Deck 22: The Origin of Species

Question 1

Many species might coexist in a particular environment by occupying different areas called

A)biomes.
B)habitats.
C)territories.
D)domains.
E)ranges.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Once species have formed,they keep their identity by

A)developmental differences.
B)genetic blocks.
C)isolating mechanisms.
D)somatic mutations.
E)structural modifications.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which one of the following is not an example of a reproductive isolating mechanism?

A)sympatric isolation
B)behavioral isolation
C)ecological isolation
D)mechanical isolation
E)temporal isolation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A _______ is a group of organisms that differs in one or more characteristics from other groups,and does not hybridize or intermate extensively if they occur together in nature.

Question 5

The model that assumes that evolution proceeds with slow successive change in a given evolutionary line is referred to as

A)successive descent model.
B)punctuated equilibrium.
C)gradualism.
D)the allopatric model.
E)the sympatric model.

Question 6

The basic unit of evolution and taxonomy is the

A)ecosystem.
B)population.
C)species.
D)community.
E)nichE.

Question 7

The distinctive role of a species in nature is its

A)fitness.
B)adaptation.
C)habitat.
D)niche.
E)life cyclE.

Question 8

Two groups of organisms that differ from one another in one or more characteristics and do not hybridize extensively if they occur together in nature are considered to be different

A)races.
B)species.
C)kingdoms.
D)hybrids.
E)cohabitants.

Question 9

The model proposed by Eldredge and Gould for the formation of species is called the ___________ model.

A)gradualism
B)punctuated equilibrium
C)adaptation
D)natural selection
E)common descent

Question 10

A type of isolating mechanism that leads to reproductive isolation after a hybrid zygote has formed is called _____________ isolating mechanism.

A)hybridization
B)postzygotic
C)prezygotic
D)adaptive
E)differential

Question 11

If populations within a common area split into species,the process is known as

A)sympatric speciation.
B)allopatric speciation.
C)racial speciation.
D)ecotypical speciation.
E)reproductive speciation.

Question 12

The type of speciation that geographically isolates populations and results in the divergence of distinct species is called ____________ speciation.

A)gradual
B)sympatric
C)allopatric
D)sexual
E)adaptive

Question 13

To ensure that individuals mate with their own species a variety of communication cues have evolved.Select the exception.

A)vocalizations
B)pheromones
C)visual signals such as body colors
D)visual signals such as rituals,dances
E)hormones

Question 14

Which of the following statements describe the assumptions of the gradualism model?

A)Evolution occurs in spurts,between which there are long periods in where there is little evolutionary change.
B)Evolution proceeds incrementally,with incremental change in a given evolutionary line.
C)There is variability in the rates of evolution.
D)Speciation is essential to evolution.
E)Periods of stasis occur.

Question 15

The __________ __________ model assumes that evolution occurs in spurts,between which there are long periods of stasis with little evolutionary change.

Question 16

A type of isolating mechanism that leads to reproductive isolation by preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes is called _____________ isolating mechanism.

A)hybridization
B)postzygotic
C)prezygotic
D)adaptive
E)differential

Question 17

Recurrent isolation promotes _______.

Question 18

The process by which related species become more different in order to reduce competition is called ___________ __________.

Question 19

Natural selection promotes speciation by all of the following except

A)strengthening isolating mechanisms.
B)restricting gene flow.
C)character displacement.
D)promoting polyploidy.
E)affecting the survivorship of hybrids.

Question 20

The phenomenon where one species diverges into many by occupying a series of different habitats within a region is called __________ __________.

Question 21

Which of the following choices correctly presents only prezygotic isolating mechanisms?

A)geographical isolation,ecological isolation,behavioral isolation,and hybrid sterility
B)temporal isolation,mechanical isolation,hybrid adults die before mating,geographical isolation
C)ecological isolation,geographical isolation,mechanical isolation,hybrid sterility
D)geographical isolation,temporal isolation,behavioral isolation,mechanical isolation

Question 22

Sympatric speciation can involve all of the following except

A)disruptive selection.
B)reproductive isolating mechanisms.
C)autopolyploidy.
D)two or more populations separated by a geographic barrier.
E)allopolyploidy.

Question 23

Diversity through time is represented by the figure shown.Select the statement that presents an accurate interpretation.

A)There were more families of organisms during the Ordovician than the Tertiary.
B)There were more families of organisms during the Cambrian than the Carboniferous.
C)There were more families of organisms during the Jurassic than the Tertiary.
D)There were more families of organisms during the Cretaceous the Tertiary.
E)There were more families of organisms during Tertiary than the Cambrian.

Question 24

Species formation among alpine buttercups in New Zealand was promoted by

A)mechanical isolation.
B)gametic isolation.
C)periodic isolation by glaciation.
D)temporal isolation.
E)geographical isolation.

Question 25

A virgin pine forest covers a valley,and one of the inhabitants is a red squirrel species.A large volcanic eruption occurs and separates the valley with a huge lava flow that the squirrels cannot cross,thus producing two isolated populations of squirrels.What change needs to occur for the two populations of squirrels to become separate species?

A)The two squirrel populations must eat distinct species of plants.
B)The area that the squirrel populations occupy changes so that the squirrel populations exist in distinct habitats.
C)The fur color of the two squirrel populations must become distinct.
D)The two squirrel populations select mates using the same sexual behavior.
E)The two squirrel populations become reproductively isolated.

Question 26

Which one of the following could not apply to a postzygotic isolating mechanism?

A)Hybrids are sterile.
B)Hybrids develop abnormally.
C)Hybrids fail to become established in nature.
D)Hybrids are selected against.
E)Hybrids cannot be formed.

Question 27

The most common mechanism for sympatric speciation in plants is

A)polyploidy.
B)geographic isolation.
C)spontaneous mutation.
D)punctuated equilibrium.
E)disruptive selection.

Question 28

Adaptive radiation is best described as the

A)existence of groups of closely related species recently evolved from a common ancestor.
B)existence of groups of distantly related species recently evolved from a common ancestor.
C)existence of groups of closely related species recently evolved from different ancestors through hybridization.
D)existence of individuals of closely related species that originated in different areas within diverse habitats,but that have rejoined as a single species.

Question 29

The production of new species through hybridization is especially important in

A)finches.
B)fruit flies.
C)humans.
D)plants.
E)mules.

Question 30

Select the best answer from the choices listed that describes punctuated equilibrium proposed by Eldredge and Gould in 1972.It is an evolutionary process that involves

A)gradual change observable in the fossil record with very little if any stasis.
B)"spurts" of change observable in the fossil record followed by periods of stasis.
C)gradual change observable in the fossil record followed by periods of stasis.
D)"spurts" of change observable in the fossil record with very little if any stasis.
E)gradual change observable in the fossil record followed by periods of no change at all.

Question 31

Very rapid speciation occurred when cichlid fishes were isolated in Lake Victoria.Widespread extinction was dramatically seen when

A)artificial selection stopped.
B)predatory fish were added.
C)hybridization stopped.
D)fishing was prohibiteD.
E)insect larvae stocks were depleted.

Question 32

Prezygotic mechanisms lead to reproductive isolation by preventing the formation of

A)mating pairs.
B)fertile eggs.
C)fertile sperm or pollen cells.
D)somatic cells.
E)hybrid zygotes.

Question 33

Adaptive radiation is likely to produce several to many

A)key innovations.
B)species clusters.
C)sterile hybrids.
D)reproductive isolating mechanisms.
E)races.

Question 34

All of the following are examples of prezygotic isolating mechanisms except

A)ecological isolation.
B)temporal isolation.
C)mechanical incompatibility.
D)hybrid sterility.
E)prevention of gamete fusion.

Question 35

The biological species concept proposed by Ernst Mayr emphasizes all of the following except

A)hybridization between different species.
B)production of fertile offspring within the species.
C)natural populations.
D)reproductive isolation from other species.
E)interbreeding within the species.

Question 36

One of the main isolating mechanisms among hundreds of species of Drosophila in Hawaii appears to be

A)behavioral.
B)temporal.
C)geographical.
D)mechanical.
E)none of the choices.

Question 37

The production of new species through hybridization is sometimes made easier in plants by

A)adaptation.
B)meiosis.
C)parthenogenesis.
D)hybrid sterility.
E)polyploidy.

Question 38

All of the following describe members of a species except

A)they have several isolated gene pools.
B)they differ from other species in one or more characteristics.
C)they cannot hybridize freely with other species members.
D)they can interbreed freely with all other members.
E)for potential gene flow with all other members.

Question 39

In the southeastern U.S. ,two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca)do not usually form hybrids,because they bloom at different seasons.The means of isolation appears to be

A)behavioral.
B)temporal.
C)geographical.
D)mechanical.
E)ecological.

Question 40

Diversity through time is represented by the figure shown.Following periods of extinction the total numbers of families of organisms

A)usually recovered within a million years or less,showing remarkable adaptive radiation.
B)usually recovered within about ten million years,and have increased since the beginning of life.
C)usually recovered within about ten million years,indicating the mechanism is probably punctuated equilibrium.
D)usually did not recover at all-the total numbers gradually decline over time.

Question 41

Which one of the following statements about the Lake Victoria cichlid fishes is false?

A)The adaptive radiation of the estimated 300 species of cichlid fish was very rapid and took place during the last 200,000 years.
B)The adaptive radiation of the Lake Victoria cichlids may have resulted from a key evolutionary innovation.
C)Speciation of the Lake Victoria cichlids was mainly allopatric and resulted from varying lake levels.
D)The diversity of the Lake Victoria cichlids continues today because the lake is devoid of predators.
E)Many of the Lake Victoria cichlids have very specialized adaptations that allow them to occupy diverse habitats within the lakE.

Question 42

Several species of sea urchins may inhabit the same tide pool and their reproductive periods overlap.Although they practice external fertilization,they seldom interbreed because eggs produce chemicals that are only attractive to sperm of their own species.This is an example of a _________ barrier involving ________________.

A)prezygotic;geographic isolation
B)prezygotic;temporal isolation
C)prezygotic;gametic isolation
D)postzygotic;gametic isolation
E)postzygotic;hybrid infertility

Question 43

Which of the following is not a reason that the Galapagos Islands and the Hawaiian Islands have so many endemic species of flies and birds?

A)numerous islands in archipelago
B)adequate distance between islands to allow divergence
C)founder effect when islands are colonized
D)character displacement
E)numerous volcanic events

Question 44

Which one of the following statements about the diversity of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands is false?

A)All of the finches share a common ancestor that colonized the islands.
B)Prior to the adaptive radiation of finches,there were many unoccupied habitats in the Galápagos Islands.
C)The many islands in the Galápagos archipelago favored allopatric speciation.
D)The adaptive radiation of Darwin's finches resulted from a key evolutionary innovation.
E)There are several species clusters of finches.

Question 45

The biological species concept of Ernst Mayr can be applied to all of the following except

A)sympatric organisms.
B)allopatric organisms.
C)eukaryotic organisms.
D)prokaryotic organisms.
E)asexually-reproducing organisms.

Question 46

Due to character displacement,two closely related species may differ most morphologically when they

A)are allopatric.
B)are sympatric.
C)occupy the same niche.
D)occupy different niches.
E)share a common ancestor.

Question 47

Which form of speciation is most rapid?

A)allopatric speciation on the mainland
B)allopatric speciation on the island archipelagos
C)sympatric speciation via polyploidy
D)sympatric speciation via disruptive selection
E)sympatric speciation via character displacement

Question 48

Which of the following is true about speciation on island archipelagos?

A)Speciation is slow because it depends on emigration from the mainland.
B)Most speciation occurs allopatrically.
C)Ecological competition may cause new species to go extinct slowing speciation.
D)Speciation by polyploidy is most common.
E)Species clusters are less common.

Question 49

Which one of the following factors was not important in creating the adaptive radiation of Drosophila in the Hawaiian islands?

A)The Hawaiian islands are an archipelago.
B)New islands are constantly being formed.
C)High rates of mutation due to radioactive materials in the lava flows.
D)The existence of land islands called kipukas.
E)The presence of unoccupied niches.

Question 50

Two populations that inhabit the same area but remain genetically distinct can best be called

A)species.
B)subspecies (races).
C)polymorphiC.
D)allopatric species.
E)sympatric species.

Question 51

Imagine two species of birds with similar beak sizes and diets.Where the two species are allopatric,we would expect that their beak sizes

A)should not differ than when sympatric.
B)should differ more than when sympatric.
C)should differ less than when sympatriC.
D)should both be larger.
E)should both be smaller.

Question 52

Several new tetraploid species of plant known as the salsifies have arisen in western North America from diploid species by allopolyploidy.This mode of speciation is known as ________ and it occurs ________.

A)allopatric speciation;almost instantaneously
B)allopatric speciation;very slowly
C)sympatric speciation;almost instantaneously
D)sympatric speciation;very slowly
E)adaptive radiation;very slowly

Question 53

If a new species is produced by the interbreeding of two members of distinct species,this would be __________ speciation achieved via __________.

A)allopatric;autopolyploidy
B)allopatric;allopolyploidy
C)sympatric;autopolyploidy
D)sympatric;allopolyploidy
E)sympatric;divergence

Question 54

Many male songbirds have very distinctive songs that are used to attract females.These songs are an example of a(n)________ isolating mechanism.

A)ecological
B)behavioral
C)temporal
D)mechanical
E)gametic

Question 55

Which one of the following statements about gradualism and punctuated equilibrium is false?

A)Darwin's publication,On the Origin of Species,changed the view of evolution from gradualism to that of punctuated equilibrium.
B)The pace of evolution according to the theory of gradualism is like the pace during stasis according to the theory of punctuated equilibrium.
C)According to the theory of punctuated equilibrium,evolutionary change occurs only during brief periods of speciation.
D)Stasis is likely caused by periods of stabilizing and oscillating selection.
E)Gradualism suggests that evolutionary change is not linked to speciation.

Question 56

Which of the following phrases is not an essential part of the biological species concept?

A)morphologically distinct
B)reproductive isolation
C)independent evolutionary unit
D)actually or potentially interbreeding
E)no gene flow with other species

Question 57

Which one of the following statements about the adaptive radiation of New Zealand alpine buttercups is false?

A)Allopatric speciation occurred mainly during periods of glacial recession.
B)Divergence occurred mainly during periods of glacial advance.
C)The availability of a variety of habitats favored diversification.
D)Reproductive isolation was reinforced mainly during periods of glacial recession.
E)Sympatric speciation is unimportant in explaining the adaptive radiation of New Zealand alpine buttercups.

Question 58

The biological species concept of Ernst Mayr can be applied to all of the following except

A)sympatric organisms.
B)allopatric organisms.
C)eukaryotic organisms.
D)prokaryotic organisms.
E)fossil organisms.

Question 59

Lake Victoria is famous for its variety of cichlid fishes.In fact,they offer the most diverse assembly of vertebrates presently known to science.One trait that scientists have focused on,as one possible reason for their adaptability is

A)a second set of scales that lie beneath the top outermost scales.
B)a second set of jaws in their throats.
C)gill arches that are not covered by an operculum,which prevents hiding places for gill parasites.
D)digestive tracts that are able to process most substrates,which has eliminated the need for feeding specialization.
E)ability to change color in relationship to their environment.

Question 60

If two species are able to mate and produce an offspring which can mate with itself,but which is unable to mate with its parent's species then this can best be described as an example of

A)allopatric speciation.
B)sympatric speciation via disruptive selection.
C)sympatric speciation via polyploidy.
D)a species cluster.
E)character displacement.

Question 61

Which one of the following statements about mass extinctions is false?

A)The five major mass extinctions were all followed by a rebound in species diversity.
B)By definition,in mass extinctions all major groups are affected equally.
C)Major changes in the direction of evolution have often occurred after mass extinctions.
D)The five major mass extinctions were caused mainly by geological events and,perhaps,collision with asteroids.
E)Rebound from the current,sixth mass extinction may be slower than in previous mass extinctions.