Deck 26: The Tree of Life

Question 1

Endosymbiotic relationships between prokaryotes evolved into more complex cell types called ________,which possessed nuclear membranes and membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 1

eukaryotic

Question 2

The hypothesis of __________ proposes that meteors or cosmic dust may have brought complex organic molecules to Earth.

Answer 2

panspermia

Question 3

Organelles such as the nucleus are not present in _________ organisms.

Answer 3

prokaryotic

Question 4

The names of genera were the basic point of reference in _____________ systems.

Question 5

An experimental test of the hypothesis to explain the origin of the first organic compounds on Earth might include all of the following sequential steps (starting with A and proceeding to E)except

A)assembling an atmosphere with H₂,CH₄,NH₃,and H₂S.
B)placing this atmosphere over liquid water.
C)inoculating with a few bacteria to get the process started.
D)increasing the temperature of the gases.
E)providing energy with electrical spark discharges.

Question 6

The name of an organism according to the binomial system developed by Linnaeus includes both the genus and the _______.

Question 7

Which of the following was produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others?

A)ammonia and water
B)amino acids
C)CO₂ and H₂O
D)formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide
E)methane and oxygen

Question 8

Prokaryotes were the only organisms for about _________ billion years after life began on Earth.

Question 9

The biological specialty that deals with the classification and naming of organisms is called __________.

Question 10

The early Earth's reducing atmosphere probably contained all of the following except

A)carbon dioxide.
B)water.
C)oxygen.
D)hydrogen sulfide.
E)methanE.

Question 11

The early atmospheric condition of primitive Earth was thought to contain ample hydrogen atoms which was conducive to bond formation and is referred to as a ___________ atmosphere.

Question 12

The highest (most inclusive)unit of biological classification is called ________________.

Question 13

The oldest microfossils are of

A)prokaryotes.
B)eukaryotes.
C)insects.
D)pollen grains.
E)small animals.

Question 14

All living organisms possess the following features except

A)photosynthesis.
B)cellular organization.
C)growth and metabolism.
D)reproduction and heredity.
E)homeostasis.

Question 15

The Swedish biologist,________,developed a simpler two-part (binomial)naming system for organisms.

Question 16

It has been discovered that enzyme-like catalysis can be carried out not only by enzymes but also by

A)sugars.
B)DNA.
C)phospholipids.
D)RNA.
E)steroids.

Question 17

All of the following were produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others,except for

A)amino acids.
B)adenine and other nucleotides.
C)prokaryotes.
D)hydrogen cyanide.
E)urea.

Question 18

The age of the Earth according to modern estimations is

A)8 billion years.
B)4.5 billion years.
C)3.5 billion years.
D)1.5 billion years.
E)a few thousand years.

Question 19

Life apparently originated on Earth about

A)1 million years ago.
B)6000 years ago.
C)4.5 billion years ago.
D)8 billion years ago.
E)3.5 billion years ago.

Question 20

The characteristics of life include all of the following except

A)complexity.
B)homeostasis.
C)multicellularity.
D)sensitivity to environment.
E)heredity.

Question 21

Living organisms can be divided into _____ domains.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 22

The biological name of an organism in the binomial system contains two parts,the genus and the

A)species.
B)phylum.
C)kingdom.
D)order.
E)family.

Question 23

Two principal organelles of eukaryotes that share features with one another and with bacteria from which they apparently were derived are the

A)flagella and ciliA.
B)microfilaments and microtubules.
C)mitochondria and chloroplasts.
D)rough ER and smooth ER.
E)plasma membrane and nuclear membranE.

Question 24

Eukaryotic organisms are classified into a total of

A)one kingdoms.
B)two kingdoms.
C)three kingdoms.
D)four kingdoms.
E)six kingdoms.

Question 25

The group that probably gave rise to chloroplasts is the

A)cyanobacteriA.
B)green photosynthetic bacteria.
C)purple sulfur bacteria.
D)non-sulfur purple bacteria.
E)methane bacteria.

Question 26

One of the theories about the origin of life is panspermia.Panspermia proposes that

A)extraterrestrials from extreme distances from Earth seeded the developing planet with primitive life forms,which eventually evolved into what we know today.
B)meteors and/or cosmic dust clouds carried various primitive life forms to the Earth,which eventually evolved into what we know today.
C)meteors and/or cosmic dust clouds carried various complex organic molecules to the Earth,which eventually evolved into what we know today.
D)extraterrestrials from extreme distances from Earth seeded the developing planet with complex organic molecules,which eventually evolved into what we know today.
E)spontaneous generation of life followed either an extraterrestrial visit or a meteor deposition of inorganic molecules.

Question 27

The oldest fossils of eukaryotes have been estimated to be

A)6000 years old.
B)8 billion years old.
C)4.5 billion years old.
D)2.5 billion years olD.
E)1995 years old.

Question 28

Kingdom Protista can be described as

A)monophyletic.
B)paraphyletic.
C)symphyletiC.
D)phylogenetic.
E)polyphyletic.

Question 29

All living organisms share all of the following features in common except they

A)carry out metabolism.
B)transfer energy with ATP.
C)encode hereditary information in DNA.
D)are composed of one or more cells.
E)contain organelles.

Question 30

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by

A)endosymbiosis.
B)exocytosis.
C)pinocytosis.
D)mutation.
E)natural selection.

Question 31

Of the following,the largest,most inclusive grouping in the classification scheme is

A)genus.
B)family.
C)kingdom.
D)class.
E)order.

Question 32

One day while Dr.Rogers was working in his taxonomic laboratory,a package arrived with the following label: "Beware,the contents of this package contains a eukaryotic,multicellular,nonmotile,nonphotosynthetic life form.Open with extreme caution." Dr.Rogers quickly closed the doors and windows of his laboratory and opened the package.To which kingdom of life could this life form belong?

A)Archaebacteria
B)Animalia
C)Fungi
D)Plantae
E)Protista

Question 33

In that any one group fits within a more inclusive group,the biological classification systems are

A)evolutionary.
B)hierarchical.
C)inclusive.
D)numerical.
E)programmed.

Question 34

The binomial system of classification of organisms was developed by

A)Darwin.
B)Linnaeus.
C)Wallace.
D)Griffith.
E)Schleidin.

Question 35

Which of the following was demonstrated by the Miller-Urey experiment?

A)Life began in the oceans.
B)Life can be started experimentally in the laboratory.
C)Organic molecules important to life could have been formed from a vast array of simple chemicals.
D)Life began on the pre-biotic Earth 3.5 billion years ago.

Question 36

Of the following,the correct order from largest,most inclusive group to smallest,most specific group,is

A)species,genus,family,class,order.
B)species,family,genus,class,order.
C)class,genus,order,family,species.
D)class,order,family,genus,species.
E)class,family,order,genus,species.

Question 37

In the taxonomic hierarchical system for grouping organisms,the next higher group to a family is

A)genus.
B)order.
C)class.
D)species.
E)phylum.

Question 38

Of the following primitive Earth conditions and chemical reactions,which one do biochemists know was important to the formation of amino acids and subsequent formation of complex carbon molecules that are common to life?

A)There had to be a reducing atmosphere rather than one with oxygen,otherwise formation of those molecules would have been extremely difficult.
B)There had to be an atmosphere with oxygen rather than a reducing atmosphere,otherwise formation of those molecules would have been extremely difficult.
C)Cellular respiration was necessary for the reducing atmosphere to form,otherwise photosynthesis would not have been able to occur.
D)Sulfide molecules from deep-sea vents interacted with available atmospheric oxygen,producing a reducing atmosphere that would have encouraged amino acid formation.
E)Silicate surfaces provide excellent substrates for cellular respiration,thus increasing the available atmospheric oxygen,which in turn promoted evolution of inorganic molecules into animate forms.

Question 39

Most biologists now recognize and use a newer system for classification of all organisms that identify

A)two kingdoms.
B)three kingdoms.
C)four kingdoms.
D)five kingdoms.
E)six kingdoms.

Question 40

A kingdom not containing eukaryotes is

A)ProtistA.
B)Archaebacteria.
C)Fungi.
D)Animalia.
E)Plantae (virdiplantae).

Question 41

Lacking one of the criteria to be strictly classified as living units and containing fragments of eukaryotic genomes,the viruses are included in

A)bacteriA.
B)protists.
C)yeasts.
D)prokaryotes.
E)none of the kingdoms.

Question 42

If two organisms are in the same phylum and the same order,then they also belong to the same

A)class.
B)family.
C)genus.
D)species.
E)subspecies.

Question 43

Eutherians mammals are placed in four groups,a major split occurring between

A)North and South American clades.
B)Australian and African clades.
C)African and South American clades.
D)marsupials and monotremes.
E)Asian and North American clades.

Question 44

Segmentation is thought to have evolved three times,twice in protostomes and once in deuterstomes as seen in the

A)echinoderms.
B)nematodes.
C)flatworms.
D)mollusks.
E)chordates.

Question 45

True multicellularity is a major characteristic of

A)all eukaryotes and a few prokaryotes.
B)animals and plants only.
C)eukaryotes only.
D)protists,plants,and animals.
E)prokaryotes and protists.

Question 46

In the original experiments by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey to synthesize organic molecules in an abiotic environment,which one of the following would you not expect to find in the collection flask?

A)urea
B)amino acids
C)ATP
D)adenine
E)formaldehyde

Question 47

The first living organisms that arose on earth are believed to have evolved according to a series of steps represented by the appearance of specific molecules.Of the molecules listed,which one would most likely have appeared fourth?

A)hydrogen cyanide
B)ATP
Ribozymes
D)DNA
E)amino acids

Question 48

Which statement is an accurate description of the characteristics found in the examples below that relate to the three Domains of life?

A)Archaea and Eukarya share the characteristic of membrane bound organelles.
B)Bacteria and Archaea share the characteristic of nuclear envelope.
C)Eukarya and Bacteria share the characteristic of membrane bound organelles.
D)Archaea and Eukarya share the characteristic of growth not inhibited by streptomycin and chloramphenicol.
E)Archaea and Bacteria share the characteristic of branched membrane lipid structurE.

Question 49

Annelids and arthropods were thought to be closely related in one sense because of the character of segmentation.Molecular data has recently shown that

A)segmentation evolved separately in these two groups.
B)arthropods and roundworms are more closely related.
C)annelids are more closely related to flatworms and mollusks.
D)annelids and arthropods have been evolving separately for a long time.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about viruses is not accurate?

A)Viruses are fragments of nucleic acids with associated proteins.
B)Viruses can infect organisms at all taxonomic levels.
C)Viruses can be placed in the Archaea Domain of life because of their similarities with these primitive organisms.
D)Viruses cannot reproduce on their own.
E)Viruses can invade cells and produce more copies of themselves.

Question 51

Pinus in the scientific name Pinus ponderosa is the

A)phylum.
B)class.
C)family.
D)genus.
E)species.

Question 52

Kingdom ____________would include green algae and land plants.

A)Chloroplantae
B)Plantae
C)Chloroprotista
D)Viridiplantae
E)Chlorophyta

Question 53

An organism has just been located and needs to be placed into one of the domains of life.The characteristics that have been reported are multicellular and autotrophic.Based on your knowledge,which domain should this organism be placed?

A)Bacteria
B)Archaea
C)Bacteria
D)Eukarya
E)Virdiplantae

Question 54

The apparatus in the figure was used by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey to study the origin of life on Earth.The presence of what compound in chamber B in the apparatus will prevent the accumulation of simple organic molecules in compartment A?

A)CO₂
B)O₂
C)NH₃
D)H₂
E)H₂O

Question 55

The order Passeriformes includes all of the so-called perching birds.Select a choice (A-E)to make the following sentence true: The next more inclusive taxon to the Passeriformes would be the ________;the next less inclusive taxon would be the __________.

A)phylum;class
B)phylum;family
C)class;family
D)family;class
E)family;genus

Question 56

Molecular data indicates that land plants belong in the same ________ as green algae.

A)clade
B)family
C)kingdom
D)order
E)class

Question 57

The phenomenon that probably gave rise to the organelles in eukaryotes is

A)recombination.
B)mutation.
C)syngamy.
D)endosymbiosis.
E)multicellularity.

Question 58

Urey and Miller,using a sterile container with boiling water,a reducing atmosphere,an electric spark,and a condenser,were able to determine that

A)RNA was most likely to be a hereditary molecule in early lifeforms.
B)simple lipid vesicles would form spontaneously.
C)all life on earth seems to share a common ancestor.
D)simple lifeforms would form under these conditions.
E)some of the organic compounds needed for life could be formed abiotically.

Question 59

Which of the following is generally not considered essential to explain the origin of life on Earth?

A)a reducing atmosphere
B)sexual reproduction
C)a suitable energy source
D)organic building block compounds
E)formation of a constraining lipid or protein boundary

Question 60

A scientist is studying endosymbiosis in cells.This means she is investigating

A)how mitochondria and chloroplasts were derived from eukaryotic cells.
B)how mitochondria and chloroplasts were derived from prokaryotic cells.
C)how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved into eukaryotic cells.
D)how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved into prokaryotic cells.
E)how mitochondria but not chloroplasts evolved into prokaryotic cells.

Question 61

Which one of the following statements about the characteristics of eukaryotes is false?

A)The structure of the eukaryotic cell allows the physical separation of replication and transcription.
B)Multicellularity in the eukaryotes has multiple origins.
C)Not all eukaryotes are multicellular.
D)Meiosis,fertilization,and crossing over are unique features of sexual reproduction.
E)A cytoskeleton is a unique feature of eukaryotic cells.

Question 62

Although the Archaebacteria were classified in the same group with the Bacteria,they are probably more closely related to the Eukarya.Which one of the following features do they share in common with the bacteria?

A)introns in some genes
B)a branched membrane lipid structure
C)several different RNA polymerases
D)absence of nuclear envelope
E)no peptidoglycan in cell walls

Question 63

Which one of the following statements about viruses is false?

A)Viruses do not fit into biological classification schemes.
B)The viral genome can consist of DNA or RNA.
C)Viruses are considered detached fragments of prokaryotic genomes.
D)A virus can only reproduce when within a host cell.
E)Viruses are acellular.

Question 64

Which one of the following statements about endosymbiosis and the origin of the eukaryotic cell is false?

A)Mitochondria are the descendants of purple nonsulfur bacteriA.
B)The chloroplasts of red and green alga are the descendants of cyanobacteria.
C)The brown algae acquired their chloroplasts by engulfing a prokaryotic cell with chloroplasts.
D)Not all compartments of the eukaryotic cell are derived from the endomembrane system.
E)Ultimately,both the chloroplast and the mitochondria of eukaryotes are descendants of prokaryotic cells.

Question 65

Which one of the following statements about protists is false?

A)Any eukaryote that is not a plant,fungus,or animal is classified as a protist.
B)The green algae are more closely related to the plants.
C)The choanoflagellates are more closely related to the fungi than to other protists.
D)The kingdom Protista is probably paraphyletic.
E)The new kingdom Virdiplantae contains a group previously included in the Protista.

Question 66

Which one of the following statements about the classification of arthropods and crustaceans is false?

A)Traditionally,insects were grouped with the myriapods (centipedes and millipedes).
B)One role of the Hox gene family is to determine the patterning of appendages.
C)Molecular phylogenetics suggests that insects are "flying crustaceans."
D)Insects are uniramous,whereas crustaceans are biramous.
E)Molecular phylogenetics suggests that myriapods and insects may be sister clades.

Question 67

Which one of the following statements about the classification of annelids and arthropods is false?

A)Annelids and arthropods are protostomes.
B)The lophotrochozoans and the ecdysozoans are sister clades within the Protostomia.
C)Segmentation is an ancestral trait for the protostomes.
D)One role of the Hox gene family is to regulate segmentation.
E)Segmentation arose independently in the Deuterostomia.

Question 68

Which one of the following statements about origin of land plants is false?

A)Chlorophyta and Streptophyta are sister clades within the kingdom Virdiplantae.
B)Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)occurred several times in the evolution of the land plants.
C)The Streptophyta group Charales is a sister clade to the land plants.
D)Land plants are now considered a subgroup within the Chlorophyta.
E)Moss mitochondrial genes are present in the ancient flowering plant Amborella.