Deck 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality

Question 1

_____ describes the transformation of sensory information to mental representations, and the manipulation of those representations.

A)Explanatory style
B)Life tasks
C)Interpretation
D)Information processing

Answer 1

Information processing

Question 2

People use _____ to evaluate themselves.

A)beliefs and desires
B)perception
C)interpretation
D)personalizing cognition

Answer 2

beliefs and desires

Question 3

_____ measure(s) field dependence versus field dependence.

A)The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
B)The Rod and Frame Test (RFT)
C)The Embedded Figures Test (EFT)
D)Both the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) and the Embedded Figures Test (EFT)

Answer 3

Both the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) and the Embedded Figures Test (EFT)

Question 4

_____ an important aspect of the self.

A)The ways people evaluate their self-worth is
B)Social roles are
C)Identity is
D)All of these

Question 5

Differences in responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are the result of differences in

A)perception.
B)learned helplessness.
C)memory.
D)interpretation.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an important topic in the cognitive/experiential domain?

A)Identifying the major traits of personality.
B)People's subjective experience of self.
C)Emotions.
D)The ways people perceive their environment.

Question 7

A person who recalls factual information in response to a new event is engaging in

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)causal attribution.
D)defensive pessimism.

Question 8

Field-dependent people

A)pay more attention to visual cues than field-independent people.
B)pay less attention to visual cues than field-independent people.
C)do not differ from field-independent people with regard to using visual cues.
D)are less successful than field-independent people.

Question 9

Individual differences can be observed in all of these EXCEPT

A)perception.
B)interpretation.
C)beliefs and desires.
D)None of these.

Question 10

The process of _____ refers to making sense of or explaining events in the world.

A)interpretation
B)perception
C)learned helplessness
D)augmenting

Question 11

_____ is a general term to refer to awareness, thinking, and other mental acts.

A)Strategies
B)Explanatory style
C)Cognition
D)Perception

Question 12

According to the Court, Amadou Diallo was shot by police officers

A)because he perceived them as a threat.
B)because he shot at them.
C)because of cognitive errors in the officers' perception.
D)All of these.

Question 13

A person who relates a new event to past experiences is engaging in

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)causal attribution.
D)defensive pessimism.

Question 14

The Rod and Frame Test (RFT) has been used to assess

A)defensive pessimism.
B)field dependence versus field independence.
C)learned helplessness.
D)life tasks.

Question 15

People who see a Necker Cube differently are showing differences in

A)objectifying cognitions.
B)personalizing cognitions.
C)perception.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 16

_____ best tell us which things are important to people.

A)Traits
B)Emotions
C)Self-esteem levels
D)Perceptions

Question 17

Herman Witkin introduced the idea of

A)defensive pessimism.
B)field dependence versus field independence.
C)learned helplessness.
D)life tasks.

Question 18

A man who recalls that a cup of milk contains 130 calories when he pours a glass of milk is said to be engaging in

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)attributional cognition.
D)interpretation.

Question 19

A woman who states that skydiving reminds her of riding roller coasters is said to be engaging in

A)personalizing cognition.
B)objectifying cognition.
C)attributional cognition.
D)interpretation.

Question 20

A person who "sees the trees rather than the forest" is said to be

A)a defensive pessimist.
B)field-dependent.
C)field-independent.
D)an optimist.

Question 21

A study by Vrij et al.suggests that field-independent police officers, compared to field-dependent police officers,

A)notice fewer details under distracting conditions.
B)remember more details encoded under distracting conditions.
C)generally perform worse under distraction conditions.
D)hit fewer targets in simulated shooting tasks.

Question 22

"Post-modernism" in psychology can be summarized as

A)"Perception is not necessarily reality."
B)"Experience defines reality."
C)"Reality is constructed, and so there are many different views of reality."
D)"There is no spoon."

Question 23

_____ tend to be more sociable than _____.

A)Individuals with an external locus of control; those with an internal locus of control
B)Individuals with an internal locus of control; those with an external locus of control
C)Field-independent individuals; those who are field-dependent
D)Field-dependent individuals; those who are field-independent

Question 24

According to Rotter, people differ in

A)their expectations that a course of action will lead to a reinforcement.
B)the value they place on a given reinforcement.
C)whether or not their actions influence events.
D)All of these.

Question 25

An advantage of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) over the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) is that

A)the EFT measures field-dependence/independence better than the RFT.
B)the EFT is much easier to give than the RFT.
C)the EFT is more valid than the RFT.
D)All of these.

Question 26

People with a(n) _____ are more likely to be active in taking charge of circumstances in their lives.

A)internal locus of control
B)external locus of control
C)global explanatory style
D)stable explanatory style

Question 27

Generalized expectancies are

A)characteristics of a situation that can be applied generally.
B)perceptions that generalize from one situation to the next.
C)expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations.
D)None of these.

Question 28

_____ is observed when people passively endure an uncomfortable situation.

A)Learned helplessness
B)Passive endurance
C)Internalized anxiety
D)"Freezing"

Question 29

People who take personal responsibility for events

A)are field-independent.
B)are field-dependent.
C)have an internal locus of control.
D)have an external locus of control.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT an example of a generalized expectancy?

A)The belief that people are solely responsible for their actions.
B)The belief that all tests are unfair.
C)The belief that good things happen to lucky people.
D)None of these.They are all examples of generalized expectancy.

Question 31

It is probably less adaptive to have an internal locus of control

A)in the domain of health behaviors.
B)in academic domains.
C)when negative events are not controllable.
D)All of these.

Question 32

Students who are _____ are especially good at seeing connections between different categories.

A)field-dependent
B)field-independent
C)both field dependent and field independent
D)intelligent

Question 33

Who argued that people construct explanations for the events in their lives just as scientists construct explanations for phenomena in the laboratory?

A)Aneseth Petrie
B)George Kelly
C)Julian Rotter
D)None of these

Question 34

_____ seek out more stimulation than _____.

A)Reducers; augmenters
B)Augmenters; reducers
C)Field-independent people; field-dependent people
D)Field-dependent people; field-independent people

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a construct?

A)Gravity
B)Anxiety
C)Intelligence
D)All of these

Question 36

Participants who were first exposed to problems without solutions later

A)completed more problems that did have solutions.
B)completed fewer problems that did have solutions.
C)demonstrated the concept of learned helplessness.
D)completed fewer problems with solutions and demonstrated learned helplessness.

Question 37

Pain tolerance has been studied with respect to

A)field-dependence versus field-independence.
B)explanatory style.
C)life tasks.
D)reducing or augmenting pain.

Question 38

A person who believes that luck plays an important part in her or his life has a(n)

A)internal locus of control.
B)external locus of control.
C)supernatural explanatory style.
D)naturalistic explanatory style.

Question 39

Which of the following college majors would be MOST likely to have many field-independent people?

A)Journalism
B)History
C)Sociology
D)Physics

Question 40

The person most associated with research on reducing/augmenting is

A)Goleman.
B)Petrie.
C)Seligman.
D)Witkin.

Question 41

The "pessimistic explanatory style" is defined as making _____ attributions for negative events.

A)external, stable, and specific
B)internal, stable, and specific
C)internal, temporary, and global
D)internal, stable, and global

Question 42

The concept of intelligence that emphasizes the amount of knowledge one has gained is known as _____ intelligence.

A)achievement
B)aptitude
C)general
D)multiple

Question 43

Some researchers feel that the abilities Gardner calls "intelligences" are correlated enough with each other to

A)represent only three distinct intelligences-verbal, quantitative, and analytical.
B)warrant more distinct types of intelligence.
C)justify thinking of intelligence as a general factor.
D)justify thinking of intelligence as an abstract concept that cannot be studied.

Question 44

A person who takes personal credit for choosing winning lottery numbers probably has a(n) _____ explanatory style.

A)internal
B)external
C)stable
D)unstable

Question 45

_____ intelligence is the term that most refers to a single broad factor of intelligence.

A)Achievement
B)Aptitude
C)General
D)Emotional

Question 46

What is defined as "intelligent behavior"

A)is consistent across cultures.
B)differs across cultures.
C)is only found in Western cultures.
D)None of these.

Question 47

A set of relevant actions intended to achieve a goal that the person has selected is known as a(n)

A)explanatory style.
B)causal attribution.
C)personal project.
D)outcome-focused strategy.

Question 48

The reformulated learned helplessness model focuses on individuals'

A)perceptions of events.
B)memories of events.
C)explanations of events.
D)learning styles.

Question 49

Personal projects analysis often addresses

A)the likelihood that goals will be met.
B)the difficulty of meeting the goals.
C)the personal importance of goals.
D)All of these.

Question 50

_____ refers to the time it takes to make a simple discrimination between two displayed objects.

A)Inspection time
B)Reaction time
C)Discrimination effort
D)Examination time

Question 51

A student who attributes his failure to get into a graduate school as due to the fact that he was sick on the day of his interview has a(n) _____ explanatory style.

A)specific
B)global
C)unstable
D)stable

Question 52

The ability to control one's impulses is considered an aspect of _____ intelligence.

A)emotional
B)aptitude
C)kinesthetic
D)interpersonal

Question 53

People who score high on _____ rate their personal projects as stressful and difficult.

A)psychoticism
B)conscientiousness
C)neuroticism
D)All of these

Question 54

People who rate their personal projects _____ are generally more satisfied with life.

A)as stressful
B)optimistically
C)as within their control
D)optimistically and within their control

Question 55

IQ tests have usually been interpreted as measures of

A)achievement intelligence.
B)aptitude intelligence.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)All of these.

Question 56

A women who concludes that all men are untrustworthy after her husband was unfaithful has an _____ explanatory style.

A)specific
B)global
C)unstable
D)stable

Question 57

A person who scores low in _____ may do well in school, but have difficulty in most other areas of life.

A)kinesthetic intelligence
B)aptitude intelligence
C)emotional intelligence
D)All of these

Question 58

The name most associated with the idea of multiple intelligences is

A)Gardner.
B)Cantor.
C)Petrie.
D)Witkin.

Question 59

A pessimistic explanatory style has been shown to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A)aggressiveness.
B)poor health.
C)mortality.
D)lowered immunocompetence.

Question 60

_____ refers to the way people explain why events occur.

A)Causal attribution
B)Learned helplessness
C)Field independence
D)Perception

Question 61

Which of the following are debated among intelligence researchers?

A)Whether intelligence can be measured accurately.
B)Whether measures of intelligence are biased to favor some individuals.
C)Whether different racial groups differ with respect to intelligence.
D)All of these.