Deck 11: Single-Subject Experimental Research

Question 1

Kim learns about the graphing strategy that Bryce used with a patient with brain injury in a single-subject study. Kim wants to replicate the study with her patient who scratches until she causes herself injury. The type of replication that Kim's use of the graphing strategy illustrates in this case is

A) direct replication.
B) transfer replication.
C) systematic replication.
D) clinical replication.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Jacob is a child with aggressive behavior toward his peers. His counselor is trying a new intervention with him. First she observes his behavior during free-play time for 5 days. Next she administers a new self-monitoring strategy with him. She observes his behavior during free play time. Next she removes the self-monitoring requirement and observes his free play. Which of the following designs is Jacob's counselor is illustrating?

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Janice is conducting a single-subject study with four speech and language support students with speech disfluency. She wants to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. She collects baseline data by observing the stuttering of her student in the general education classroom twice and then starts the new intervention strategy in the support classroom for 6 sessions. Meanwhile, she observes classroom stuttering. Next, Janice discontinues the new strategy during the support sessions but continues to collect data in the classroom setting two more times. Which of the following designs is Janice's study?

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a patient with brain injury. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique and still collects minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique. Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Bryce has selected?

A) Selection of experimental participant
B) No baseline data were collected
C) Withdrawal of treatment condition
D) Ethics of treatment reversal

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a type of multiple baseline design?

A) Across behavior designs
B) Across subjects designs
C) Across settings designs
D) Across baseline designs

Question 6

Which of the following symbolizes the treatment phase in a single-subject design?

A) A
B) B
C) S
D) T

Question 7

Rachel is acting out in her mathematics class. She gets so frustrated that she starts to throw things. The school psychologist provides her with a relaxation strategy as an intervention and observes her behavior. The relaxation strategy is removed as a requirement and her classroom behavior is again observed. The school psychologist then again adds the relaxation strategy. Which of the following designs is the school psychologist illustrating?

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B

Question 8

Which of the following represents the type of replication that includes a different researcher, different behaviors, and different setting?

A) Systematic
B) Direct
C) Clinical
D) Generalized

Question 9

Another name for the simultaneous treatment design is the ________________ design.

A) alternating treatment
B) experimenter manipulated
C) multiple baseline
D) return to baseline

Question 10

Which of the following represents a primary concern with the B-A-B design?

A) The participant ends the study without treatment.
B) The lack of initial baseline makes it difficult to assess effectiveness.
C) Participant mortality is commonly an issue.
D) History effects can make it difficult to assess effectiveness.

Question 11

Bryce is a occupational therapist working with Sandy, a patient with brain injury. Bryce has decided to test the effects of a graphing strategy with Sandy. He starts the graphing technique while collecting data in the form of minutes of strength training per day. He discontinues the graphing technique and still collects minutes of strength training per day. Bryce then reintroduces the graphing technique. Bryce has employed which of the following types of single-subjects designs?

A) Case study Design
B) A-B Design
C) B-A-B Design
D) A-B-A Design

Question 12

Data analysis in single-subject studies generally includes

A) Chi-square.
B) Visual analysis.
C) Nonparametric tests.
D) Path analysis

Question 13

Which of the following symbolizes the non-treatment phase in a single-subject design?

A) A
B) B
C) S
D) T

Question 14

Karen is replicating a study she did for her thesis. She uses the same classroom and the same intervention with a new student. Karen is displaying which type of replication?

A) Thematic
B) Direct
C) Clinical
D) Generalized

Question 15

Which of the following is a benefit of the alternating treatment design?

A) There are rarely carryover effects.
B) No baseline data are necessary.
C) There is higher external validity than other designs.
D) The need for researcher intervention is diminished.

Question 16

According to your text, which of the following represents a critical internal validity threat of single-subjects designs overall?

A) Instrumentation
B) Generalization
C) History
D) Selection

Question 17

Which of the following designs best represents an 'additive' design?

A) Case Study Design
B) A-B Design
C) B-A-B Design
D) A-B-A Design

Question 18

The single-variable rule suggests that single-subject designs

A) should only have one participant at a time.
B) should add or withdraw one variable during any study phase.
C) should only conducted by a single researcher and not teams of researchers
D) Should be generalizable to only one participant at a time.

Question 19

Jane conducts an A-B-A single-subject study to examine a new strategy to assist students' stuttering. In Janice's study the "B" represents the

A) stuttering.
B) baseline.
C) intervention.
D) observation.

Question 20

All of the following are types of replication in single-subject design EXCEPT?

A) Systematic
B) Direct
C) Clinical
D) Generalized

Question 21

Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days to determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior does not change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett obtain signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book and observes improved behavior. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. In Frank's study, the signed assignment book represents which of the following?

A) A
B) B
C) S
D) T

Question 22

Bryce is using the graphing technique he used with a patient with brain injury in a single-subject study by replicating it with another patient, Paul. By so doing, Bryce is illustrating which type of replication?

A) Direct replication
B) Transfer replication
C) Systematic replication
D) Clinical replication

Question 23

Regarding the practice of manipulating two variables simultaneously in a single-subject study, one should conclude:

A) This practice is acceptable as researchers now believe that we can tease out interactive effects.
B) This practice is acceptable because we can statistically manipulate individual variables.
C) This practice is unsound because in so doing we are unable to assess effects of either variable.
D) This practice is unsound because in so doing we confuse the participant as a threat to validity.

Question 24

Ike would like to implement a single subject design to test interventions for several behaviors of her student Mildred. She would like to target hitting behavior and yelling in class. Of the following, which single subject design would be most appropriate?

A) Alternating treatments design
B) Multiple-baseline design
C) A-B-A Changing criterion design
D) A-B-A-B Design

Question 25

Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Stefanie has employed which of the following types of single-subjects designs?

A) Case study Design
B) A-B Design
C) B-A-B Design
D) A-B-A Design

Question 26

Of the following, which is an example of clinical replication?

A) A researcher develops a package of two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing to administer to his student Tracey.
B) A researcher implements two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing, in succession with return to baseline between the interventions to his student Tracey.
C) A researcher implements an intervention known to work for off task behavior for homework completion with Sam his student to test with off-task behavior while testing.
D) Marcus tests an intervention for off-task behaviors for testing with his student Maria. He developed the intervention for use initially with his student Travis.

Question 27

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. Which of the following designs is Millie employing?

A) Multiple baseline
B) Alternating treatment
C) Time series
D) Treatment-withdrawal

Question 28

Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days to determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior does not change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett obtain signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book and observes improved behavior. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. If Frank's study is typical, what would one expect regarding Garrett's behavior after the requirement of the assignment book was taken away?

A) He will now forget his things more often than while he was using the assignment book but less than before he started.
B) He will now forget his things more often than before he started using the assignment book.
C) He will now forget his things less than both before the assignment book and while he used the assignment book.
D) His forgetting will substantially decrease and he will continue to use the assignment book.

Question 29

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. In this study, which of the following threats does Millie control?

A) Order effects
B) Selection effects
C) Treatment effects
D) History effects

Question 30

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. The benefits of Millie's design include all of the following EXCEPT

A) no withdrawal is necessary.
B) no baseline is necessary.
C) more than one treatment is considered.
D) multiple-treatment interference is controlled.

Question 31

Which of the following presents an example of an additive design?

A)OOOO $\quad\quad$ XOXOXOXOXO
B) $\text { XOXO \quad XOXOXOXOXO } \quad OOOO$
C) $\text { XOXO } \quad OOOOOOOOOO$
D) $\text { OOOO ~~XOXOXOXOXO~~~ OOOO }$

Question 32

Aaron has decided to use the audio recording modeling strategy from a single-subject study with his client who also has struggles with initial word sounds. The type of replication that Aaron illustrates in this case is

A) direct replication.
B) transfer replication.
C) systematic replication.
D) clinical replication.

Question 33

Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Stefanie has selected?

A) Selection of experimental participant
B) No baseline data were collected
C) Withdrawal of treatment condition
D) Ethics of treatment reversal

Question 34

In single-subject research, the most important type of significance is

A) generalized significance.
B) statistical significance.
C) effect size significance.
D) clinical significance.