Deck 37: Vegetative Plant Development

Question 1

Which of the following is not a feature of a seed?

A)It contains a protective coat formed from the outer layers of ovule cells.
B)The embryo is surrounded by nutritive tissue or has cotyledons that contain nutritive tissue.
C)It contains a large percentage of water to support the embryo.
D)It is a complex structure that allows the embryo to be dispersed to distant sites.
E)Environmental signals such as light or temperature can trigger germination.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Germination and early seedling growth require the use of metabolic reserves in the seed,which include starch grains known as

A)amyloplasts.
B)protoplasts.
C)chloroplasts.
D)chromoplasts.
E)mitochondria.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The name of the meristematic tissue that gives rise to future vascular tissue is

A)procambium.
B)cork cambium.
C)ground meristem.
D)dermal tissue.
E)protoderm.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements does not describe a characteristic of morphogenesis in plant embryos?

A)Changes in the rate of cell division occur.
B)Many cell divisions occur but the embryos do not increase in size much.
C)Cells expand as they form as a result of turgor pressure.
D)Changes in the planes of cell division occur.
E)Plant hormones influence the orientation of microtubule deposition on the interior of the plasma membranE.

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the early developmental stages that establishes a plant's basic body plan?

A)early cell division and patterning
B)establishment of the root-shoot axis
C)establishment of the three embryonic tissue systems
D)synchronization of the biological clock
E)morphogenesis

Question 6

$\alpha$ -amylase and other hydrolytic enzymes that allow endosperm starches to be broken down during seed germination are produced in which part of the seed?

A)scutellum
B)amyloplasts
C)aleurone layer
D)plumule
E)coleorhiza

Question 7

The seed leaves that are produced by embryonic cells and are formed from bulges on the embryo are called

A)radicles.
B)embryo sacs.
C)petioles.
D)cotyledons.
E)ovules.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about plant development is true?

A)The radial axis of the developing embryo develops before the root-shoot axis.
B)One gene controls nearly all plant root and shoot formation.
C)The MONOPTEROS gene (MP)stimulates chlorophyll synthesis in seeds.
D)Gibberellic acid is important in root-shoot axis formation.
E)Cells nearest to the suspensor ultimately form the root.

Question 9

The shoot apical meristem gives rise to all of these except

A)leaves.
B)roots.
C)floral structures.
D)stems.
E)internodes.

Question 10

Which of these is not an adaptive value of seeds for land plants?

A)Seeds permit plants to postpone development during unfavorable conditions.
B)Seeds contain stored food that helps young seedlings to develop before they can photosynthesize on their own.
C)Seeds afford maximum protection to young embyros at their most vulnerable stage of development.
D)The dispersal of seeds facilitates the migration and distribution of offspring away from the parent plant.
E)Seeds attract pollinators.

Question 11

Which of the following events is not a characteristic of successful seed germination?

A)The radicle breaks through the seed coat.
B)The shoot becomes photosynthetic.
C)The embryo becomes desiccated.
D)New growth occurs at the meristems.
E)The seedling orients itself relative to gravity.

Question 12

The elongated structure that links the embryo to the nutrient tissue of the seed is called the

A)suspensor.
B)epidermal tissue.
C)ground tissue.
D)embryo sac.
E)ovulE.

Question 13

The first,asymmetric division of the zygote produces two daughter cells that become

A)the suspensor and the embryo.
B)the epicotyl and the hypocotyls.
C)the root and the shoot.
D)the egg and pollen.
E)the xylem and the phloem.

Question 14

The Myb gene product is important in

A)allowing the seedling to break through the seed coat.
B)inducing seed dormancy in harsh environmental conditions.
C)transcribing the starch gene in the endosperm.
D)turning on GA production in the aleurone.
E)activating the $\alpha$ -amylase gene in seeds.

Question 15

The form of a plant body is mainly determined by the planes in which cells divide and by controlled changes in cell shapes.Which of these is not part of these developmental patterns?

A)Growth-regulating hormones and other factors influence the orientation of bundles of microtubules in the interior of the plasma membrane during cell division and cell expansion.
B)Transport vesicles respond to gravity.
C)Microtubules guide the orientation of cellulose deposition during the formation of new cell walls.
D)The orientation of cellulose fibers in the cell wall determines the cell's final shape.
E)Turgor pressure helps the cells expand in size after cell division.

Question 16

Which of the following molecules are not important food reserves in seeds?

A)starch
B)waxes
C)proteins
D)fats
E)oils

Question 17

One of the primary benefits of fruits for a plant is that

A)fruits keep the seeds from escaping.
B)fruits provide nutrition for the seeds.
C)fruits induce dormancy in seed embryos.
D)fruits enhance the dispersal of seeds.
E)fruits help seeds survive longer.

Question 18

Seeds cannot germinate until the embryo

A)is stimulated by ethylene signals.
B)absorbs water and oxygen.
C)forms hesperidia and integuments.
D)is exposed to fire and water.
E)gets rid of inhibitory chemicals.

Question 19

Which one of the following statements about the epicotyl is true?

A)It remains in the ground after a seed has germinated.
B)It is the portion of the stem axis that is directly below the cotyledons.
C)The shoot apical meristem of a seedling is located just above it.
D)It takes up most of the volume within a monocot or dicot seeD.
E)It forms immediately above the secondary roots of a seedling.

Question 20

Plant tissues that contain cells capable of repeated division and are found at the root and shoot apices are called

A)primary growth tissues.
B)secondary growth tissues.
C)ground tissues.
D)meristem tissues.
E)mesophyll tissues.

Question 21

At the Farmers' Market,which of these fruits would you select as examples of drupes?

A)oranges and lemons
B)peaches and plums
C)strawberries and blackberries
D)blueberries and tomatoes
E)grapes and peppers

Question 22

Samaras are a type of fruit formed by

A)apple and pear trees.
B)lemon and lime trees.
C)plum and cherry trees.
D)mulberry trees.
E)maple and elm trees.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about plant embryos is correct?

A)The suspensor forms from the shoot apical meristem before development of the root apical meristem.
B)The development of the shoot and root apical meristems is controlled independently.
C)The plant hormone abscisic acid is important in the development of the shoot-root axis.
D)The protoderm establishes the procambium tissue in the young plant embryo.
E)Apical meristems can increase the diameter of a stem provided the hormone levels are adequate at the time of germination.

Question 24

Which of the following is not one of the three basic embryonic tissue systems of a plant?

A)suspensor tissue
B)protoderm
C)procambium
D)ground tissue

Question 25

Experiments with the brown alga Fucus helped determine that

A)the cytoplasm in the zygote is evenly distributed throughout.
B)the thallus anchors the alga to the surface on which it lives.
C)light and gravity do not affect rhizoid orientation.
D)magnesium gradients allow cell wall formation.
E)the ability to "remember" where a rhizoid should form depends on the presence of a cell wall.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about cell division and patterning in a plant embryo is not correct?

A)The first cell division in flowering plant embryos is asymmetrical.
B)The two daughter cells that are produced as a result of the first cell division have two separate developmental fates.
C)Of the two daughter cells after the first division,one is smaller than the other is.
D)The smallest daughter cell becomes the suspensor.
E)The suspensor links the other daughter cell to the nutritive tissuE.

Question 27

Many seeds contain oils as a significant part of the nutritional reserves in addition to some starch because

A)Oils help keep the embryo hydrated,allowing the seed to spread to drier habitats.
B)The oils allow the embryo to adjust itself relative to gravity.
C)Oils contain more mineral nutrients than carbohydrates.
D)Oils store about twice as much energy as an equivalent amount of starch.
E)Hormones diffuse more quickly through the oils.

Question 28

Of the following terms,which one is not associated with the germination of corn,a monocot plant?

A)hypocotyl
B)coleoptile
C)coleorhiza
D)scutellum
E)primary root

Question 29

Your friend has never gardened before,and when none of the seeds he planted germinated,he asked you to suggest why.Which of the following statements is the best explanation of what occurred?

A)The monocot seeds he used were only able to produce a single cotyledon each.
B)The seeds were planted too deeply and used up their reserves before reaching the surface and sunlight.
C)The suspensor failed to develop into an embryo within each seed.
D)All seeds require fire in order to germinate.
E)Seeds take more than one season to germinatE.

Question 30

Stratification usually refers to extended exposure to ________________ that is required for some seeds to germinate?

A)long wavelengths of light
B)low temperatures (chilling)
C)high relative humidity
D)short daylengths
E)clay soil particles

Question 31

The globular stage of plant embryo development gives rise to

A)a heart-shaped embryo stage in dicots.
B)the suspensor of the germinating seed.
C)double embryos within monocots.
D)the scutellum in monocots.
E)the rhizoid of Fucus.

Question 32

Which of the following fruits is most likely to be wind-dispersed?

A)acorn
B)dandelion
C)orange
D)coconut
E)spiny burgrass

Question 33

The HOBBIT gene in an embryo helps to control the development of what structure?

A)cotyledon
B)endosperm
C)root
D)epicotyl
E)root hair

Question 34

Scratching or chipping the seed coat (scarification)of certain seeds (like alfalfa)may speed up germination of hard coated seeds because it allows

A)The mechanical stress activates enzymes.
B)Water and oxygen can enter the seed to reach the embryo more quickly.
C)Carbon dioxide can enter the seed and stimulate photosynthesis to start.
D)Bacteria or fungi can enter the seed and trigger hormones.
E)Damage to the seed coat releases $\alpha$ -amylases into the endosperm.

Question 35

The single cotyledon within the kernels of cereal grains is known as

A)an aleurone.
B)a hypocotyl.
C)a dicot.
D)a scutellum.
E)an amyloplast.

Question 36

Which of these structures does not begin development during embryogenesis?

A)apical meristem
B)vascular tissue
C)floral primordia
D)leaf primordial
E)ground tissue

Question 37

When a seed germinates,the embryo emerges from its dormancy.The embryo then begins which generation of the typical plant life cycle?

A)sporophyte generation
B)gametophyte generation
C)dominant generation
D)inconspicuous generation
E)alternation of generation

Question 38

What is one explanation for why Hox genes that determine body plans are less important in plant embryos than animal embryos?

A)Plants have simpler body plans than animals.
B)Animal embryos develop more quickly than plant ones.
C)Plant embryos are relatively simple;most of the development and differentiation of the plant body takes place in seedlings and adult plants.Animal embryos are much more complex.
D)Plant embryos can go dormant,unlike animal embryos.
E)Hormones are more important in plant embryos.

Question 39

The portion of a dicot seedling that is below the cotyledons is called the

A)cotyledonary internode.
B)epicotyl.
C)hypocotyl.
D)plumule.
E)subcotyl.

Question 40

Which part of a flower develops into the pericarp of the fruit?

A)stigma
B)receptacle
C)ovary wall
D)embryo
E)seed coat

Question 41

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.hypocotyl
B.endosperm
C.scutellum
D.radicle
E.epicotyl
The stem axis of the embryo below the cotyledons in some seedlings.

Question 42

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.hypocotyl
B.endosperm
C.scutellum
D.radicle
E.epicotyl
Nutritive tissue within angiosperm seeds.

Question 43

Which part of an ovule ultimately forms the seed coat?

A)outside of the embryo sac
B)micropyle
C)integuments
D)pollen tube remnants
E)synergids

Question 44

Animals are not attracted to fruits before the seeds are mature because

A)their photosynthesis does not contributes to seed nutritional storage reserves.
B)many fruits are green,hard,and sour before they become ripe.
C)immature fruits do not absorb wavelengths of light that would trigger seed germination.
D)Animals are no hungry at this time.
E)hormones have not been triggered yet.

Question 45

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.hypocotyl
B.endosperm
C.scutellum
D.radicle
E.epicotyl
A single cotyledon found in the kernels of cereal grains.

Question 46

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.hypocotyl
B.endosperm
C.scutellum
D.radicle
E.epicotyl
The part of the stem axis that extends above the cotyledons in some seedlings.

Question 47

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.hypocotyl
B.endosperm
C.scutellum
D.radicle
E.epicotyl
The embryonic root apex.

Question 48

Gymnosperms do not produce which of these structures associated with seeds?

A)cotyledons
B)storage reserves
C)samaras
D)seed coats
E)suspensors

Question 49

Which of these is an aggregate fruit?

A)grapes
B)blackberries
C)cranberries
D)pineapples
E)bananas

Question 50

The seed bank in a particular habitat is dependent on what characteristic of seeds?

A)the nutritional quality of the seeds
B)natural variation in the size of seeds
C)the attractiveness of animal dispersers
D)seeds with prolonged dormancy
E)the ability of seeds to absorb soil hormones

Question 51

The style connects the _________ to the _____________.

A)embryo;nutritional tissue
B)anther;filament
C)sepals;receptacle
D)stigma;ovary
E)pollen;embryo sac

Question 52

Why do few plants produce seeds that germinate successfully under water?

A)Most seeds float.
B)Oxygen concentrations are very low.
C)The seed coats prevent water absorption.
D)There is no CO₂.
E)Animals cannot find them to disperse them.

Question 53

Why do some seeds need to pass through an animal's digestive tract before they will germinate?

A)The warm temperatures trigger germination.
B)The alternating light and dark exposure triggers germination.
C)The seeds get wet inside the animal.
D)Digestive enzymes and strong acids make the seed coat permeable to water and oxygen.
E)The seed travels away from the parent plant before it is excreted by the animal.

Question 54

An embryo containing the SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (stm)gene mutation and the hobbit gene mutation would still be able to develop which of these structures?

A)root cap
B)shoot apical meristem
C)root apical meristem
D)leaf primordia
E)cotyledons