Deck 31: Societies at Crossroads

Question 1

Sultan Abdül Hamid II

A) poured money into a ship-building race with the British.
B) ruled despotically but also followed Tanzimat principles.
C) was forcibly placed in power by the Young Turk Party.
D) carefully nurtured the development of the Turkish parliament.
E) won the last great Ottoman Turkish military victory by recapturing Greece.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Muhammad Ali was the

A) most powerful leader of the Safavid dynasty.
B) last powerful Ottoman sultan.
C) founder of the Young Turk movement.
D) Ottoman ruler who tried to strengthen the empire while simultaneously crushing liberal reform.
E) Egyptian leader who overthrew Ottoman control.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The Young Ottomans were

A) a later,more tolerant political reincarnation of the Young Turks.
B) fiercely opposed to the Tanzimat reforms.
C) proponents of a smaller but more efficient Turkish empire.
D) the leading supporters of the Tanzimat reforms.
E) religious mystics who viewed the Ottoman empire as an abomination in the eyes of Allah.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Educated subjects of the Ottoman empire came to believe that the biggest problem of the empire was

A) the political structure that empowered the sultan.
B) social diversity.
C) the lack of sharia law.
D) the poor education system.
E) the relatively weak army.

Question 5

In the early nineteenth century,the Ottoman sultan Selim III

A) was able to finally destroy the power of the Janissaries.
B) started the Young Turk movement.
C) was locked up by the Janissaries because they considered his reforms a threat.
D) was the leading figure in the Tanzimat era.
E) converted to Christianity in an effort to appease the Europeans.

Question 6

The key to social reform in Russia was

A) the establishment of universal suffrage.
B) the emancipation of the serfs.
C) possession of the leading educational system in Europe.
D) the final attainment of equality for women.
E) the abolition of slavery.

Question 7

Which of the following accounts for the beginning of the social reform movement in Russia in the nineteenth century?

A) massive peasant rebellions
B) military defeats
C) a resurgence of the principles of the eighteenth century Enlightenment
D) diplomatic pressure from the United States
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 8

In 1851,Hong Xiuquan proclaimed his own dynasty,the Taiping tianguo,which meant

A) "Expel the Barbarians."
B) "Brilliant as the Sun."
C) "Son of Heaven."
D) "Return of the Holy."
E) "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace."

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT one of the leading principles of the Young Turks?

A) universal suffrage
B) emancipation of women
C) equality before the law
D) Islam as the guiding principle in public life
E) free public education

Question 10

As part of the Russian reforms,during the reign of Alexander II the government created zemstvos,

A) which were elected district assemblies.
B) which were advanced artillery divisions based on a German model.
C) which was the first functioning representative assembly in Russian history.
D) which served as a constitutional limitation on the power of the tsar.
E) which were efficient,technologically advanced factories.

Question 11

A defeat in the Crimean War stopped expansion by the

A) Russians.
B) French.
C) Ottomans.
D) Qing.
E) Tokugawa.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the capitulations?

A) They allowed for the establishment of tax-exempt banks and commercial enterprises.
B) They were imposed on the Ottomans by the Europeans.
C) They permitted foreign governments to levy duties on goods.
D) They were imposed on the Europeans by the Ottomans.
E) They exempted European visitors from Ottoman laws.

Question 13

What was the name of the sultan who,in 1826,had mutinous Janissaries slaughtered and thus opened the door for further reform within the Ottoman empire?

A) Mahmud II
B) Selim III
C) Abdül Hamid II
D) Abu Bakr
E) Mehmed V Rashid

Question 14

Which of the following was NOT a reform proposed in the Tanzimat era?

A) educational reform
B) equality under the law for all Ottoman subjects
C) democracy as the governmental model for the empire
D) a new penal code
E) a new commercial code

Question 15

The prime mover behind Russian industrialization was

A) Alexander II.
B) Nicholas II.
C) Avvakum.
D) Sergei Witte.
E) the zemstvos.

Question 16

The capitulations were unfair agreements between the western Europeans and the ________ that gave Europeans extraterritoriality and exempted them from local law.

A) Qing dynasty
B) Tokugawa bakufu
C) Latin American nations
D) Ottomans
E) Russians

Question 17

The leader of the Taiping rebellion was

A) Cixi.
B) Hong Xiuquan.
C) Kang Youwei.
D) Lin Zexu.
E) Ito Hirobumi.

Question 18

The emancipation of the Russian serfs

A) marked Russia's passage to total democracy.
B) resulted in little if any increase in agricultural production.
C) brought complete political equality for the Russian peasant.
D) resulted in an explosion in agricultural production.
E) meant that the peasants received free land as a compensation for centuries of semi-slavery.

Question 19

The Russian serfs were emancipated by

A) Nicholas II.
B) Catherine the Great.
C) Peter the Great.
D) Alexander II.
E) Ivan III.

Question 20

The most significant territorial loss for the Ottomans was

A) Egypt.
B) Serbia.
C) Istanbul.
D) Greece.
E) Anatolia.

Question 21

For most of the last fifty years of the Qing dynasty,China was ruled by

A) Puyi.
B) Liang Qichao.
C) Cixi.
D) Ito Hirobumi.
E) Hong Xiuquan.

Question 22

Which of the following was NOT a rebellion that threatened China in the nineteenth century?

A) Taiping
B) Tungan
C) Mongol
D) Muslim
E) Nian

Question 23

The Meiji reformers actively copied western Europeans and Americans because

A) the Chinese refused to share their technology with the Japanese.
B) they wanted to gain parity with foreign powers and force the revision of unequal treaties.
C) of their desire to make Japan a democratic republic.
D) those lands had always treated the Japanese with equality and respect.
E) Japan had already been divided up into spheres of influence and they wanted to find a way to push the Europeans and Americans out.

Question 24

The centerpiece of Sergei Witte's Russian industrial policy was

A) his plan to emancipate the serfs.
B) his attempt to copy the rapid industrialization carried out by the Japanese.
C) his plan to fund the construction of large factories,initially with money made from exporting opium.
D) a massive program of railway construction.
E) cooperative trading and intellectual exchange programs with the United States.

Question 25

In 1900,foreign embassies in China were besieged by

A) the Taiping rebellion.
B) the Hundred Days reformers.
C) Chinese military forces as part of the Opium War.
D) the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.
E) a Japanese army invasion.

Question 26

Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao were the leaders of the

A) Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.
B) Hundred Days reforms.
C) Chinese Communist Party.
D) Taiping rebellion.
E) Meiji restoration.

Question 27

The Opium War ended with the signing of the Treaty of

A) Paris.
B) London.
C) Beijing.
D) Guangzhou.
E) Nanjing.

Question 28

After the assassination of Alexander II,his successor Nicholas II

A) actively carried on Alexander's reforms.
B) proved to be an even greater proponent of change and pushed for true democratic reform.
C) issued an edict that categorically declared the peasants to be serfs.
D) championed oppression and police control.
E) gave in to Bolshevik pressure and instituted a communist regime.

Question 29

Which one of the following leaders played a major role in the Meiji restoration?

A) Kang Youwei
B) Hong Xiuquan
C) Mizuno Tadakuni
D) Ito Hirobumi
E) Liang Qichao

Question 30

Japan was forcibly opened to foreign trade in 1853 by the

A) Americans.
B) British.
C) French.
D) Chinese.
E) Dutch.

Question 31

The decisive factor in the Russo-Japanese War was the

A) destruction of the majority of the Russian navy in battle with the Japanese.
B) Chinese support for the Japanese.
C) failure of the main Russian ally,the United States,to enter the war.
D) industrial superiority of the Russian armed forces.
E) Russian surprise attack on the Japanese navy at Tokyo.

Question 32

The decisive point in the Opium War was

A) the British threat to the Grand Canal.
B) the arrival of an American fleet to aid the British.
C) a surprise British attack on the Chinese fleet at Port Arthur.
D) the overwhelming numbers of Chinese forces as they,although outgunned,overran British outposts.
E) a sudden reversal by China's erstwhile ally,the Japanese.

Question 33

The Self-Strengthening Movement was an attempt to blend indigenous cultural traditions with European industrial technology in

A) Korea.
B) the Ottoman empire.
C) Russia.
D) Japan.
E) China.

Question 34

Which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of the Meiji restoration?

A) abolishing the old social order
B) turning Japan into a constitutional republic with primary power in the legislature
C) improving the Japanese educational system
D) revamping the tax system
E) reorganizing the Japanese army and navy

Question 35

The 1905 Bloody Sunday massacre eventually

A) led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty in China.
B) resulted in the abdication of Ottoman Sultan Abdül Hamid II and the rise of the Young Turks.
C) led to the establishment of the Duma in Russia.
D) led to a communist regime in China.
E) cleared the way for the Meiji restoration.

Question 36

By the end of the nineteenth century,the only thing keeping China from being completely divided up into spheres of influence by foreigners was

A) distrust among the foreign powers.
B) the European respect for Chinese intellectual and cultural superiority.
C) the British stipulation in the Treaty of Nanjing that China remain a unified and sovereign nation.
D) a Franco-British manifesto to support China as a block to further Russian expansion.
E) Japanese support,based on centuries of admiration for Chinese culture.

Question 37

Tsar Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by

A) Gavrilo Princip.
B) an agent of Lenin's Bolshevik Party.
C) an agent of the Land and Freedom Party.
D) a spy from the Ottoman government.
E) an assassin hired by the Japanese government.

Question 38

Lin Zexu was

A) the driving force behind the Meiji restoration.
B) the last Qing emperor in China.
C) in charge of stopping the opium trade in China.
D) a leader of the Self-Strengthening Movement.
E) the leader of the Taiping rebellion.

Question 39

Which of the following was NOT one of the principles of the Taiping rebellion?

A) the creation of communal wealth to be shared according to need
B) Hong Xiuquan's belief that he was the reincarnation of the Buddha
C) the prohibition of foot binding and concubinage
D) abolition of private property
E) free public education

Question 40

The working conditions of the growing Russian industrial class in St.Petersburg and Moscow

A) were the best in Europe at the time.
B) improved dramatically after the passage in 1897 of a law establishing an eight-hour work day.
C) were terrible and left the workers receptive to revolutionary propaganda.
D) were much better than their earlier English and French counterparts had been.
E) improved when their main economic competitors,the serfs,became an un-free class in 1861.

Question 41

Not surprisingly,losses in wars are often more important than victories.How were the Ottoman,Russian,Qing,and Tokugawa states affected by defeats,military or otherwise,at the hands of western powers?

Question 42

In 1889 Japan,the emperor established a constitutional monarchy with a legislature,known as the Diet,composed of a house of nobles and an elected lower house.The Diet had limited authority and reserved power for the executive branch.

Question 43

One event that displayed Japan's rise to the level of a world power was their victory

A) in the Opium War.
B) over the Chinese in 1903.
C) in the Crimean War.
D) over the Russian empire in 1905.
E) in the Taiping War.

Question 44

What was the significance of the Young Turks? What was their main influence? How successful were the Ottoman Turks at reform? Compare efforts at reform among the Qing,Tokugawa,Ottomans,and Russians.

Question 45

Examine the decline of the Ottoman empire.What factors explain this process? What attempts at reform did the Ottomans undertake? How successful were they?

Question 46

In a single generation the Meiji leaders transformed Japan into a powerful industrial society poised to play a major role in world affairs.

Question 47

In 1899 the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists,known as Boxers,organized to rid China of "foreign devils" and their influences.

Question 48

Compare and contrast the Ottoman,Russian,Chinese,and Japanese efforts at industrialization.In what ways were they successful? Who,if anyone,was left out of this progress? Compare the process to that which went on in western Europe and the Americas.

Question 49

The Meiji restoration returned authority to the Japanese emperor and brought an end to the series of military governments that had dominated Japan since 1185.

Question 50

The Opium War made plain the military power differential between Europe and China.

Question 51

Compare and contrast efforts at domestic protest in the Ottoman empire,Russia,China,and Japan in the nineteenth century.What did these movements have in common? How did they represent the unique problems of each country?

Question 52

The Russo-Japanese war began with a Russian surprise attack on a Japanese naval squadron in February 1904.

Question 53

Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs to create a mobile labor force for industrialization,in order to strengthen the Russian empire.

Question 54

Examine the Taiping rebellion.What internal Chinese problems led to the rise of this movement? What role did Hong Xiuquan play? What were the rebellion's consequences?

Question 55

Examine the turbulent years of the nineteenth century in Russia.How successful were Russian efforts at modernization and industrialization? What were the limits of success?

Question 56

Examine the influence,both positive and negative,of western European and American knowledge and ideals on the Ottoman,Russian,Qing,and Tokugawa states in the nineteenth century.Why would these states be both attracted to and repelled by these influences?

Question 57

To make Ottoman authority more effective,Mahmud II established European-style ministries,constructed new roads,built telegraph lines,and inaugurated a postal service.

Question 58

By the late seventeenth century,Ottoman military forces were superior to European armies in strategy,tactics,weaponry,and training.

Question 59

Examine the decline of China in the nineteenth century.How did China fall from world leader to dominated state so rapidly?

Question 60

Tokugawa officials welcomed European and American visitors to Japan,including Dutch merchants,who traded at Nagasaki.

Question 61

Examine the changing economic world of the Ottoman,Russian,Qing,and Tokugawa states.Why did these societies have so much trouble competing with western Europeans?

Question 62

What significant political and legal reforms did the Russian government implement in the late nineteenth century?

Question 63

What were the sources of social discontent and agitation in Russia in the late nineteenth century? How did the government respond? What events led to the Russian revolution of 1905? What was the outcome of this revolution?

Question 64

Why was the opium trade so important to the British? What factors led to the Opium War,and how was this war resolved?

Question 65

Examine Map 31.3,East Asia in the nineteenth century.Trace the decline of China and the expansion of foreign domination.What role would Japan play in this changing Asian world?

Question 66

Look at the picture of nineteenth-century Russian merchants on page 730.How does it represent Russia's uneasy marriage of western European and traditional Russian influences? How successful were Russia's efforts at modernization and industrialization?

Question 67

What was Count Witte's program for the industrialization of Russia? What were the results?

Question 68

What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost?

Question 69

Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks.

Question 70

Study the picture of Empress Dowager Cixi's marble vessel on page 737.What is the symbolism of this story? Were other countries making short-sighted decisions?

Question 71

How did Japanese reformers achieve rapid industrialization of Japan? What were the results of this effort? What were the costs?

Question 72

Examine the Meiji restoration.What were its guiding principles? Why did it copy western Europe and the United States? Why was Japan successful in modernizing while Russia,China,and the Ottomans struggled? Was there a downside to the Meiji restoration?

Question 73

Overall,what weaknesses led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty?

Question 74

Look at Map 31.2,The Russian empire,1801-1914.What were the chief areas of Russian expansion? What areas would lead to trouble for Russia in the future with the western Europeans and Japanese? What role would the Trans-Siberian Railroad play?

Question 75

What were the causes of the Taiping rebellion? What was the outcome?

Question 76

Compare and contrast the changing situations in the Ottoman,Russian,Qing,and Tokugawa states during the nineteenth century.What common problems did they face? Were some more successful in adapting than others? If so,what accounts for the success?

Question 77

What factors led to the collapse of the Tokugawa government and the restoration of the emperor Meiji in 1868?

Question 78

What was the impact of the Treaty of Nanjing on the Chinese empire? What nations benefited from this treaty?