Deck 12: Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

In a typical Mendel experiment on pea-seed color,if the dominant yellow seed-bearing plant was crossed with the recessive green seed-bearing plant,the F₂ generation will show what ratio of each kind?

A)1 yellow: 3 green
B)1 yellow: 1 green
C)3 yellow: 1 green
D)seeds with patches of green and yellow color
E)tall plants with yellow seeds and short plants with green seeds

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Mendel's understanding of the inheritance of traits in peas,expressed in modern language,included all of the following except

A)parents transmit information encoded in genes.
B)each individual contains two genes for each trait.
C)not all genes are identical;alternative forms (alleles)exist.
D)each of the alleles present in an individual is discrete.
E)if a given allele is present,its effects will be seen in the individual.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Mendel used the garden ___ plant for his studies on inheritance.

A)lily
B)carrot
C)onion
D)pea

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Mendel referred to the trait that was expressed in the hybrid,F₁ or first filial generation as

A)recessive.
B)dominant.
C)codominant.
D)independent.
E)epistatic.

Question 5

Individuals carrying two "factors" for most traits are

A)haploid.
B)diploid.
C)eukaryotiC.
D)homozygous.
E)heterozygous.

Question 6

Early geneticists demonstrated all of the following about inherited traits except

A)traits can be masked in some generations,but subsequently reappear unchanged in future generations.
B)traits segregate among the offspring of a cross.
C)certain traits are more likely to be represented than their alternatives.
D)all traits breed true.

Question 7

Traits that breed _______ can be passed onto future generations without alteration.

A)intact
B)true
C)false
D)recessive

Question 8

A gene for a particular trait that is only expressed in the presence of another gene of the same kind is called a(n)

A)dominant gene.
B)codominant gene.
C)incompletely dominant gene.
D)recessive gene.
E)multiple allelE.

Question 9

In modern terminology,Mendel's factors are equivalent to _____.

A)DNA
B)chromosomes
C)genes
D)RNA

Question 10

The first detailed and quantitative studies on inheritance were carried out by an Austrian monk named ______.

A)Mendel
B)Darwin
C)Mendelev
D)Benedict

Question 11

The phenotypic ratio for a testcross with a homozygous individual and a heterozygous individual is _______.

A)1:1
B)2:1
C)3:1
D)1:2:1

Question 12

Mendel invented the ____ cross to determine whether an individual with an unknown genotype was homozygous or heterozygous for a trait.

A)back
B)test
C)random
D)breeding

Question 13

Alternate forms of the same gene are called ______.

A)crosses
B)genotypes
C)cofactors
D)alleles

Question 14

A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait is called _______ for that particular trait.

A)homozygous
B)heterozygous
C)dominant
D)recessive
E)codominant

Question 15

Knight followed up on attempts of English farmers to improve varieties of agriculture with his studies on garden peas.When he crossed two true breeding varieties,he found out a number of things about an inherited trait.Which of the following about inherited traits is false?

A)An inherited trait can be masked in some generations but may show up in future.
B)An inherited trait may show up in some offspring only.
C)An inherited trait may be represented more often than the others.
D)An inherited trait is always present in every generation.

Question 16

Mendel chose the garden pea for his work on inheritance for all of the following reasons except

A)he failed his examination for a teaching certificate.
B)earlier investigators had shown segregation among the offspring.
C)a large number of true breeding varieties were already available.
D)the generation time was short;many offspring can be grown easily.
E)he could choose to self- or cross-pollinatE.

Question 17

Mendel's experiments had all of the following characteristics except

A)pea plants were self-pollinated for several generations.
B)he always used only two plants for his work.
C)hybrid plants with alternative forms of traits were produced.
D)hybrid plants were self-pollinated for several generations.

Question 18

The ________ of an organism is the physical appearance resulting from the expression of the genes present.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)plasticity
D)karyotype

Question 19

One of the general principles of biology that was accepted before much was known about genetics was that

A)heredity occurs within species,and species "breed true."
B)hybrids can form occasionally from any two parents.
C)mythical monsters can no longer be found on Earth.
D)traits are transmitted directly.
E)traits of both parents are blended in the offspring.

Question 20

The Principle of ________ states that alternative alleles for a trait segregate from one another during gamete formation and remain distinct.

A)Alleles
B)Segregation
C)Crossing over
D)Randomization

Question 21

When Mendel crossed two purple-flowered pea plants with each other,he obtained a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (purple-flowered pea plants to white-flowered pea plants).His results are consistent with which of the following sets of parents?

A)homozygous dominant purple pea plant and homozygous recessive white pea plant
B)homozygous dominant purple pea plant and heterozygous white pea plant
C)heterozygous purple pea plant and homozygous recessive white pea plant
D)heterozygous purple pea plant and homozygous dominant purple pea plant
E)heterozygous purple pea plant and heterozygous purple pea plant

Question 22

When the two haploid gametes contain two different alleles of a given gene,the resulting offspring is called

A)discrete.
B)a haploid.
C)heterozygous.
D)homozygous.
E)a fused allelE.

Question 23

The observable outward manifestation of the genes of an individual is referred to as its

A)blueprint.
B)genotype.
C)phenotype.
D)genetic map.

Question 24

Mendel's first law encompasses all of the following except

A)alternative forms of trait are encoded by alternative alleles.
B)alternative alleles segregate in gametes.
C)either allele has equal probability to be passed on into the gamete.
D)all genes found in an individual are not separable into gametes.

Question 25

Mendel's observations that different pairs of genes assort independently of each other is known as Mendel's

A)First Law of Heredity.
B)Pea Manifesto.
C)Statement of Assortment Principle.
D)Second Law of Heredity.
E)Theory of Genetic IndependencE.

Question 26

An individual possessing both kinds of alleles of two different traits is called

A)homozygote.
B)monohybrid.
C)dihybrid.
D)true breeD.
E)diallelic.

Question 27

A single gene has 3 or more alternative forms.These are called

A)heterozygotes.
B)multiple alleles.
C)epistatiC.
D)homozygotes.
E)multiple zygotes.

Question 28

Yellow-seeded plants might be homozygous or heterozygous.We could find out which by crossing these plants with

A)true breeding yellow-seeded plants.
B)true breeding green-seeded plants.
C)heterozygous yellow-seeded plants.
D)true breeding white-flowered plants.
E)true breeding purple-flowered plants.

Question 29

ABO blood group expression is an example of

A)epistasis.
B)dominance.
C)recessiveness.
D)multiple alleles.
E)pleiotropy.

Question 30

One of the main reasons genes assort independent of one another is that

A)they produce unrelated traits.
B)they produce related traits.
C)they are on the same chromosome.
D)they are different alleles.
E)they are on different chromosomes.

Question 31

Let P = purple flowers and p = white,and T = tall plants and t = dwarf.What would be the appearance of a plant with the genotype PpTt?

A)purple flowers,tall
B)purple flowers,dwarf
C)white flowers,tall
D)white flowers,dwarf
E)pale purple flowers,intermediate height

Question 32

When Mendel crossed dark purple-flowered pea plants with white-flowered pea plants,he never got any pea plants with light purple flowers.This was counter to the

A)idea of acquired characteristic inheritance.
B)theory of blending inheritance.
C)the assumption of direct transmission of traits.
D)the law of dominance.
E)the laws of probability.

Question 33

In a heterozygous individual the allele being expressed is

A)recessive.
B)masked.
C)redundant.
D)dominant.
E)epistatic.

Question 34

An allele that is present but unexpressed is

A)redundant.
B)dominant.
C)functional.
D)epistatic.
E)recessivE.

Question 35

Let P = purple flowers and p = white,and T = tall plants and t = dwarf.What combinations of gametes could be produced by a heterozygote for both the traits?

A)PpTt only
B)Pp,Tt
C)P,p,T,t
D)PT,Pt,pT,pt
E)infertile,no gametes produced

Question 36

What is the name of the cross that involves the mating of a hybrid F₁ plant with a homozygous recessive plant for the same trait?

A)monohybrid cross
B)dihybrid cross
C)reciprocal cross
D)test cross
E)back cross

Question 37

If an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype it is said to be

A)pleiotropic.
B)epistatic.
C)recessive.
D)dominant.
E)homozygotic.

Question 38

The allelic make up of an individual is referred to as its

A)blueprint.
B)genotype.
C)phenotype.
D)genetic pattern.

Question 39

Let P = purple flowers and p = white,and T = tall plants and t = dwarf.Of the 16 possible gamete combinations in the dihybrid cross,how many would be the phenotype white,tall?

A)none
B)1
C)3
D)9
E)16

Question 40

Sometimes one gene pair will interact so as to control the expression of a second gene pair in an interaction called

A)dominance.
B)gene regulation.
C)recessiveness.
D)pleiotropy.
E)epistasis.

Question 41

Children born in areas where proper nutrition is not available to them do not always realize their full growth potential.These children have the genes for normal growth of bones.Which of the following statements can best explain this situation?

A)There is a lack of dominance in the alleles for normal bone growth;as a result,the genotype is directly affected.
B)Since nutrition is necessary for proper development and is a part of the environment,it is a clear case of environmental effect on the phenotype.
C)Since nutrition is necessary for proper development and is a part of the environment,it is a clear case of environmental effect on the genotype.
D)There will always be examples that reflect this condition in human populations because of the continuous variation that exists for this characteristic.
E)The children's parents did not obtain the proper nutrients when they were young and thus were not able to pass on the alleles for normal growth and development.

Question 42

How many different types of gametes can be formed by plants with a genotype of PpYYrrTt?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)16

Question 43

If you crossed flies heterozygous for the Cy allele,what surviving genotypes would you find in the F₂ generation?

A)Cy⁺/Cy⁺
B)Cy/Cy⁺
C)Cy⁺/Cy⁺ and Cy/Cy⁺
D)Cy⁺/Cy⁺,Cy/Cy⁺,and Cy/Cy

Question 44

A diploid individual carrying two different alleles on its homologous chromosomes.

A)genotype
B)heterozygote
C)homozygote
D)phenotype

Question 45

Based on the inheritance pattern,the secretor trait is

A)sex-linked.
B)recessive.
C)autosomal dominant.
D)co-dominant.

Question 46

Achondroplasia is a common form of dwarfism caused by autosomal dominant mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene 3.If a person with achondroplasia married and had children with a person of normal height,what is the probability that both their first child and second child would have achondroplasia?

A)1/8
B)1/4
C)1/2
D)1

Question 47

A diploid individual whose two copies of a given gene are the same.

A)genotype
B)heterozygote
C)homozygote
D)phenotype

Question 48

In white tigers,the absence of fur pigmentation is caused by a recessive allele.This allele also causes the tigers to be cross-eyed.If two tigers heterozygous for this allele mate and produce offspring,what percentage can be expected to be white and/or cross-eyed?

A)25% will be white and the same 25% will be cross-eyed.
B)25% will be white and 25% will be cross-eyed,but not necessarily the same 25% due to independent assortment.
C)50% will be both white and cross-eyed.
D)Because it is a recessive allele,none of the offspring in the F₁ generation will be white or cross-eyeD.

Question 49

You can use a Punnet square to do all of the following except

A)determine gametic possibilities.
B)predict phenotypic ratio.
C)determine genotypic ratio.
D)establish a pedigree.

Question 50

As a genetic counselor,you are constructing a human pedigree for a particular disease.You note that every generation shows the trait,suggesting that it is

A)sex-linked.
B)recessive.
C)dominant.
D)cannot determine from the information provideD.

Question 51

Based on the inheritance pattern of the secretor trait,a secretor can have a genotype of

A)either Se/Se or Se/se.
B)either Se/Se or Se/ns.
C)Se/Se.
D)se/se.

Question 52

A person who has lost a large amount of blood but is still alive is found in a wrecked automobile under a highway bridge.Several people are helping the paramedics load the victim into the ambulance.After the ambulance has departed for the hospital,you overhear the following conversation from the persons who helped the paramedics."I am certain that when that guy gets to the hospital,they will transfuse him with any blood that they have in the blood bank since he has lost so much blood." The other person says,"Yeah,I bet you're right!" Having had a biology course,you know which blood could be safely given to anyone.Select it below.

A)A
B)B
C)AB
D)O

Question 53

The observable expression of the genes present.

A)genotype
B)heterozygote
C)homozygote
D)phenotype

Question 54

As the new technician in a lab that studies coat color in rodents,you are assigned the task of counting and recording the coat color of the F₂ progeny of a dihybrid cross.Your results are: 18 agouti mice,6 black mice,8 albino mice.Based on this data,you conclude that coat color in rodents

A)involves an epistatic interaction.
B)is determined by three different genes.
C)depends on prenatal nutrition.
D)involves incomplete dominance.

Question 55

Height and eye colors are two examples of continuous variation in humans.Whereas in pea plants the tall allele is dominant over the short allele,there are no intermediate heights in peas.Which of the following is the best explanation for the differences described above?

A)Humans are more advanced than pea plants;thus,the genetics of peas is much simpler than humans.
B)The intermediate size pea plant seeds are aborted within the seedpod and thus will never develop.
C)The intermediate size pea plant seeds have deleterious alleles that prevent them from germinating.
D)Many genes,rather than one gene for a characteristic,control some variations in species.
E)These variations in humans are affected by lack of dominance in the alleles that control these traits.

Question 56

Let R = red pigment and r = no pigment.In carnations,RR offspring make a lot of red pigment,rr offspring make no pigment and Rr offspring make a small amount of red pigment,thus appearing pink.Pink carnations are therefore an example of

A)codominance.
B)incomplete dominance.
C)epistatic interaction.
D)blending.

Question 57

Let Y = yellow and y = green,and R = round and r = wrinkled.You cross YYRR peas with yyrr peas.All of the F₁ individuals are yellow and round with a genotype of YyRr.You then perform a F₂ cross and get the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.Which of the following is the correct genotypic ratio for yellow,round F₂ individuals?

A)1/16 YYRr,2/16 YYRR,2/16 YyRR,4/16 YyRr
B)1/16 YyRr,2/16 YYRr,2/16 YyRR,4/16 YYRR
C)1/16 YYRR,1/16 YYRr,1/16 YyRR
D)1/16 YYRR,2/16 YYRr,2/16 YyRR,4/16 YyRr

Question 58

The totality of the alleles present in an organism.

A)genotype
B)heterozygote
C)homozygote
D)phenotype

Question 59

The genotypic ratio produced in the F₂ generation is

A)3:1.
B)1:2:1.
C)¾:¼.
D)cannot determine from the information provideD.

Question 60

If you crossed flies heterozygous for the Cy allele,what phenotypes would you find in the F₁ generation?

A)wild type and curly wings
B)wild type only
C)curly wings only
D)None of the F₁ progeny would survive.

Question 61

Why would a genetic counselor need to know how to construct a human pedigree?

A)A genetic counselor provides individuals and potential parents with the probabilities of inheriting a particular disease.An accurate pedigree is an essential part of establishing the correct probabilities.
B)A genetic counselor provides individuals and potential parents with the probabilities of inheriting a particular disease.An accurate pedigree is not necessary in determining disease.
C)A genetic counselor needs to know how to construct pedigrees to determine genotypes.

Question 62

Mendel performed reciprocal crosses in which he used pollen from a white-flowered plant to fertilize a purple-flowered plant and pollen from a purple-flowered plant to fertilize a white-flowered plant.What did these reciprocal crosses demonstrate?

A)The reciprocal crosses demonstrated that each parent made an unequal contribution to the offspring.
B)The reciprocal crosses demonstrated that each parent made an equal contribution to the offspring.
C)The reciprocal crosses demonstrated that each parent could made an equal contribution to the offspring,but this did not always occur.