Deck 28: The Digestive and Urinary Systems

Question 1

The main site of food absorption in the human digestive system is the

A)stomach.
B)esophagus.
C)small intestine.
D)large intestine.
E)rectum.

Answer 1

C
Explanation: The small intestine is modified internally to have large amounts of surface area for absorption.Please see section 28.6 for more information.

Question 2

If you detected large amounts of ammonia in mammalian urine,you would know that the mammal in question had serious problems with urinary system physiology.

Answer 2

True
Explanation: Mammals normally convert ammonia to urea before excreting nitrogen waste.Please see section 28.7 for more information.

Question 3

The function of bile is to

A)digest proteins.
B)digest carbohydrates.
C)emulsify fats.
D)digest nucleotides.
E)emulsify proteins.

Answer 3

C
Explanation: Bile solubilizes fats so that they can be digested and absorbed.Please see section 28.6 for more information.

Question 4

Animals that hunt and eat essentially only other animals are

A)omnivores.
B)carnivores.
C)herbivores.
D)detritivores.
E)frugivores.

Question 5

Reabsorption is one of the three steps in making mammalian urine.

Question 6

Animals that consume decaying organic matter as their main source of food are

A)omnivores.
B)carnivores.
C)detritivores.
D)herbivores.
E)insectivores.

Question 7

In sequence of their occurrence,the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are

A)ingestion,digestion,absorption,and elimination.
B)ingestion,absorption,digestion,and elimination.
C)absorption,ingestion,digestion,and elimination.
D)absorption,digestion,ingestion,and elimination.
E)digestion,absorption,ingestion,and elimination.

Question 8

The only animals that rely solely on intracellular digestion are

A)earthworms.
B)sponges.
C)clams.
D)starfish.
E)jellyfish.

Question 9

Heterotrophs must eat to obtain some organic compounds.

Question 10

The cecum is the largest in

A)protozoans.
B)omnivores.
C)carnivores.
D)herbivores.
E)detritivores.

Question 11

In animals,the pouch that forms the entrance to the large intestine is the

A)gastrovascular cavity.
B)rumen.
C)cecum.
D)anus.
E)appendix.

Question 12

A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for

A)growth.
B)metabolism.
C)maintenance.
D)repair of tissues.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 13

In the study of dental bacteria throughout recent human history,individuals eating more refined carbohydrates,and with more of the bacteria causing dental caries,might have eaten proportionally less protein and had proportionally less nitrogen waste in their urine.

Question 14

Heterotrophs could live underground if they could find a food source,but photosynthetic autotrophs,which is almost all autotrophs on Earth,must live where they can obtain sunlight.

Question 15

Which produces bile?

A)gall bladder
B)liver
C)stomach
D)pancreas
E)appendix

Question 16

Animals that eat only plants are

A)omnivores.
B)herbivores.
C)carnivores.
D)detritivores.
E)insectivores.

Question 17

In herbivores,cellulose is primarily broken down

A)by powerful digestive enzymes produced by the herbivore's stomach glands.
B)by powerful digestive enzymes produced by the herbivore's salivary glands.
C)by helminthes living within the herbivore.
D)by bacteria living within the herbivore's gastrointestinal tract.
E)by powerful digestive enzymes produced by the herbivore's intestinal glands.

Question 18

Energy is one of the resources obtained by heterotrophs when they eat.

Question 19

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

A)stomach.
B)esophagus.
C)small intestine.
D)large intestine.
E)rectum.

Question 20

Animals that eat a broad variety of foods,including plants and animals,are

A)carnivores.
B)herbivores.
C)detritivores.
D)omnivores.
E)insectivores.

Question 21

In Western countries up to 10% of the population develops gastric ulcers,many due to Helicobacter pylori.One adaptation this bacteria has is to secrete urease that produces the base ammonia from urea.How would this contribute to Helicobacter pylori causing ulcers?

A)Ammonia could be used as a food source for bacteriA.
B)Ammonia would cause the ulcers.
C)Ammonia would prevent the immune system from killing the bacteria.
D)Ammonia would neutralize stomach acids allowing bacteria to grow.
E)Ammonia would kill the bacteria.

Question 22

To help a patient who is malnourished for vitamin C,you would prescribe eating more

A)red meat.
B)beans.
C)citrus fruit.
D)fish.
E)nuts.

Question 23

To make use of the sugar in milk,your body needs the enzyme

A)lipase.
B)amylase.
C)lactase.
D)pepsin.
E)bilE.

Question 24

The enzyme that breaks down fats is

A)pactase.
B)amylase.
C)pepsin.
D)lipase.
E)bilE.

Question 25

The energy needed to raise one kilogram of water from 14.5 ^$\circ$ C to 15.5 ^$\circ$ C under controlled conditions is

A)one kilocalorie.
B)one calorie.
C)one joule.
D)one erg.
E)one gram.

Question 26

Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed

A)countercurrent exchange.
B)phagocytosis.
C)peristalsis.
D)rumination.
E)sphincter contractions.

Question 27

The structure that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing,thereby preventing food from entering the air passage,is the

A)epiglottis.
B)cecum.
C)rumen.
D)uvula.
E)soft palatE.

Question 28

If you wanted to create a medical weapon to cause enemy soldiers to be unable to absorb nutrients and to have diarrhea,you would target the

A)ciliA.
B)flagella.
C)villi.
D)Pacinian corpuscles.
E)tentacles.

Question 29

The passage of food needs to occur in a controlled way,so the body contains rings of muscle in the digestive tract that regulate the movement of food.These are

A)rumens.
B)sphincters.
C)chymes.
D)villi.
E)uvulas.

Question 30

The semisolid mass of food and gastric juice in the human stomach is termed

A)feces.
B)chyme.
C)glottis.
D)cuD.
E)mash.

Question 31

Beano is a product containing an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates in beans and other vegetables,thereby reducing gas production when these foods are eaten.Why would humans need to take Beano to avoid gas?

A)If they don't break down the complex carbohydrates,bacteria in their colon will.
B)If they don't break down the complex carbohydrates,bacteria in their small intestine will.
C)Complex carbohydrates react with acid in the stomach to produce gas.
D)Complex carbohydrates react with saliva in the mouth to produce gas.
E)Complex carbohydrates cannot be broken down and cause constipation.

Question 32

The human large intestine is about _________________ in length.

A)1 m
B)1.5 m
C)10 m
D)20 m
E)2 cm

Question 33

Morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI (body mass index)of at least

A)10 to 15.
B)40.
C)20.
D)25.
E)30.

Question 34

Which disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D?

A)rickets
B)scurvy
C)blindness
D)pellagra
E)anemia

Question 35

If you had eaten alot of meat,one enzyme needed to break down all of that protein would be

A)lipase.
B)lactase.
C)pepsin.
D)amylase.
E)bilE.

Question 36

If a patient could not pass food from pharynx to stomach,there would probably be a blockage in the

A)larynx.
B)trachea.
C)esophagus.
D)glottis.
E)bronchus.

Question 37

The enzyme that breaks down starch is

A)lipase.
B)lactase.
C)pepsin.
D)amylase.
E)bilE.

Question 38

Which of the following diseases is caused by a deficiency of niacin?

A)scurvy
B)pellagra
C)rickets
D)blindness
E)anemia

Question 39

Acid reflux would occur under which conditions?

A)Stomach contents leak into the duodenum.
B)Contents of the esophagus leak into the duodenum.
C)Contents of the esophagus leak into the stomach.
D)Stomach contents leak into the esophagus.
E)Contents of the duodenum leak into the stomach.

Question 40

If a person eats large quantities of food and then intentionally vomits,constantly going through what are called binge and purge patterns,they most likely suffer from the eating disorder known as

A)anorexia nervosA.
B)morbid obesity.
C)copious intake.
D)hypoglycemia.
E)bulimia.

Question 41

A person suffering from lactose intolerance cannot break down the disaccharide lactose.Where would lactose be found in a person with lactose intolerance,but not in a lactose tolerant person?

A)in the mouth
B)in the stomach
C)in the large intestine
D)in the small intestine
E)No answer is correct.

Question 42

Smelling food causes a hungry person to salivate.Which of the following begins to be digested in saliva?

A)proteins
B)fats
C)carbohydrates
D)nucleic acids
E)All answers are correct.

Question 43

Botulism is caused by an infection with Clostridium botulinum.The bacteria release botulism toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.Which would be inhibited in the gut of a person with botulism?

A)blood circulation
B)lymphatic circulation
C)absorption of food
D)peristalsis
E)absorption of water

Question 44

Unlike humans,cows emit up to 200 L of methane (CH₄)each day through belching.Which explains this difference?

A)Cows have a stomach.
B)Cows have an intestine.
C)Cows don't have a sphincter.
D)Cows don't have an esophagus.
E)Cows have a rumen.

Question 45

Bile acid sequestrants are drugs that bind to bile acids in the intestines and prevent their normal reabsorption in the large intestine.How would bile acid sequestrants lower a patient's blood cholesterol level?

A)Bile acids bind to cholesterol in the blood.
B)Bile acids prevent cholesterol from being absorbed from the diet.
C)More cholesterol would be converted into bile acids.
D)Bile acids can be converted into cholesterol.
E)Cholesterol requires bile acids to be soluble in the blood.

Question 46

The process used to control the level of water and ions in body fluids is termed

A)thermoregulation.
B)mechanoregulation.
C)chemoregulation.
D)hemoregulation.
E)osmoregulation.

Question 47

Botulism is caused by an infection with Clostridium botulinum.The bacteria release botulism toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.What advantage would the bacteria gain by secreting the toxin?

A)Avoid the immune system.
B)Prevent the body from excreting the bacteria.
C)Decrease removal of food from the gut.
D)Increase respiration.
E)Prevent other bacteria from growing in the gut.

Question 48

If you found a giant panda in a hardwood forest in Europe,where no bamboo grows,you would be very surprised since the panda should not have anything to eat there.

Question 49

Antacids would be effective in which part of the digestive system?

A)mouth
B)esophagus
C)small intestine
D)stomach
E)large intestine

Question 50

When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten,their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi.Which symptom would a person with celiac disease have?

A)decreased peristalsis
B)increased pH in their intestines
C)increased digestive enzymes in their intestines
D)decreased absorption of nutrients
E)decreased bile in their intestines

Question 51

Which is a role of bile acids?

A)oxidation of fats
B)enzymatic digestion of proteins
C)emulsifying fats
D)neutralizing bases in the intestines
E)producing acid for the stomach

Question 52

The trace mineral iron is necessary in humans for the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin molecules.

Question 53

Most multivitamins should be taken with a meal for which reason?

A)to provide the energy needed to use the vitamins
B)to prevent the absorption of water-soluble vitamins
C)to help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
D)to provide food for the vitamins to break down
E)to provide the energy needed to synthesize more vitamins

Question 54

Homeostasis is defined as

A)the ability of an organism to anchor itself to the rocks or soil of a body of water.
B)the ability of an organism to carry out chemical reactions.
C)the ability of an organism to sexually mature.
D)the ability of an organism to withstand extreme temperatures.
E)the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

Question 55

If presented with a person who was malnourished because of a refusal to eat,you would diagnose anorexia nervosa.

Question 56

Epithelial cells of the small intestine contains 500 microvilli.What is the purpose of these microvilli?

A)to increase surface area for food absorption
B)to beat and move food through the intestines
C)to contract and move food through the intestines
D)to release mucus that protects the intestines from infection
E)to release digestive enzymes

Question 57

The diffusion of water across a membrane that is permeable to water but not to ions and other charged solutes is

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)active transport.
C)simple diffusion.
D)osmosis.
E)phagocytosis.

Question 58

When the concentration of solutes in fluid is higher outside the cell than inside,

A)water moves into the cell by osmosis.
B)water moves into the cell by facilitated diffusion.
C)water moves out of the cell by facilitated diffusion.
D)water moves out of the cell by osmosis.
E)the cell will swell and possibly rupturE.

Question 59

Cells often use ______________________ to move ions against their concentration gradient.

A)simple diffusion
B)facilitated diffusion
C)active transport
D)osmosis
E)cilia

Question 60

In herbivores,the cecum is small because the food they ingest is easily digested.

Question 61

The hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that causes the reabsorption of more water by the kidney is

A)ADH.
B)FSH.
C)GH.
D)LH.
E)ACTH.

Question 62

What effect would drinking salt water have in a human?

A)dehydration as the extra salt pulls water out of the blood into the urine
B)dehydration as the extra salt pulls water out of the urine into the blood
C)increased hydration as the extra salt in the blood pulls water out of tissues
D)increased hydration as the extra salt in the urine pulls water out of tissues
E)dehydration as salt in the intestines pulls water out of the urine

Question 63

The functional unit of a kidney is a

A)neuron.
B)ureter.
C)nephron.
D)collecting duct.
E)sphincter.

Question 64

In humans,the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the

A)urethrA.
B)uvula.
C)ureter.
D)urinary bladder.
E)nephron.

Question 65

Alcohol reduces ADH secretion that in turn does what?

A)It decreases tubule permeability to water and thus increases urine volume.
B)It decreases tubule permeability to water and thus decreases urine volume.
C)It increases tubule permeability to water and thus increases urine volume.
D)It increases tubule permeability to water and thus decreases urine volume.
E)None of the answer choices is correct.

Question 66

If a doctor performing abdominal surgery on you accidentally cut the blood supply to one kidney,you would know that the doctor has cut the

A)brachial artery.
B)radial artery.
C)hepatic artery.
D)renal artery.
E)carotid artery.

Question 67

The major excretory organ of the human urinary system is the

A)gall bladder.
B)pancreas.
C)liver.
D)adrenal glanD.
E)kidney.

Question 68

The tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the human body is the

A)uvulA.
B)renal vein.
C)nephron.
D)urethra.
E)ureter.

Question 69

Ocean water is much saltier than a fish's cells,so the animal loses water by osmosis,mostly at the gills.How would a saltwater fish osmoregulate?

A)Drink seawater and use active transport at the gills to take up salt from the water.
B)Produce dilute urine and use active transport at the gills to take up salt from the water.
C)Drink seawater and use active transport at the gills to get rid of excess salts.
D)Produce dilute urine and use active transport at the gills to get rid of excess salt from the water.

Question 70

A diuretic is

A)a substance that decreases the permeability of the tubules to water.
B)a substance that increases the volume of blood.
C)a substance that decreases the volume of fat in the body.
D)a substance that increases the volume of urine.
E)a substance that increases the production of ADH.

Question 71

Like the kidney,a dialysis machine filters all but what out of the blood?

A)water
B)waste
C)blood cells
D)salt
E)glucose

Question 72

Ammonia is toxic and must be secreted as a dilute solution.Why do most freshwater fish secrete ammonia,but mammals do not?

A)Freshwater fish do not have enough energy to convert ammonia to ureA.
B)Mammals do not break proteins down forming ammonia.
C)Mammals do not secrete wastes in solution.
D)Freshwater fish can release ammonia without becoming dehydrated by drinking water.
E)Mammals can synthesize urea from ammonia without using energy.

Question 73

Mammals excrete nitrogen wastes as what?

A)ammonia
B)urea
C)nucleotides
D)uric acid
E)allatonin

Question 74

If the renal tubule was damaged,which would you observe?

A)increased red blood cells in the urine
B)increased volume of urine produced
C)increased glucose in the urine
D)increased salt in the urine
E)increased protein in the urine

Question 75

The steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that raises blood pressure is

A)epinephrine.
B)aldosterone.
C)FSH.
D)insulin.
E)testosterone

Question 76

Kidney stones are calcium-rich crystals that form inside the kidney.What symptoms would you expect if the stones lodge in a ureter?

A)increased urine production
B)decreased urine pH
C)increased urine pH
D)decreased urine production
E)decreased urine osmolarity

Question 77

The chemical composition of urine reflects the process of

A)filtration only.
B)reabsorption only.
C)secretion only.
D)filtration and reabsorption only.
E)filtration,absorption,and secretion.

Question 78

Diuretics are commonly prescribed drugs for patients with hypertension because they

A)decrease blood volume and increase blood pressure.
B)increase blood volume and blood pressure.
C)decrease blood volume and blood pressure.
D)increase blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

Question 79

Kidney stones are calcium-rich crystals that form inside the kidney and can be triggered by dehydration for which reason?

A)Salt concentrations increase as blood volume increases.
B)Salt concentrations drop as blood volume drops.
C)Salt concentrations increase as blood volume drops.
D)Salt concentrations drop as blood volume increases.
E)No answer is correct.

Question 80

If you placed cells from a marine alga in freshwater,you would expect to see that

A)water moves out of the cell by osmosis.
B)the cell will dehydrate.
C)water moves into the cell by facilitated diffusion.
D)water moves into the cell by osmosis.
E)water moves out of the cell by facilitated diffusion.