Deck 16: Types of Qualitative Research

Question 1

Which one of the following is not an example of qualitative research?

A) Case Study
B) Content Analysis
C) Ethnographic Research
D) Correlation Research
E) Grounded Theory Research

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The practice of collaborative re-storying is usually done in

A) historical research.
B) content analysis.
C) narrative research.
D) survey research.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Case studies can use the following as its unit of analysis?

A) Individuals or groups of individuals
B) communities or societies
C) institutions or organizations
D) None of these.
E) All of these.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Ethnography involves

A) reliance on secondary sources of information.
B) immersion in the site.
C) analysis of existing written or oral records only.
D) soliciting opinions through a survey questionnaire.

Question 5

Qualitative research has its roots in the discipline(s) of

A) Sociology and Anthropology
B) History
C) Medicine
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 6

The purpose of qualitative research in all of its various forms is to

A) provide rich descriptive accounts of events or experiences from the active participants.
B) understand different perspectives or points of views from the participants.
C) offer detailed explanations about a past historical event.
D) focus on a single group of individuals in order to gain an in-depth account of real life experiences.
E) All of these answers.

Question 7

Grounded theory as a form of qualitative research involves

A) conducting in-depth interviews and making personal observations.
B) collecting and analyzing real world and lived experiences.
C) data coding procedures that result in commonality or themes.
D) All of these.

Question 8

Attempts to establish the meaning of written and spoken statements from active participants are usually carried out in

A) historical research.
B) narrative research.
C) ethnography.
D) Neither of these.
E) All of these answers.

Question 9

To understand the prevalence of the use of the GRE as a pre-admission requirement for graduate school at universities, which of the following research methods should be employed?

A) content analysis
B) experiments
C) case study
D) historiography

Question 10

What of the following is an important difference between historical research and phenomenology?

A) One has roots in the humanities and the other in the social sciences.
B) One collects information from people with first-hand experience or knowledge about a particular topic whereas the other does not.
C) One uses content analysis while the other does not.
D) One is better at explaining human behaviors while the other is better at explaining human attitudes.

Question 11

The main advantage of historical research over phenomenology is that

A) the former is better at probing beyond that is known about a phenomenon.
B) the former is not affected by researcher's biases.
C) the former is not affected by the researcher-subject interaction biases.
D) the latter is better at identifying commonalities in the data gathered.

Question 12

Which of the following are sources of information for content analysis research?

A) physical and electronic written materials
B) visual or audio materials
C) focused interviews
D) survey data
E) a and b
F)c and d

Question 13

The development of grounded theory in qualitative research typically involves

A) induction.
B) deduction.
C) Both of these.
D) Neither of these.

Question 14

The difference between a case study and a single-subject experiment is that

A) the former focuses on many subjects whereas the later focuses on a single individual.
B) the latter focuses on a series of behaviors whereas the former focuses on just a single behavior.
C) the former focus on the environment whereas the latter focus on the individual.
D) there is no basic difference between the two.

Question 15

The difference between "holistic" and "embedded" analysis used in the case study method is

A) the former focuses on the entire case.
B) the latter focuses on the entire case.
C) Neither of these.

Question 16

What of the following is NOT the purpose of qualitative research?

A) To identify emergence or recurrent patterns or themes.
B) To provide an in-depth lived explanation of an event or phenomenon.
C) To test for relationships between variables in a study.
D) To build a theory inductively.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a commonality between historical and phenomenological research?

A) the use of first-hand experiences or stories
B) the focus on multiple realties.
C) the chronological sequencing of events.
D) the focus on human and behavioral phenomena.

Question 18

Phenomenological research usually uses this as the primary source of data?

A) Historical documents
B) Face-to-face interviews
C) Mailed out questionnaires
D) Telephone

Question 19

Case studies can include

A) narratives, vignettes, and written texts.
B) emic perspectives.
C) etic perspectives.
D) All of these.
E) None of these.

Question 20

Attempting to understand what happened during the Jim Jones Guyana incidence in which followers were led to commit group suicide is an example of

A) phenomenology.
B) participant observation.
C) historical research.
D) narrative research.

Question 21

What usually distinguishes ethnography from other forms of qualitative research approaches?

A) The direct observation of the phenomenon.
B) The flexibility in selecting different sources of data.
C) The socio-cultural interpretation of the data.
D) The interaction of the participants with the researcher.

Question 22

Content analysis as a research technique can be used in

A) qualitative research studies only.
B) quantitative research studies only.
C) both qualitative and quantitative research studies.
D) neither qualitative nor quantitative research studies.

Question 23

Ethnographers use the following as sources of data?

A) interviews
B) observations
C) written documents
D) researcher's journal entries
E) All of these.
F)None of these.

Question 24

The disadvantage of ethnography faced by researchers is

A) the researcher's subjectivity.
B) the limited amount of time and resources that can be devoted to understanding a phenomenon.
C) the researcher's lack of linguistic and cultural understanding.
D) the lack of collaboration with other sources of information.
E) All of these.

Question 25

What one of the following requires a data coding scheme during analysis?

A) content analysis
B) case study
C) phenomenology
D) ethnography
E) All of these.
F)None of these.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ethnographic study?

A) socialization patterns of Chinese diasporas
B) social integration among fraternity members on a college campus
C) cultural changes in China after the Tiananmen incident
D) impact of a smoking cessation program

Question 27

In order for ethnography to work, which of the following is a necessary procedure or ingredient?

A) An understanding of the setting or context in which the phenomenon occurs
B) A personal connection the researcher has with leaders of a group.
C) Apriori knowledge about what to expect before the study takes place.
D) Emic knowledge about the phenomenon.

Question 28

The main advantage of axial coding in the grounded theory approach to research is it

A) offers ways to make connections between data points.
B) provides guidance for data collection.
C) is simpler to execute than any other forms of data coding
D) enhances the chance that a theory can be developed.

Question 29

Gathering a number of textbooks to determine the extent of racial biases in them is an example of

A) an experiment.
B) a case study.
C) content analysis.
D) historical research.

Question 30

The main advantage of ethnography is

A) a detailed understanding of group behavior from a secondary source.
B) a detailed understanding of a group or their attitudes or behaviors in a real life situation.
C) a detailed understanding of a historical event or phenomenon using primarily artifacts.
D) the use of content analysis of existing data to explain a phenomenon.

Question 31

Ethnography uses the following tools?

A) observations
B) interviews
C) the researcher is the primary data gatherer
D) the use of informants to get additional information
E) All of these.

Question 32

Ethnography is usually the preferred method to

A) decipher existing written historical accounts of a particular culture or group.
B) understand how the study's participants went about living their daily lives.
C) understand how cultures are affected by a purposeful intervention of a technological advancement.
D) understand the evolution of an agricultural economy to an industrial one.

Question 33

Which of the following is a good characteristic of ethnography?

A) short-term participant observation
B) short-time immersion
C) the use of different sources of information
D) adoption of a narrower focus or perspective

Question 34

One advantage of content analysis over phenomenology is that

A) the data collected are easier to analyze.
B) it is more effective at generating meaningful information.
C) it is a more flexible methodology.
D) it is not obtrusive.

Question 35

Grounded theory consists of the following types of data coding?

A) closed coding
B) axial coding
C) selective coding
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 36

Ethnography as a research method employs

A) emic perspectives only.
B) etic perspectives only.
C) Both of these.
D) Neither of these.

Question 37

Which sources of data are usually relied on in the grounded theory form of qualitative research?

A) interviews
B) observations
C) historical records and artifacts
D) a & b
E) b & c
F)All of these.

Question 38

A researcher makes a detailed examination of a single subject or a single setting.This would be an example of

A) grounded theory.
B) ethnography.
C) case study.
D) phenomenology.

Question 39

Emic perspectives concerns

A) the views of the study's participants only.
B) the views of the study's researcher(s).
C) Neither of these.
D) Both of these

Question 40

The grounded theory approach to research concerns building a theory

A) based on top down approach.
B) by testing out hypotheses.
C) based on induction and deduction.
D) from the ground up.

Question 41

Questioning the authenticity of documents or artifacts in historical research is an example of

A) internal criticism.
B) external criticism.
C) Neither of these.

Question 42

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of narrative research?

A) It is rooted in the humanities.
B) It attempts to understand the lived experiences of people.
C) It tells stories from the viewpoints of the participants.
D) It provides an objective account of a past event or phenomenon.

Question 43

Narrative research is particularly useful in

A) accounting for struggles and conflicts in people's lives.
B) reconciling discrepancies in data collected from different sources.
C) generating commonalties or themes in people's attitudes or behaviors.
D) understanding how an organization works.

Question 44

What of the following are disadvantages of the historical form of qualitative research?

A) no control over treatment, measurement, or case selection
B) no opportunity for replication
C) availability and authenticity of data
D) difficulty in determining value or significance of discovered data
E) All of these.
F)None of these.

Question 45

Which one of the following is not suited for narrative research?

A) Understanding racism in the workplace
B) Understanding how interpersonal relationships is related to career success
C) Understanding how certain coping behaviors is related to academic success
D) Understanding the Cuban missile crisis

Question 46

The difference in concept between "extant" and "elicited" in the use of documents in qualitative research has to do with

A) the authenticity of discovered documents in describing a particular event or phenomenon.
B) Whether or not the documents were detailed and complete enough to have information that the researcher needs to explain a particular phenomenon.
C) whether the participants were free to write their own accounts or were persuaded to respond in a certain way.
D) whether or not the non-existence of documents means that a particular phenomenon did not occur.

Question 47

The main advantage of phenomenology is that it attempts

A) to get at full or partial meaning or context of a complicated phenomenon.
B) to get at the full truth by testing out hypothesis.
C) to generate more meaningful conclusions by selecting a homogenous group of people as cases.
D) to enhance the Generalizability of the findings.

Question 48

Historical research is not a particularly effective technique for understanding

A) detailed lived experiences of people who are currently living in another culture.
B) inter-cultural and trans-national relationships in the 19th century.
C) historical phenomena for which very little existing information is available.
D) all forms of behaviors and attitudes in people.

Question 49

Interviews in phenomenological studies are usually

A) structured.
B) unstructured.
C) impersonal.
D) objective .

Question 50

Ascertaining the relative worth of documents or artifacts in historical research is an

A) internal criticism.
B) external criticism.
C) Neither of these.

Question 51

Narrative can be

A) a biography or autobiography.
B) a person's life story or experiences.
C) a testimonial put in personal or social context.
D) All of these.
E) None of these.

Question 52

The criteria for evaluating the significance of a grounded theory study should include whether or not the study

A) is credible
B) is original
C) can resonate with the intended audience
D) All of these.

Question 53

The concept of re-storying in narrative research involves

A) getting the participants to re-tell their stories in a different way.
B) collaborating with the participants and establishing links in their expressed ideas.
C) getting the participants to analyze their own stories using a particular paradigm.
D) getting asking the participants to summarize their main points.

Question 54

The concept of "bracketing" in phenomenology refers to

A) the organization of fragments of data into more meaning larger categories.
B) allowing at least two forms of interpretation of data points.
C) the researchers setting aside their own personal experiences and opinions.
D) the researchers allowing their own personal opinions to enter in data collection and analysis.

Question 55

The main advantage of narrative research that it

A) is not subjected to biases from the participants.
B) is more likely to generate less biased information.
C) can offer stories from the viewpoints of the participants.
D) is the only way to understand complicated behavioral phenomenon.

Question 56

The following are limitations of narrative research?

A) People might not have full recollection of what happened to them.
B) Their interpretation may change over time.
C) Authenticity of the stories told by the participants.
D) All of these.
E) None of these.

Question 57

An advantage of historical reseaech is

A) that there is no subjectivity on the part of the researchers.
B) there is no Hawthorne effect.
C) it is the only form of research that attempts to consider context for an event occurring.
D) the interaction between the researcher and the participants ensures completeness in covering all aspects of the phenomenon.

Question 58

Critical race theory, which is an attempt to understand current issues and experiences of racism in America, should be explored using

A) historiography.
B) case study.
C) narrative research.
D) grounded theory.

Question 59

An example of a secondary source of data in historical research is

A) original correspondences or diaries of relevant parties.
B) recorded minutes from a meeting.
C) relevant relics found.

Question 60

What of the following is not true about phenomenology?

A) It addresses the human experience.
B) It describes the essence of human relations.
C) It is based on data gathered from interviews only.
D) It is based on data gathered from multiple sources.

Question 61

In grounded theory, the cyclical process of testing the explanatory adequacy of the developing theory against additional data is referred to as

A) empirical verification.
B) theoretical saturation.
C) deduction.
D) causal explanation.

Question 62

Which of the following is not an example of qualitative research?

A) portraiture
B) critical research
C) convergent research
D) feminist research
E) discourse Analysis

Question 63

The case study's most serious limitation is

A) data on individuals are less intensive than on surveys.
B) generalizations from case studies are difficult and risky.
C) no attempt is made to study interrelationships of various factors.
D) quantitative data rather than qualitative data are produced.

Question 64

Which of the following is a secondary source?

A) A letter from the author in question
B) A review of research
C) Minutes of a meeting
D) All of these are true.

Question 65

Grounded theory in qualitative research refers to the

A) groundwork of theory that is established before the study begins.
B) theory that is developed from the data gathered in a study.
C) initial theoretical phase of an on-going investigation.
D) theory from which the main hypotheses of the study are deduced.

Question 66

A historical researcher is studying a speech known to have been delivered by President Bush in 1991 in order to determine whether those parts of the speech which referred to education truly represent the state of education in the U.S.at that time.The researcher is involved in

A) internal criticism.
B) external criticism.
C) documentary analysis.
D) primary analysis.

Question 67

Historical research has the following advantage over other forms of research.

A) It is generally unobtrusive.
B) It allows for the most rigorous control over the dependent variable.
C) It allows for the most rigorous control over the independent variable.
D) It is least likely to be subjective.

Question 68

"In 1860, the first private, English-speaking kindergarten was established in Boston by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody ..." (Rippa, S.A., 1988, Education in a free society, New York: Longman, p.173).Suppose you wanted to research the effect of this first American kindergarten on the people's attitudes and perceptions of Massachusetts' education of that time.Which might be a primary source of information?

A) A log by Peabody of the problems creating the school
B) An opinion poll of educational attitudes of Boston in 1860
C) A verbatim text of an 1860s political speech concerning educational practices
D) All of these are true.

Question 69

A characteristic of case studies is that they

A) are not subject to prejudice.
B) do not solve problems.
C) have their greatest advantage in their depth.
D) have the major advantage of producing valid generalizations.

Question 70

Phenomenology is rooted in

A) sociology.
B) anthropology.
C) business.
D) philosophy.

Question 71

A case study differs from a single-subject experiment in that in a case study

A) a single individual may be studied.
B) the investigator deliberately manipulates the independent variable.
C) a hypothesis is being tested.
D) the investigator does not deliberately manipulate the independent variable.

Question 72

. Which is not a characteristic of good ethnography?

A) extended time at the site
B) collection of videos, taped interviews, artifacts, etc.
C) specific a priori hypotheses for investigation
D) participant observation

Question 73

An ethnographic researcher would most likely agree with which one of the following statements?

A) Avoid taking the viewpoint of the group being observed because this leads to biased observations.
B) Focus on only a few key elements within the complex situation being observed.
C) Researchers should fit the events observed into their own value system.
D) Consider all the data only in the context of the environment in which it was gathered.

Question 74

The distinguishing data-collection method in a phenomenological study is

A) participant observation.
B) structured personal interview.
C) unstructured personal interview.
D) content analysis.

Question 75

Internal criticism questions

A) how much the author of a document knew about the topic.
B) the representative ness of a document of its time period.
C) what preconceptions and biases the author had.
D) All of these are true.

Question 76

An investigator wants to do an in-depth analysis of a school that has recently adopted an anti-bullying program.What kind of qualitative study would this be?

A) Case study
B) Grounded theory
C) Ethnography
D) Phenomenological study

Question 77

The type of qualitative research least influenced by observer effect is

A) ethnography
B) case study.
C) document analysis.
D) grounded theory.

Question 78

Which of the following is a primary source?

A) An encyclopedia article
B) A review of research
C) A textbook
D) An unedited videotape of an event

Question 79

What question would you ask when doing external criticism of a primary historical source?

A) Can the information be generalized to other situations?
B) Is the document written by whom it is supposed to have been written?
C) Does the data confirm your hypothesis?
D) Does the information really represent the attitudes of the time?

Question 80

What question would you ask when doing internal criticism of a primary historical source?

A) Does the information agree with contemporary sources?
B) Does the information represent the attitudes of the time?
C) Is the document internally consistent?
D) All of these are true.