Deck 12: Forces of Evolutionary Change

Question 1

At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A)allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
B)None of the answers are correct.
C)allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution occurs.
D)allele frequencies change from one generation to the next so evolution occurs.
E)allele frequencies change from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.

Answer 1

A
Explanation: The conditions of the Hadry Weinberg equilibrium are set up so that evolution will not occur when they are obeyed.Please see section 12.4 for more information.

Question 2

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1,2pq represents

A)the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
B)the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.
C)the frequency of heterozygous individuals.
D)the frequency of homozygous recessive and heterozygous individuals.
E)the frequency of homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals.

Answer 2

C
Explanation: The Hardy Weinberg equation essentially represents the results of a random mating of the individuals in a population to produce a new generation.Please see section 12.4 for more information.

Question 3

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is

A)directional selection.
B)disruptive selection.
C)stabilizing selection.
D)artificial selection.
E)uniformitarianism.

Answer 3

A
Explanation: Directional selection pushes a population towards one or the other extreme in terms of phenotype,such as no feathers or extra feathers,but not an intermediate amount.Please see section 12.5 for more information.

Question 4

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is

A)directional selection.
B)disruptive selection.
C)stabilizing selection.
D)artificial selection.
E)uniformitarianism.

Question 5

The geologist who suggested that natural processes are slow and steady and that the Earth is much older than 6,000 years was

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Charles Lyell.
C)Alfred Russel Wallace.
D)Jean Lamarck.
E)Georges Buffon.

Question 6

If you were at an historical site,and you found a case with a book marked "Author's original Copy" and the book was called On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection you would be in the home of

A)Alfred Russel Wallace.
B)Jean Lamarck.
C)Georges Buffon.
D)Charles Darwin.
E)Charles Lyell.

Question 7

The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's

A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)dominant traits.
D)recessive traits.
E)gene pool.

Question 8

The French naturalist who in 1749 became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing was

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Georges Buffon.
C)James Hutton.
D)Georges Cuvier.
E)Charles Lyell.

Question 9

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not occur in a population in which

A)mutations do not occur.
B)individuals mate at random.
C)natural selection does not occur.
D)individuals immigrate or emigrate.
E)sexual selection does not occur.

Question 10

The relatively short-term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is

A)uniformitarianism.
B)artificial selection.
C)microevolution.
D)natural selection.
E)macroevolution.

Question 11

The three types of natural selection are

A)directional selection,artificial selection,and disruptive selection.
B)directional selection,artificial selection,and normalizing selection.
C)disruptive selection,stabilizing selection,and normalizing selection.
D)disruptive selection,stabilizing selection,and artificial selection.
E)directional selection,disruptive selection,and stabilizing selection.

Question 12

If you were going to apply the principles of Darwin to business,you would allow employees to submit a wide range of ideas and then test many,keeping the winners because in evolution,natural selection

A)neither preserves nor rejects harmful variations in a population.
B)preserves harmful variations and rejects favorable variations in a population.
C)preserves favorable and harmful variations in a population.
D)preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population.
E)No answer is correct.

Question 13

The French taxonomist who,in 1809,was the first scientist to suggest that organisms that use one part of their body repeatedly would increase their abilities was

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Alfred Russel Wallace.
C)Jean Lamarck.
D)Georges Buffon.
E)Charles Lyell.

Question 14

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because

A)antibiotics are used in feed for livestock.
B)antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for viral infections (due to pressure from patients).
C)some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed.
D)antibiotics are used to treat infections in cattle,chickens,and other animals used for agricultural purposes.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 15

A gradual change from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as

A)uniformitarianism.
B)descent with modification.
C)fossils.
D)natural selection.
E)special creation.

Question 16

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is

A)directional selection.
B)stabilizing selection.
C)disruptive selection.
D)artificial selection.
E)uniformitarianism.

Question 17

An organism's phenotype is

A)the action of single genes.
B)its observable properties.
C)not influenced by environment.
D)determined by traits acquired over the life of the organism.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 18

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q = 1,p and q represent the frequency of alleles in a population of diploid organisms if

A)two or more alleles exist for that gene.
B)two or more genes are needed to express a trait.
C)only two alleles exist for that gene.
D)the trait is polygenic.
E)only one allele exists for that genE.

Question 19

Genetic change in a population through multiple generations defines which of the following?

A)heredity
B)mitosis
C)phenotype
D)evolution
E)genotype

Question 20

Individuals whose red blood cells are the correct shape and are able to resist malaria have a better chance of reaching reproductive age.This is known as

A)heterozygote advantage.
B)homozygote advantage.
C)artificial selection.
D)heterozygote disadvantage.
E)dominant advantagE.

Question 21

Ancestors of the Galapagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands.Some seeds were very small,and required small beaks to handle.Other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack.This led to ____ among the Galapagos finches.

A)directional selection
B)stabilizing selection
C)disruptive selection
D)artificial selection
E)sexual selection

Question 22

A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females.While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating,what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?

A)The feathers require a lot of energy to produce.
B)Bright feathers make males less susceptible to predation.
C)The feathers make the male more attractive to other males.
D)There are no disadvantages to having large tail feathers.
E)The large tail feathers would make it easier to fly.

Question 23

If an environment changes rapidly,organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

A)existing beneficial mutations
B)existing neutral mutations
C)the ability to produce beneficial mutations
D)the ability to adapt their genotype
E)the correct allele frequency

Question 24

A population declines when

A)death rate exceeds reproductive rate.
B)reproductive rate exceeds death rate.
C)reproductive and death rates are equal.
D)smaller animals are selectively removeD.
E)animals are removed randomly.

Question 25

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,then what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?

A)0.32
B)0.16
C)0.04
D)0.64
E)0.40

Question 26

Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli,cauliflower,kale,and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through

A)artificial selection.
B)evolution.
C)genetic drift.
D)natural selection.
E)sexual selection.

Question 27

The North American bison was hunted to near-extinction in the 1800s.It has since recovered,but with decreased genetic diversity.This is an example of

A)founder effect.
B)a bottleneck effect.
C)natural selection.
D)increased mutation rate.
E)artificial selection.

Question 28

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food.This led to ____ for giraffes with longer necks.

A)stabilizing selection
B)disruptive selection
C)artificial selection
D)sexual selection
E)directional selection

Question 29

The founder effect

A)occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements,mating only among themselves.
B)occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements,mating only among themselves.
C)occurs when many members of a population die,resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
D)occurs when many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population.
E)does not occur in naturE.

Question 30

Alleles conferring red plumage to cardinal males are common because red plumage

A)makes males less susceptible to predation.
B)is helpful in attracting prey.
C)is preferred by female cardinals in choosing a mate.
D)allows male cardinals to easily identify each other.
E)is an example of genetic drift.

Question 31

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems,while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight.Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight.

A)stabilizing selection
B)disruptive selection
C)directional selection
D)artificial selection
E)sexual selection

Question 32

Sexually dimorphic features do not include

A)colored plumage.
B)intelligence.
C)antlers.
D)body size.
E)All of the choices are sexually dimorphic features.

Question 33

Evolution answers the question of how life began.

Question 34

When looking at the effect of fishing on average fish size over time,what hypothesis were the researchers testing?

A)Harvesting larger fish would increase the size of fish in future generations.
B)Harvesting fish randomly would decrease the size of fish in future generations.
C)Harvesting larger fish would decrease the size of fish in future generations.
D)Harvesting fish randomly would increase the size of fish in future generations.
E)Slot limits would decrease the size of fish in future generations.

Question 35

The few ancestors of the Galapagos finches who colonized the islands is an example of

A)a bottleneck.
B)natural selection.
C)increased mutation rate.
D)artificial selection.
E)founder effect.

Question 36

Darwin obtained which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?

A)Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
B)Populations grow constantly.
C)An individual's chance of survival is random.
D)Species do not change over time.
E)More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproducE.

Question 37

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,then what percent of the population will be heterozygous?

A)0.32
B)0.16
C)0.64
D)0.04
E)0.40

Question 38

The bottleneck effect

A)occurs when many members of a population die,resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
B)occurs when many members of a population reproduce,causing too much genetic diversity within the population.
C)occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements,mating only among themselves.
D)occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements,mating only among themselves.
E)does not occur in naturE.

Question 39

Historically fishermen kept larger fish and left smaller juvenile fish.Over time the average size of the fish would

A)increase by natural selection.
B)decrease by genetic drift.
C)decrease by natural selection.
D)increase by genetic drift.
E)remain unchanged.

Question 40

Today,40% of hospital Staphylococcus infections are resistant to all antibiotics except one.

Question 41

Since the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations,this principle has no importance in population studies.

Question 42

If you observed that red sea turtles became more common over time in a previously all-green population,the reason could be a selective advantge for the red phenotype,leading to a change in allele frequency.

Question 43

Natural populations usually fulfill the conditions needed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Question 44

Artificial selection is responsible for many breeds of dogs and cats.

Question 45

Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time.

Question 46

Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.

Question 47

Evolution must include a change in

A)the gene pool of a population.
B)the genes of an individual.
C)the dominant phenotype.
D)the recessive phenotype.
E)the percentage of individuals in a population with the dominant phenotypE.

Question 48

If you were studying fruit flies and found that every time you began an experiment on a gene with one allele leading to blindness when found in homozygous condition,there were always more heterozygotes with this allele than expected,you might suspect that the heterozygote had some selective advantge.

Question 49

The frequency of the sickle cell allele is kept up by the heterozygote advantage under natural selection.

Question 50

The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.

Question 51

In an evolutionary sense,"fitness" refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

Question 52

Evolution occurs

A)over generations.
B)during one lifetime.
C)at birth of an organism.
D)when a mutation occurs.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 53

Evolution occurs in individuals,not populations.

Question 54

An allele that causes defects in limb formation in frogs could be kept in a population if selected for in heterozygotes which were resistant to parasite infections in their limbs,due to that allele.

Question 55

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates.