Deck 23: The Transformation of Europe

Question 1

Which of the following was NOT among the core components of the Catholic Reformation?

A) the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas
B) the Council of Trent
C) the Society of Jesus
D) the efforts of St. Ignatius Loyola
E) the religious fervor of the Renaissance popes

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The Spanish leader who sent an armada against England in 1588 was

A) Philip II.
B) Don Juan.
C) Fernando.
D) Charles V.
E) Dom Henrique.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Luther's initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was

A) his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church.
B) the sale of indulgences.
C) his time spent in England during the English Reformation.
D) the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism.
E) the influence of John Calvin.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century was the

A) Thirty Years' War.
B) Seven Years' War.
C) Hundred Years' War.
D) Franco-Prussian War.
E) War of the Spanish Succession.

Question 5

Which of the following factors was NOT one of the reasons for Charles V's failure to build a centralized,sovereign state in the Holy Roman Empire?

A) frequent invasions by England
B) internal religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics
C) external pressure from the French
D) imperial princes who refused to bend to Charles's will
E) external pressure from the Ottomans

Question 6

Who said,"I cannot and will not recant anything,for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience.Here I stand.I can do no other"?

A) Martin Luther
B) Jesus
C) John Calvin
D) Sima Qian
E) Henry VIII

Question 7

The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478 by

A) Charles V.
B) Don Carlos.
C) Fernando and Isabel.
D) Philip II.
E) Philip III.

Question 8

The city that stood as John Calvin's model Protestant community was

A) Avignon.
B) Paris.
C) Geneva.
D) Wittenberg.
E) London.

Question 9

The council that helped define and advance the Catholic Reformation took place in

A) Trent.
B) Pisa.
C) Wittenberg.
D) Rome.
E) Milan.

Question 10

The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was

A) John Calvin.
B) Erasmus.
C) Voltaire.
D) Martin Luther.
E) Henry VIII.

Question 11

The Council of Trent

A) rooted out the Arian heresy.
B) successfully reached a compromise in the early Protestant movement between Luther and Calvin.
C) played a key role in Henry VIII's break with the Catholic church.
D) took steps to reform the Catholic church.
E) launched the witch-hunts of the sixteenth century.

Question 12

The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion was

A) Calvin.
B) Luther.
C) Zwingli.
D) Henry VIII.
E) Paul III.

Question 13

Eighty-five percent of the condemned witches were

A) men.
B) Catholics.
C) Protestants.
D) women.
E) Muslims.

Question 14

The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was

A) Henry's frustration with the pope's inability to bring about church reform.
B) Henry's desire to gain a divorce.
C) Henry's desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades.
D) Henry's belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war.
E) a new English translation of the Bible.

Question 15

The leader of England during the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was

A) Henry VIII.
B) Charles II.
C) Mary I.
D) James II.
E) Elizabeth I.

Question 16

Henry VIII's reformation in England

A) was based on the ideas of the Anabaptists.
B) was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation.
C) was inspired more by John Calvin's thought than by Luther's thought.
D) made far more profound changes in theology than Luther's reformation did.
E) ignored Luther and instead pushed for change within Catholic guidelines.

Question 17

Charles V was the

A) pope who called the Council of Trent to address abuses in the Catholic church.
B) Spanish king who attempted to invade England in 1588.
C) English king who broke with the Catholic church for political reasons.
D) Portuguese leader who supported exploration down Africa's west coast.
E) leader who loosely administered but was unable to establish strong imperial authority over the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 18

Ignatius Loyola was instrumental in

A) creating the Society of Jesus.
B) calling together the Council of Trent.
C) making astronomical discoveries that called into question the Ptolemaic universe.
D) the formation of Spanish absolutism.
E) claiming the Philippines for Spain.

Question 19

The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was heavily influenced by

A) a dramatic increase in the practice of demonology.
B) the publication of Copernicus's theories.
C) the conquest of Spain by Islamic forces.
D) tensions between Catholics and Protestants.
E) the fear caused by the prominent role that women were increasingly playing in the Catholic church.

Question 20

The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the

A) need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire.
B) threat posed by Islam.
C) need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt.
D) expense associated with translating original Greek classics.
E) need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica.

Question 21

Martin Luther's cause benefited greatly from the printing press,as a sizeable literate public eagerly consumed printed works on religious and secular themes.

Question 22

Which of the following states developed constitutional governments in the seventeenth century?

A) England and France
B) Spain and the Netherlands
C) Russia and Italy
D) the Netherlands and France
E) England and the Netherlands

Question 23

The system by which unfinished materials were delivered to rural households for production is known as the

A) guild system.
B) joint-stock company system.
C) union system.
D) putting-out system.
E) countryside system.

Question 24

Several princes of the Holy Roman Empire warmed to Luther's views,partly because of personal conviction but partly because of the opportunity for them to build a power base.

Question 25

Versailles was the magnificent royal palace of

A) Charles I.
B) Frederick the Great.
C) Peter the Great.
D) Francis I.
E) Louis XIV.

Question 26

The most important early capitalist thinker was

A) Voltaire.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Montesquieu.
D) Isaac Newton.
E) Francis Bacon.

Question 27

The English civil war ended with the trial and decapitation of

A) James I.
B) Charles I.
C) Elizabeth I.
D) James II.
E) Charles II.

Question 28

The architect of French absolutism was

A) John Locke.
B) Cardinal Richelieu.
C) Charles II.
D) Montesquieu.
E) Louis XVIII.

Question 29

The theory of universal gravity is associated with

A) Isaac Newton.
B) Galileo Galilei.
C) Denis Diderot.
D) Nicolaus Copernicus.
E) Johannes Kepler.

Question 30

Which of the following was NOT one of the policies pursued by Louis XIV?

A) the maintenance of a huge standing army
B) an attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government
C) abolishing internal tariffs
D) the creation of the palace at Versailles
E) the promotion of economic development

Question 31

Which of the following conflicts was a major war that unfolded in the wake of the Peace of Westphalia?

A) the English civil war
B) the Thirty Years' War
C) the Hundred Years' War
D) the Seven Years' War
E) the Glorious Revolution

Question 32

Catherine the Great's attempts at reform in Russia were essentially ended by

A) the Great Northern War.
B) the "Time of Troubles."
C) the English civil war.
D) Pugachev's rebellion.
E) the Old Beliefs schism.

Question 33

That planetary orbits are elliptical,not circular,was demonstrated by

A) Galileo.
B) Voltaire.
C) Newton.
D) Kepler.
E) Descartes.

Question 34

The fundamental principle of diplomacy in early modern Europe was

A) French domination.
B) the Auld Alliance.
C) raison d'etat.
D) the Anglo-French alliance.
E) the balance of power.

Question 35

The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was in

A) laying the foundation for English control of most of the world.
B) combining the Spanish and French thrones.
C) promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal.
D) ending the carnage of the Seven Years' War.
E) establishing an Anglo-French alliance that would last until World War I.

Question 36

The Ptolemaic universe was based on

A) the idea that the earth rested on the back of a giant turtle.
B) a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow spheres.
C) a heliocentric structure.
D) the unifying principle of gravity.
E) the observations of Galileo.

Question 37

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was written by

A) Ptolemy.
B) Galileo Galilei.
C) Isaac Newton.
D) Jonathan Swift.
E) Nicolaus Copernicus.

Question 38

The most important achievement of Émilie du Châtelet was

A) her discovery of the principles of blood circulation in the human body.
B) her translation of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica.
C) the development of a law of inertia.
D) in providing a model that undermined the Ptolemaic view of the universe.
E) in demonstrating the transfer of disease through bacteria.

Question 39

During the eighteenth century,the population of Europe rose to

A) 81 million.
B) 180 million.
C) 240 million.
D) 310 million.
E) 350 million.

Question 40

The individual associated with the phrase "l'état,c'est moi" was

A) Charles V.
B) Philip II.
C) Cardinal Richelieu.
D) Charles I.
E) Louis XIV.

Question 41

Frequent wars and balance-of-power diplomacy increased the resources of European states and strengthened society as a whole.

Question 42

Examine the European witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.What factors led to this movement? What were the results?

Question 43

Charles V did not build an administrative structure for his empire,but instead ruled each of his lands according to its own laws and customs.

Question 44

Discuss the developments and differences between constitutional states and absolute monarchies.Which of these governmental forms would have the greatest long-term influence?

Question 45

Look at Map 23.1,Sixteenth-century Europe.Why did Europe divide into a collection of sovereign states and not attain the level of the greater empires that occurred in China,India,and the Islamic lands? Why didn't the Holy Roman Empire reach the level of power and grandeur that its name implied? What were the consequences of this competition?

Question 46

The Society of Jesus-the Jesuits-received instruction in theology,philosophy,and the classics,and became effective missionaries.

Question 47

Examine the career of Martin Luther.What were the foundations of his Reformation? What legacy did he leave Europe? Why did earlier reformers not have the same impact?

Question 48

European states ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia,which laid the foundation for a system of independent,competing states.

Question 49

Examine Map 23.2,Europe after the Peace of Westphalia,1648.How does it compare to Map 23.1? What were the long-term implications of the Peace of Westphalia?

Question 50

During the seventeenth century,England and the Netherlands evolved governments that claimed limited powers and recognized rights of individuals and representative institutions.

Question 51

Was there a political side to the sixteenth-century reformation movements? How did it relate to the religious issues?

Question 52

Examine the leading thinkers of the scientific revolution.Why were the early discoveries of the scientific revolution met with such resistance? In what ways did these discoveries destroy an old worldview and create a new one?

Question 53

King Louis XIII of France was known as le roi soleil,"the sun king."

Question 54

What were the foundations of the scientific revolution? Could there be a disadvantage to the period's new emphasis on reason? What,if anything,was missing from this new intellectual universe?

Question 55

Examine the rise of capitalist thought and practice.What factors led to this rise?

Question 56

Merchants were especially influential in the affairs of the English and Dutch states; these lands adopted policies that were most favorable to capitalist enterprises.

Question 57

Examine the idea behind the balance of power.How did this concept play itself out in Europe? How was this balance of power different from the political patterns in the rest of the world?

Question 58

Examine the wars in early modern Europe.What caused most of these conflicts? What were the results of these confrontations? Who won and who lost?

Question 59

Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France,Spain,and England.How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power?

Question 60

The most important of the Romanov tsars of Russia was Catherine II.She is credited with the process of transforming Russia into a modern state.

Question 61

How did European monarchs increase their power in the early modern era? What are some of the common characteristics of the new monarchs?

Question 62

What are some of the social changes that resulted from the growth of capitalism? What groups would have been most threatened by or resistant to these changes?

Question 63

In what ways can it be said that Isaac Newton's work "symbolized the scientific revolution"? What was his role in the scientific revolution?

Question 64

What are some the reasons suggested for the widespread persecution of suspected witches in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Question 65

What are the characteristics of capitalism in the early modern age? What financial innovations supported the growth of capitalism in Europe?

Question 66

What were the circumstances of the English Reformation?

Question 67

What factors encouraged the evolution of a constitutional government in England and the Netherlands?

Question 68

Examine the philosophy of Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,excerpted in the text (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market).Was it typical of the thinkers from this period? What was the heart of his philosophy? How influential was Smith's thought? Why was it so revolutionary?

Question 69

What factors led to the dramatic population growth of Europe between 1500 and 1700?

Question 70

Why was Charles V,despite such vast holdings,unable to establish a durable empire? What forces worked against such an empire in the sixteenth century?

Question 71

How did Louis XIV maintain control over the nobles of France? What were some of the structures of absolutism during his reign?

Question 72

Three great minds collaborated to shatter the ancient Ptolemaic view of the universe.Note the contributions of Copernicus,Kepler,and Galileo.Who do you think made the most significant contribution? Who took the greatest risk?

Question 73

What aspects of European culture did Peter I seek to graft onto Russian society? Through what methods did he attempt to modernize his country?

Question 74

Why did serfdom survive in Russia long after it had died out in western Europe? How did the institution of serfdom in Russia begin to take on capitalist qualities?

Question 75

Describe the putting-out system.Why did manufacturers begin to seek out rural labor for the production of goods? What societal effects did this have?

Question 76

By the end of the sixteenth century,which European countries had become Protestant and which had remained Catholic?