Deck 8: Parenting Children in Early Childhood

Question 1

Parents who reported little love in their relationships with their own parents were more critical and __________ in their parenting.

Answer 1

authoritarian

Question 2

Compared to adults' brains,children's brains have twice as many __________.

Answer 2

synapses

Question 3

Children in the preschool years tell lies about their misdeeds but their thinking is not advanced enough to be consistent and avoid detection.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The majority of children from two to five were low or very low on ratings of aggression by mothers.

Question 5

Children whose behavior was initially adaptable and became undercontrolled over a two-year period lived in families with __________.

Question 6

Ethnic identity is defined as _______________________.

Question 7

Children begin to identify themselves as members of an ethnic group and initially use __________ as a marker of ethnic identity.

Question 8

Preschoolers consider parents rules about appropriate clothing matters of ___________.

Question 9

When preschool children have fears about imaginary creatures like ghosts,they prefer to use psychological means of coping such as _____________________.

Question 10

Parents' messages of __________ in their group's culture promote children's social and academic competence.

Question 11

Unique patterns of brain activity and physical reactivity seen in infancy predispose some children to anxiety and fearful withdrawal in the preschool years.

Question 12

When children are distressed and cry,parents' usual response is to __________.

Question 13

According to professionals,children with disabilities suffer most not when they realize they are different,but when they see that being different __________.

Question 14

Social support and __________________ help mothers of children with disabilities reduce maternal stress.

Question 15

Preschool children are not yet embarrassed by having opinions different from others.

Question 16

Lack of control in the preschool years is a matter of age and a temporary phenomenon that does not predict elementary school undercontrol.

Question 17

In this period,the most common form of children's emotional upset at home is __________ and,most often,__________ interactions are the source.

Question 18

Caroline Zahn-Waxler refers to gender issues in problem behaviors as the problems of the __________ and the ______________.

Question 19

Some preschool children develop __________ motivation,a strong desire to investigate objects and solve problems.

Question 20

Children learn empathy from parents who __________ these behaviors.

Question 21

Preschoolers are able to organize their self-perceptions and are beginning to see themselves in more general,though dichotomous,terms.

Question 22

North American culture has a positive view of children's inhibited and cautious behavior.

Question 23

In the preschool years,about five percent of children are sleep-deprived.

Question 24

A mother worries that she and her husband were so stressed with money problems after the birth of their daughter,now a preschooler,that her daughter will not have a secure attachment to her.You tell her

A) the quality of the bonding at birth determines ongoing attachment.
B) the quality of attachment in the first year determines ongoing attachment, and her daughter will have a less secure attachment in the preschool years.
C) the quality of the current relationship of the mother and child determines the attachment.
D) A and C

Question 25

Preschoolers who have mastery motivation have all of the following qualities EXCEPT

A) a strong desire to solve problems.
B) persistence with challenging tasks.
C) insistence they be first to tackle the problem.
D) pride in solving problems.

Question 26

When children's actions do not achieve their goals,they recall successful actions of others and use them as a model.

Question 27

Parents use similar strategies to help aggressive and withdrawn children.

Question 28

Preschoolers who have a specific learning orientation

A) see failure as a sign they need more information or practice.
B) see failure as a sign they lack ability.
C) are willing to work hard to learn because they believe they can learn.
D) A and C

Question 29

Children this age get great pleasure from following rules they really want to break.

Question 30

Preschoolers are embarrassed when their judgments differ from those of the group and they change their response to agree with the group

A) whenever their judgment disagrees with that of the group.
B) whenever they give their judgment publicly and the group knows what they say.
C) when peers taunt them.
D) when experimenters comment on their different views.

Question 31

Including teachers in a program to decrease children's aggressive behaviors was more effective than training mother and child alone.

Question 32

A father notices his preschool son behaves differently than his daughter did at the same age and wonders about sex differences in the behavior of preschool children.You tell him that in comparison to girls,preschool boys

A) are more cooperative.
B) are more active.
C) are more verbal.
D) show no significant differences in behavior.

Question 33

Children feel guilt when

A) they believe they have violated rules of right and wrong.
B) they can not meet external standards.
C) their weaknesses or inadequacies are exposed.
D) all of these

Question 34

As they learn new information,children turn for guidance to adults who

A) claim experience.
B) have demonstrated knowledge in the past.
C) are well-liked.
D) have spent the most time with them.

Question 35

Careful analyses of conversations between parents and toddlers revealed no differences in the kinds of conversations parents and children of different ethnic groups had.

Question 36

In a ten-year study of children with disabilities and delays,researchers found that children's progress in development was predicted by

A) the nature of the disability.
B) the child's ability to manage feelings.
C) responsive mother-child interactions.
D) all of these

Question 37

Highly aggressive children ages two to nine came from families that consistently experienced such stressors as

A) less stimulating homes.
B) ongoing low income.
C) less sensitive and responsive parenting.
D) all of these

Question 38

When mothers were cold and angry in their interactions with preschoolers and parents were in conflict,preschoolers felt others did not like or accept them.

Question 39

Children's mastery motivation is evident in the preschool years and predicts how much children will learn in the course of a year.

Question 40

Parental actions to decrease children's aggression should include

A) giving clear directives so children know what to do.
B) avoiding harsh punishments.
C) showing the child you disapprove of him/her because of the behavior.
D) behaving in an aggressive way with the child to show how it feels.

Question 41

Describe three ways parenting behaviors play a role in the developmental progress of children with disabilities.

Question 42

When children are afraid to go to bed,Dr.Ferber advises parents

A) search carefully under the bed for monsters to reassure children.
B) deal with underlying fears relating to everyday life.
C) put the child to bed firmly.
D) ignore the fears and wait for them to go away.

Question 43

Engaging in sociodramatic play helps children develop in many ways including:

A) learning how to escape unpleasant situations into fantasy play.
B) learning to negotiate differences of opinion.
C) reinforcing gender appropriate behaviors.
D) encouraging and approving immature behaviors.

Question 44

Gender identity is

A) imposed on children by parents.
B) the result of active construction on the part of the child.
C) complete by age two.
D) A and C

Question 45

Four- to six-year-old children understand that when a bad event happens,a person

A) will not want to think about it.
B) will worry it will happen again.
C) will make no connection between past event and thinking about the future.
D) A and C

Question 46

James McHale found in his sample of middle-class parents of toddlers that

A) parents want to spend more time with each other and the family as a unit.
B) a positive atmosphere was the hallmark of family life.
C) about two-thirds of parents were concerned at the level of anger one or both parents expressed.
D) A and C

Question 47

Briefly describe three evaluative emotions that children develop in the early childhood years and give three examples of how these emotions are seen in their behavior.

Question 48

A friend says her husband really enjoys rough and tumble play with their preschool twins,a boy and girl,but she worries her children will be too rough in their play with other children.What do you tell her? Such play

A) is related to boys' social competence and peer popularity.
B) has positive social benefits for boys and girls.
C) is related to abrasive peer relationships in girls.
D) A and C

Question 49

Factors accounting for the negative interactions that occurred in the families of James McHale's sample were all of the following EXCEPT

A) fathers were more actively engaged in child care.
B) parents were teaching basic values they felt strongly about.
C) parents had given up on achieving agreement.
D) children were insistent on getting their way and did not give up.

Question 50

Describe four findings of James McHale regarding parents' coparenting alliance observed when their children were thirty months old.

Question 51

Fathers' play with boys and girls,as observed in laboratory sessions,

A) encouraged gender stereotyped behaviors in sons' and daughters' play.
B) elicited more male stereotyped behaviors in sons' and daughters' play.
C) elicited more male stereotyped behavior in sons' play but not in daughters' play.
D) did not elicit any gender stereotyped behavior in children's play.

Question 52

A father says he is worried because his three-year-old daughter is very upset about the birth of her baby sister,and he wants them to be close as they grow up.You tell him

A) they'll only feel close when they are adults and don't live together.
B) when they go off to school and have time away from each other, they will finally be able to feel close to each other.
C) even though they have some negative feelings at the time of the birth, by the end of the first year, most children have positive feelings and would like another sibling.
D) there is nothing he can do about the rivalry.

Question 53

Family conversations with toddlers in Irish American families involve

A) affirming children's positive qualities.
B) discussing children's misdeeds.
C) little mention of illness or physical problems.
D) A and C

Question 54

Inhibited two-year-olds whose mothers continued to be overprotective in the preschool years were more likely to

A) rebel against mothers.
B) remain fearful and inhibited.
C) mature and become less inhibited.
D) ignore mother's protectiveness.

Question 55

Briefly describe four ways parents' behavior contributes to the development of children's gender identity and give an example of each behavior in everyday life

Question 56

When preschoolers are afraid of realistic events like barking dogs,

A) boys and girls differ in how they take action.
B) girls seek help from parents.
C) boys avoid the dogs.
D) A and C

Question 57

According to Ellen Galinsky,parents of preschool children are in the

A) nurturing stage.
B) authority stage.
C) interpretive stage.
D) image-making stage.

Question 58

Family conversations with toddlers in Taiwanese families involve

A) few hugs and kisses.
B) focus on correcting social misbehaviors.
C) few discussions of family trips and outings.
D) A and C

Question 59

Describe four ways that parents' play with children contributes to children's development in the preschool years and beyond.

Question 60

When siblings break into fights,Dreikurs advises parents to

A) treat all the children the same.
B) try to settle the conflict.
C) find out who started it and punish that child.
D) explain the causes of the fights to children, so they can avoid them.