Deck 4: Ethics in Educational Research

Question 1

Examples of psychological harm to participants in a study may include ______.

A) an unknown topic
B) stress or embarrassment
C) researcher's interests
D) physical injury

Answer 1

B

Question 2

There are _______ categories of ethical issues as noted by Leedy and Ormrod (2013).

A) three
B) four
C) six
D) nine

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An IRB is a committee made up of ______.

A) faculty members
B) faculty members and students
C) a constantly changing group of individuals
D) students only

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Researchers must prepare themselves for conducting research by ______.

A) becoming independent researchers
B) completing the required coursework as determined by their program of study
C) completing training for working with human participants
D) becoming proficient in identifying confounding variables

Question 5

If a researcher observes psychological or physical danger directed at anyone during a study, he or she should ______.

A) report the observations to all participants
B) remain silent
C) report observations to school authorities
D) confront the participants

Question 6

When are research studies reviewed by the IRB?

A) at the initial phase of conceptualization
B) at the beginning of data collection
C) at the proposal stage
D) at the completion of research

Question 7

Which of the following characterizes ethically responsible and responsive researchers?

A) They are focused on both the participants and potential funding.
B) They have completed at least one course on conducting research.
C) They have strong GPAs or positive evaluations from colleagues.
D) They do all they can to protect human participants according to the appropriate guidelines.

Question 8

According to Gay and colleagues (2009), researchers sometimes observe unethical participant behavior; in these instances, researchers should ______.

A) report the observations
B) remain silent
C) make the decision whether to report observations or remain silent
D) confront the participant

Question 9

______ is a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records.

A) Title IX
B) IRB
C) HIPAA
D) FERPA

Question 10

A study that does not involve the collection of data from human participants at all, would be ______.

A) partial review
B) exempt from review
C) expedited review
D) full-board review

Question 11

An example of a well-developed proposal is ______.

A) one measured with multiple data collection tools
B) one that includes more than one manipulated variable
C) one that includes multiple types of data
D) one that delineates the nature of each of the study's aspects

Question 12

In the 1970s, the federal government set forth legislation intended to monitor research activities because ______.

A) humans in the past had been treated unethically
B) research is often conducted privately
C) the number of research studies multiplied
D) participants always receive compensation

Question 13

A research proposal receives a(n) ______ from IRB if participants will not be exposed to any noticeable risk.

A) partial review
B) exemption from review
C) expedited review
D) full-board review

Question 14

According to Leedy and Ormrod (2013), it is assumed that the associated risk for participants in a study is ______.

A) related only to the topic of study
B) evaluated with specific criteria
C) not greater than day-to-day risks
D) less than day-to-day risks

Question 15

Which of the following is recommended for completing the IRB process?

A) secure funding before IRB submission
B) determine what information about your study the IRB needs
C) ensure hypotheses are stated in null and alternative forms
D) state hypotheses in directional and nondirectional forms

Question 16

It may be difficult to know in advance what sorts of activities or tasks will be required/requested of potential participants in which type(s) of study?

A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) qualitative or mixed-methods
D) survey-based

Question 17

Which of the following is true of Mandated Institutional Research Boards?

A) They review and approve student and faculty research.
B) They are suggested, but not required.
C) They do not apply to universities.
D) They cannot include faculty.

Question 18

The role of the IRB is ______.

A) to review and judge research funding
B) not to judge research methodologies
C) irrelevant to many research studies
D) to protect human participants in studies

Question 19

Which of the following characterizes informed consent?

A) It denotes the time commitment required.
B) It is informal.
C) It asks for an optional signature from participants.
D) It outlines all parts of the study.

Question 20

Leedy and Ormrod (2013) point out the types of reviews conducted by IRBs, which are ______.

A) exempt, complete, or excused
B) expedited, excused, or full
C) excused, exempt, or expedited
D) exempt, expedited, or full

Question 21

Colleges and universities were mandated to create ______ that review and approve both student and faculty research.

A) institutional research boards
B) institutional review boards
C) institutional regulation boards
D) institutional ruling boards

Question 22

IRBs are committees at colleges, universities, or research institutions that review and ______ research studies.

A) conduct
B) approve
C) update
D) enhance

Question 23

Researchers must ensure that their involvement and investment in the research setting do not jeopardize the ______ of the research.

A) results
B) quality
C) final outcome
D) usefulness

Question 24

______ is the act of participants--or their parents or legal guardians, in the case of children and other sensitive or vulnerable populations--agreeing to participate in a study once they know its nature and what their involvement will include.

A) Formal consent
B) Decidedness
C) Insistence
D) Informed consent

Question 25

If substantial changes are made to the methodologies for data collection after having already been approved by the IRB, the researcher ______.

A) must notify the participants of the changes
B) is not required to resubmit a modified research proposal to the IRB
C) must resubmit a modified research proposal to the IRB
D) must report the changes in the conclusion section only

Question 26

If a research study proposes to collect data from minors, it would be subjected to a(n) ______ from the IRB.

A) partial review
B) exemption from review
C) expedited review
D) full-board review

Question 27

Two ______ courses for formal preparation to conduct research with human participants are offered by the National Institutes of Health and the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative.

A) on-site
B) hybrid
C) online
D) costly

Question 28

Ethical issues may be difficult to identify at the outset of a(n) ______ study, due to its emerging nature.

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) experimental
D) quasi-experimental

Question 29

What is considered to be one of the most important aspects of designing and implementing research studies in the field of education?

A) ensuring the ethical behavior of the researcher
B) ensuring the ethical behavior of the participants
C) educating participants on the design details
D) educating the researcher on the treatment or intervention

Question 30

Minors involved in any research study can provide only ______, because they are not of legal ______ age.

A) assent; consenting
B) consent; assenting
C) verbal permission; consenting
D) verbal permission; assenting

Question 31

______ research participants must be protected from unnecessary and atypical physical or psychological harm.

A) Elderly
B) Adolescent
C) All
D) Disabled

Question 32

Regarding privacy, ______ is the minimal practice.

A) secret collaboration
B) client privilege
C) anonymity
D) confidentiality

Question 33

When research participants over the age of ______ agree to participate in a study, they are providing their ______.

A) 18; assent
B) 18; consent
C) 21; assent
D) 21; consent

Question 34

Regardless of the approach used to conduct research, researchers must ensure that participants receive ______.

A) financial compensation
B) special treatment
C) the right to voluntary and informed consent
D) the right to selective privacy

Question 35

Researchers have the important ethical obligation to report their findings in a complete and honest manner ______.

A) to the participants only
B) when it positively supports their research
C) all of the time
D) to their employer only

Question 36

If your IRB proposal is denied, you should be given ______ so you can revise and resubmit your research proposal application.

A) instructions
B) new paperwork
C) assistance
D) feedback

Question 37

It is required for ______ to pass one of the two research training courses that are administered either through The National Institutes of Health or the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative.

A) graduate students
B) faculty members
C) full-time researchers
D) all researchers

Question 38

Which of the following is one of the sections in the NIH training course?

A) Background
B) Laws and Legislation
C) Respect for research
D) Beneficence

Question 39

Informed consent is typically provided by ______.

A) verbal agreement with the researcher
B) signing a form that describes what participation in the study will entail
C) signing a form that requires notarization
D) e-mail correspondence between the researcher and the participant

Question 40

Accurate disclosure is when the researcher ______.

A) informs participants only of the details that will directly affect them as participants in the study
B) informs participants only of the details that will indirectly affect them as participants in the study
C) informs participants of every detail of the study
D) informs participants of the amount of time they will be required to devote to a study

Question 41

Participation in any study should always be voluntary.

Question 42

Protection of research participants from harm includes protection from negative physical effects--not psychological effects.

Question 43

Participant anonymity and confidentiality are privileges rather than rights.

Question 44

If a researcher knows the participants' identities, the participants should be assured of ______.

A) anonymity but not confidentiality
B) confidentiality but not anonymity
C) both confidentiality and anonymity
D) neither confidentiality nor anonymity

Question 45

It is acceptable for a researcher to manipulate a study's conclusions in an attempt to sway a research audience.

Question 46

______ researchers are personally and intimately invested in the research setting.

A) Quantitative and qualitative
B) Quantitative
C) Qualitative
D) Quasi-experimental

Question 47

The role of the IRB is to review and pass judgment on the research designs and methodologies.

Question 48

Adults provide assent, children provide consent.

Question 49

Researchers have an obligation to report findings completely with utmost honesty.

Question 50

The formal consent form actually describes what participation in a study will entail.

Question 51

Imagine you are going to conduct a study using a web-based survey instrument. In this instance, an informed consent cover letter would suffice as a type of participant consent.

Question 52

Quantitative researchers are personally and intimately invested in the research setting.

Question 53

When a study involves human participants, it is generally assumed that the risk associated with participating in the study should not be greater than the normal risks of day-to-day life.

Question 54

Children cannot legally give consent to participate in research; therefore, the parent or legal guardian must give permission for a child to participate.

Question 55

The negative effects of research on participants are always avoidable.

Question 56

Research studies nearly never involve the collection of data from human beings as the main study participants.

Question 57

Researchers are never allowed to manipulate conclusions.

Question 58

Educational researchers must adhere to ethical considerations and ensure that the participants in their studies are protected in a variety of ways.

Question 59

Only children may provide consent for participating in a study.

Question 60

Potential participants in a research study only need to know the details that will directly affect them as participants.

Question 61

Highlight why it's important to pay special attention to the extent to which research study participants are able to voice opinions/concerns about participation.

Question 62

Identify and describe the five basic steps of obtaining approval from an IRB.

Question 63

Explain how qualitative studies differ from quantitative studies regarding ethical considerations in research with human participants.

Question 64

Why do children provide assent, not consent?

Question 65

Describe FERPA and it's role in educational research.

Question 66

Analyze the components of an informed consent form.

Question 67

Provide at least four pieces of information an informed consent form should always include.

Question 68

What is informed consent?

Question 69

Explain the following statement, as excerpted from the text: "Regardless of whether our research results turn out to be what we expected or even wanted to see, we have still learned something meaningful and beneficial about our topic of interest."

Question 70

The text states, "In educational research settings, concern related to the protection of participants from potential harm is often a larger issue when dealing with participants from vulnerable populations." Explain what is meant by "vulnerable populations."

Question 71

Explain why an informed consent is important for a research study with human participants.

Question 72

Describe what it meant by "vulnerable populations."

Question 73

Identify the three types of possible proposal reviews conducted by IRBs mentioned in the text, and discuss when each type would be used.

Question 74

According to the text, research participants do not need to know every detail of a research study. With this in mind, demonstrate how to accurately disclose details of a study to potential participants.

Question 75

Differentiate between anonymity and confidentiality.

Question 76

Define and describe accurate disclosure.

Question 77

What does IRB stand for and what is an IRB?