Deck 37: The End of Empire

Question 1

Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the creation of

A) an independent Palestinian state.
B) the division of Palestine between Arabs and Jews.
C) a UN peacekeeping force to maintain peace in Palestine until order was restored.
D) an independent Indonesia.
E) an independent Muslim state.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Regarding international affairs,Nehru

A) strongly supported the Americans.
B) changed sides depending on who gave him the best deal.
C) would only align with nations willing to declare war on Pakistan.
D) strongly supported the Soviets.
E) was one of the impassioned supporters of nonalignment.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The Suez Canal crisis of 1956

A) destroyed Gamal Abdel Nasser's reputation.
B) left Gamal Abdel Nasser as the leading figure in the Arab world.
C) resulted in U.S. control over the Canal.
D) almost led to nuclear war between the Soviets and Americans.
E) economically devastated India.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In 1946,some six thousand people died in the Great Calcutta Killing in a confrontation between

A) Pakistanis and Bangladeshis.
B) Hindus and Muslims.
C) Americans and Russians.
D) North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese.
E) communists and fascists.

Question 5

The leader of North Vietnam was

A) Syngman Rhee.
B) Ho Chi Minh.
C) Ngo Dinh Diem.
D) Vo Nguyen Giap.
E) Mobutu Sese Seko.

Question 6

Gamal Abdel Nasser's internationalist position was most similar to that of

A) Jawaharlal Nehru.
B) Ho Chi Minh.
C) Syngman Rhee.
D) Mohandas Gandhi.
E) Nikita Khrushchev.

Question 7

The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence was modeled on the

A) work of Lenin.
B) Manifesto of the Communist Party.
C) Soviet constitution.
D) Japanese constitution.
E) American Declaration of Independence.

Question 8

Both Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru felt that communalism was

A) dangerous because it emphasized religion over national identity.
B) essential for Indian survival.
C) difficult-though necessary-to construct because of the need for community in India.
D) the key to the long-lasting political stability of India.
E) a natural fit for India,although they certainly didn't agree with every aspect of Marx's philosophy.

Question 9

The European country that served as the mandate power in Palestine after World War I was

A) France.
B) Germany.
C) Russia.
D) Italy.
E) Great Britain.

Question 10

In 1947,the United Nations proposed that Palestine should

A) be a Jewish state.
B) be returned to Ottoman control.
C) be divided into Jewish and Arabic halves.
D) be an Arab state.
E) remain under the auspices of the UN until an acceptable peace could be reached.

Question 11

The leader who sought to develop Egypt economically and militarily and make it the fountainhead of pan-Arab nationalism during the 1950s was

A) Saddam Hussein.
B) Gamal Abdel Nasser.
C) Anwar Sadat.
D) King Farouk.
E) Ayatollah Khomeini.

Question 12

The disastrous 1954 defeat that forced the French out of Vietnam was at

A) Saigon.
B) Haiphong.
C) Dunhuang.
D) Dienbienphu.
E) Hanoi.

Question 13

Who said,"The only solution to India's problem is Pakistan"?

A) Mohandas Gandhi
B) Winston Churchill
C) Jawaharlal Nehru
D) Harry Truman
E) Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Question 14

Ngo Dinh Diem was

A) the pacifistic Vietnamese philosopher who opposed warfare of all kinds.
B) the first president of South Vietnam.
C) the communist leader of North Korea.
D) the communist leader of North Vietnam.
E) responsible for the Vietnamese victory over the French at Dienbienphu.

Question 15

On 30 January 1948,Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a(n)

A) agent of the Soviet Union.
B) renegade Sikh militant.
C) CIA agent.
D) Hindu extremist.
E) Islamic terrorist.

Question 16

In the Balfour Declaration of 1917,

A) the United States agreed to enter World War I.
B) Korea was divided along the 38^th parallel.
C) the Irish officially stated that they couldn't support the British in the war effort.
D) the British government committed itself to supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
E) the Russians officially surrendered to the Germans and pulled out of World War I.

Question 17

The English and French were forced to withdraw from controlling the Suez Canal during the crisis in 1956 because

A) the Egyptians under Gamal Abdel Nasser drove them out.
B) the Soviets used the threat of nuclear war to force them out.
C) of the threat posed by a rebuilding Germany back home.
D) the United States condemned the attack and forced them to withdraw.
E) the Anglo-French alliance fell apart,due to an old dispute between the two traditional enemies.

Question 18

In 1965,which U.S.president ordered a bombing campaign against North Vietnam and sent American ground troops to bolster the South Vietnam army?

A) Richard Nixon
B) Lyndon Johnson
C) Dwight Eisenhower
D) John Kennedy
E) Harry Truman

Question 19

The Bandung Conference

A) brought an end to the fighting between India and Pakistan.
B) officially ended World War II.
C) was a precursor to the nonalignment movement.
D) resulted in the creation of the policy known as the "final solution."
E) created the state of Israel.

Question 20

What did Gandhi prophesize would cause the flow of "rivers of blood"?

A) Indian nuclear testing
B) Pakistan's new alliance with the Soviet Union
C) the fate of Bangladesh
D) control over the Ganges River
E) the partition of India and Pakistan

Question 21

The U.S.-backed government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in Iran was overthrown in 1979 by a movement under the direction of

A) Mobutu Sese Seko.
B) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
C) Yasser Arafat.
D) Saddam Hussein.
E) Hosni Mubarak.

Question 22

The rebels labeled as Mau Mau sought to free Kenya from control by the

A) Soviets.
B) Germans.
C) British.
D) French.
E) Dutch.

Question 23

In the 1970s,leading Islamic thinkers sought all of the following EXCEPT

A) enforcement of the sharia.
B) pan-Islamic unity.
C) the revival of Islamic traditions.
D) the adoption of successful western economic practices.
E) the promotion of Muslim political influences.

Question 24

The revived interest in African traditions,cultures,poets,and writers was known as

A) pan-Africanism.
B) Négritude.
C) nonalignment.
D) apartheid.
E) "the year of Africa."

Question 25

The U.S.-backed Somoza family ruled what country for more than forty years?

A) Cuba
B) Brazil
C) Argentina
D) San Salvador
E) Nicaragua

Question 26

What country has the Institutional Revolutionary Party ruled for much of the twentieth century?

A) the Soviet Union
B) India
C) Argentina
D) Mexico
E) China

Question 27

From 1980 through 1988,Iran was involved in a bloody war with

A) Israel.
B) the Soviet Union.
C) Pakistan.
D) Afghanistan.
E) Iraq.

Question 28

The Indian leader who attempted to control massive population growth in India by ordering birth control policies such as involuntary sterilization was

A) Rajiv Gandhi.
B) Mohandas Gandhi.
C) Kwame Nkrumah.
D) Indira Gandhi.
E) Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 29

The Egyptian leader who nationalized the Suez Canal was

A) Hosni Mubarak.
B) Yasser Arafat.
C) Gamal Abdel Nasser.
D) Anwar Sadat.
E) Ayatollah Khomeini.

Question 30

The disastrous Great Leap Forward was backed by

A) Deng Xiaoping.
B) Kwame Nkrumah.
C) Jomo Kenyatta.
D) Yasser Arafat.
E) Mao Zedong.

Question 31

Juan Perón,a nationalistic militarist who was nonetheless popular with the poor,ruled

A) Mexico.
B) Chile.
C) Brazil.
D) Nicaragua.
E) Argentina.

Question 32

Argentina,in the late 1970s and early 1980s,

A) moved steadily toward a multiparty political system.
B) was ruled by military dictators who caused the disappearance of thousands of individuals.
C) experimented briefly with a communist system.
D) was invaded and briefly ruled by a Chilean puppet dictator.
E) became a puppet state of the United States.

Question 33

The leader of the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence,and a persuasive spokesman for pan-African unity,was

A) Kwame Nkrumah.
B) Jomo Kenyatta.
C) Marcus Garvey.
D) Bernard Dadié.
E) Frantz Fanon.

Question 34

A desire for the reassertion of Islamic values in the political and social sphere of Muslim countries was at the heart of

A) globalization.
B) Ariel Sharon's philosophy.
C) American foreign policy.
D) the Iran-Iraq War.
E) Islamism.

Question 35

"The year of Africa" refers to

A) the creation in 1960 of the United Federation of African Nations.
B) the winning of independence in 1960 of thirteen former European African colonies.
C) a plague in 1960 that devastated the populations of the nations of east Africa.
D) a massive worldwide aid program to Africa launched in 1960.
E) the creation in 1960 of the state of Liberia.

Question 36

Deng Xiaoping

A) masterminded the Great Leap Forward.
B) was the driving force behind the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
C) was the leader of Taiwan who helped bring about tremendous economic expansion.
D) fled to Taiwan after the Chinese civil war.
E) opened China to foreign,capitalist values.

Question 37

The Association of Women Concerned about National Crisis was established in 1977 to oppose rule by the Somoza regime in

A) Honduras.
B) Guatemala.
C) Nicaragua.
D) Panama.
E) Mexico.

Question 38

In The Wretched of the Earth,Frantz Fanon

A) suggested that the suffering of Africans was a result of their own sin.
B) detailed the horrible conditions in Indian cities.
C) stated that France was meant to rule over Africa because of the civilizing role of the Europeans.
D) passionately defended the United States as the only country powerful enough to end world hunger.
E) urged the use of violence against colonial oppressors.

Question 39

Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist leader in

A) Ghana.
B) Algeria.
C) Zimbabwe.
D) South Africa.
E) Kenya.

Question 40

After a long and bloody conflict,the Algerians gained their independence in 1962 from

A) Great Britain.
B) Portugal.
C) Germany.
D) Russia.
E) France.

Question 41

Examine the transformation of Latin America in the twentieth century.What did the events in Mexico and Argentina say about the changing political,economic,and social worlds of Latin America?

Question 42

In 1960,sixty-nine black demonstrators were slaughtered in South Africa in the ________ massacre.

A)Amritsar
B)Sharpeville
C)Johannesburg
D)Congo
E)Homeland

Question 43

What was the significance of the Iran-Iraq War? Was it influenced in any way by legacies of the cold war? Discuss the implications of the Gulf War.

Question 44

Deng Xiaoping moderated Mao's commitment to Chinese self-sufficiency and isolation and engineered China's entry into the international financial and trading system.

Question 45

Under Mao Zedong,China served as a guide and inspiration for many of the developing countries of southeast Asia seeking political development distinct from the ways of their colonial masters.

Question 46

In November 1947 the UN General Assembly announced a plan to create the independent state of Israel.

Question 47

Discuss India's role as a functioning democracy.Why did India remain democratic when so many of its neighbors underwent revolutions or were brought down by military coups? Who were the important leaders? Why would democracy be such a challenge in a country like India?

Question 48

The Viet Minh defeated the French at their fortress in Dienbienphu in 1954.

Question 49

Examine the struggle of independent nations in sub-Saharan Africa.How did the legacy of colonialism and the cold war influence the development of these states? Discuss the creation and later fall of apartheid in South Africa.

Question 50

In 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser abolished French rights to the Suez Canal.

Question 51

The situation wherein national boundaries were artificial conveniences that did not correspond to economic or ethnic divisions was most common in

A) Africa.
B) eastern Europe.
C) southeast Asia.
D) North America.
E) Latin America.

Question 52

Examine the Islamic revolution of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran.In what ways did this revolution represent another step away from a bipolar political world? What would be the significance of fundamentalist Islam? In what ways did fundamentalist Islam become part of a growing nationalism?

Question 53

Gandhi and Nehru supported the concept of communalism and,therefore,the partition of India and Pakistan.

Question 54

Leaders of the new African and Asian countries first discussed nonalignment at the Bandung Conference,to find a "third path" between the U.S.and the Soviet Union.

Question 55

In 1948,the system of apartheid was put into place by the Afrikaner National Party in

A) Zaire.
B) Algeria.
C) Ethiopia.
D) South Africa.
E) Mozambique.

Question 56

Kwame Nkrumah proposed that "we must find an African solution to our problems,and ...this can only be found in African unity." Why was political fragmentation such a threat to the newly independent Africa? Was Nkrumah the first leader to speak about the need for African unity? Study Nkrumah's career.Why was he such a symbol for African nationalism? Did he also represent the difficulties of state building in modern Africa?

Question 57

The power of Islam as a means of staving off secular foreign influences was demonstrated by the revolution that took place in Iran in 1979.

Question 58

In April 1994,South Africa elected ANC candidate Nelson Mandela as the first black president.

Question 59

Agitation for independence in sub-Saharan Africa took on many forms,peaceful and violent,and decolonization occurred at a steady pace.

Question 60

Examine the philosophy and career of Mao Zedong.Was his variety of communism different from that practiced in the Soviet Union? Discuss the significance of the Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.How successful was Mao?

Question 61

Study the words of Kwame Nkrumah (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Kwame Nkrumah on African Unity).Who was Kwame Nkrumah? Why is he so important to African history? In what ways was his career also symbolic of the difficulties of African nation building?

Question 62

What are the goals and concerns of the modern Islamist movement? What specific policies and actions have emerged from this movement?

Question 63

What were the goals of the Nonaligned Movement? How successful was this effort? What were some of the obstacles to nonalignment?

Question 64

What kind of society emerged in South Africa under apartheid? What factors led to the end of apartheid?

Question 65

What role did women play in political developments in Nicaragua after 1977? How did AMNLAE affect politics and the status of women there?

Question 66

Consider the role of Israel in the Arab world.How has Israel survived for the past half-century? What steps have been made toward peace? Is Israel the main stabilizing or destabilizing agent in southwest Asia?

Question 67

What steps did the Chinese Communist Party take to transform the economy of China after the revolution? What were the results of these measures?

Question 68

Compare the recent political history of Mexico and Argentina.What factors might account for the differences?

Question 69

Compare the process of independence for both Ghana and Kenya.What factors might account for the differences?

Question 70

What factors led to the partition of India? What kinds of states emerged?

Question 71

What were the goals of the Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution? Discuss the implications of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping.What happened at Tiananmen Square?

Question 72

Study the picture of Mohandas Gandhi on page 886.In what ways did his life represent the potential and limitation of nation building in the modern age? Now look at the picture of Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru on page 889.In what ways did the two men differ in their vision of an independent India?

Question 73

What was Gamal Abdel Nasser's vision for the Arab world? What was his view of the cold war?

Question 74

Study the picture of Ho Chi Minh on page 892.Was he a nationalist or a communist? How did he lead Vietnam to independence?

Question 75

Examine Map 37.2,The Arab-Israeli conflict,1949-1982.How did Israel come into existence? What are the obstacles to peace in the region?