved.
C) They are systematic and ensure representativeness.
D) They include the quartile deviation.

Question 19

Statistical analysis procedures do which of the following?

A) assist with identifying error in a sample
B) assist with measurement sampling
C) assist with representative sampling
D) assist with developing the hypotheses

Question 20

Which of the following is true of correlation?

A) It implies a negative relationship.
B) It implies causation.
C) It does not imply causation.
D) It disproves causation

Question 21

Which of the following describes measures of relative standing?

A) They are descriptive statistics.
B) They compare the performance of an individual on one or more measures or tests with the entire population of individuals who took the same test.
C) They indicate where a given score falls in a distribution in relation to all other scores in all distributions.
D) They are referred to as norm-controlled scores.

Question 22

Inferential statistics are used specifically to test hypotheses about the following categories of analyses except ______.

A) tests of differences between groups
B) tests of relationships
C) tests for prediction
D) tests for central tendency

Question 23

Statistics apply to the ______, and parameters apply to the ______.

A) sample; population
B) population; sample
C) sample; subgroup
D) population; subgroup

Question 24

Which of the following describes standard deviation?

A) It is the most frequently used measure of variability.
B) It is the most frequently used measure of reliability.
C) It is not used with interval and ratio data.
D) It is the average distance of scores from the median.

Question 25

______ are the procedures the researcher used to determine if the difference between sample means is large enough to rule out sampling error as an explanation for the difference.

A) Probability tests
B) Significance tests
C) Conversion tests
D) Hypotheses tests

Question 26

A T-score ______ values.

A) does not contain any negative
B) always contains negative
C) decreases
D) increases

Question 27

______ are much more complex than ______.

A) Statistics; data
B) Data; statistics
C) Inferential statistics; descriptive statistics
D) Descriptive statistics; inferential statistics

Question 28

If a null hypothesis is actually false when it is concluded to be true, a ______ error has been made.

A) standard
B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III

Question 29

______ refers to the disparity between what is measured in a sample and what exists in the population.

A) Population disparity
B) Sample disparity
C) Error
D) Inaccuracy

Question 30

Which of the following does not describe frequency distributions?

A) useful for variables that are measured on nominal or ordinal scales
B) useful for variables that are measured on interval or ratio scales
C) extremely efficient way to simplify and summarize data
D) provide a mechanism for checking the accuracy of data

Question 31

Which of the following is true of the p value?

A) It must be compared with the beta () level.
B) It indicates the probability of chance occurrences.
C) It is typically set at .07 in educational research studies.
D) It is typically set at .005 in educational research studies.

Question 32

Which of the following is not true concerning codebooks?

A) list variables indicating how responses for items will be coded
B) list questions indicating how responses for items will be coded
C) list participant and site information
D) provide invaluable guidance to the researcher

Question 33

Which of the following describes a frequency distribution table?

A) It is tabulation of the number of times each value of a variable occurs
B) Scores always range from the highest to the lowest
C) Scores always range from the lowest to the highest
D) Has at least four columns.

Question 34

Variance is symbolized by ______.

A) SD
B) SD²
C) sd
D) sd²

Question 35

Which of the following is true of alternative hypotheses?

A) They are different from research hypotheses.
B) They are symbolized by H₀.
C) State that two group means are not equal.
D) State that two group means are equal.

Question 36

If a researcher concludes that a null hypothesis is false when it is actually true, he or she has committed a ______ error.

A) standard
B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III

Question 37

The word data is ______.

A) always singular
B) always plural
C) often singular
D) often plural

Question 38

Parameter indices are usually symbolized by ______, while their sample counterparts are usually symbolized by ______.

A) Latin letters; Greek letters
B) Greek letters; Latin letters
C) Greek letters; English or Roman letters
D) English or Roman letters; Greek letters

Question 39

Which of the following describes percentile ranks?

A) They are appropriately used to report relative standing for variables measured on ratio scales.
B) They are the most basic type of standard score.
C) They are symbolized by pr².
D) They are scores that indicate one's relative standing in comparison with percentages of others who have taken the same test.

Question 40

Arguably the most popular software program in the field of education is ______.

A) SAS
B) SYSTAT
C) StatCrunch
D) SPSS

Question 41

In quantitative data analysis, numerical values must be assigned to all values of all variables.

Question 42

One purpose behind statistical procedures is to summarize data and reveal what is typical and atypical within a group.

Question 43

Visual depictions constitute one category of techniques for describing data.

Question 44

Scatterplots depict individual data points but not relationships.

Question 45

Descriptive statistics test hypotheses.

Question 46

Parameters are numerical indices that describe a population.

Question 47

The term statistics has multiple meanings.

Question 48

Which of the following does not describe the chi-square test of independence?

A) appropriately used with only interval and ratio data
B) appropriately used with nominal and categorical data
C) tests the significance of a relationship between two categorical variables
D) appropriately used in qualitative research

Question 49

SPSS is the only program used to analyze statistical data.

Question 50

When data appear in categories, bar graphs and pie charts may be used.

Question 51

The procedural aspects of statistics are used to describe and analyze data in various ways to accomplish certain research-related tasks.

Question 52

One purpose behind statistical procedures is to remove error that is inherent in sample selection.

Question 53

Sampling error is the term used when researchers make mistakes with how they implement sampling techniques.

Question 54

Parameters are numerical indices and procedures that describe the sample and help the researcher make inferences about the population.

Question 55

Histograms cannot present frequency distribution data.

Question 56

Which of the following describes multivariate analysis?

A) It involves only one variable.
B) It involves two variables.
C) It involves more than two variables.
D) It is not part of quantitative research.

Question 57

The benefit of preparing a codebook is that it provides invaluable guidance to the researchers.

Question 58

Inferential statistics deal with collecting and analyzing information from samples to draw conclusions, or inferences, about the larger population.

Question 59

There are two procedures that can be used to facilitate the coding of responses in quantitative data analysis.

Question 60

Before data have been collected, they must be appropriately prepared for analysis using statistical procedures.

Question 61

Explain common techniques for descriptive analysis in quantitative research.

Question 62

Describe what it means that statistical procedures can "make other inferences about the population."

Question 63

Explain how to calculate a mean score.

Question 64

Discuss how to determine the direction and strength of correlation coefficients.

Question 65

Define and explain why samples are used in research.

Question 66

Provide three categories of descriptive statistical analysis techniques.

Question 67

Discuss the concept of standard error and how it is useful to researchers.

Question 68

Why are inferential statistics subject to stricter requirements?

Question 69

Describe the difference between statistical significance and practical significance.

Question 70

Describe one aspect of preparing data for quantitative analysis.

Question 71

Describe the cautions in the use of quantitative data analysis.

Question 72

List the most common purposes behind various statistical procedures.

Question 73

Explain how researchers use statistical software in quantitative studies.

Question 74

Explain why researchers should understand statistics before conducting a quantitative research study.

Question 75

Describe what it means that statistical procedures can "summarize data and reveal what is typical and atypical within a group".

Question 76

Contrast the quantitative researcher's role in data analysis with that of qualitative researchers.

Question 77

Explain the common techniques for inferential analysis in quantitative research.