Deck 3: The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Question 1

Which of the following is not a macromolecule?

A)carbohydrates
B)water
C)nucleic acids
D)proteins
E)lipids

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Proteins that can carry out catalysis in organisms are called ______.

A)catalysts
B)reactants
C)cofactors
D)enzymes

Answer 2

D

Question 3

DNA,RNA,and ATP contain functional units known as

A)peptides.
B)enzymes.
C)amino acids.
D)nucleotides.
E)fatty acids.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Proteins are polymers formed of structural units called

A)fatty acids.
B)amino acids.
C)nucleic acids.
D)phosphate groups.
E)sugars.

Question 5

This atom in its unbound state has four valent electrons.These electrons readily form single,double,and even triple bonds among themselves to become stable.This atom is

A)carbon.
B)hydrogen.
C)oxygen.
D)nitrogen.
E)phosphorus.

Question 6

__________ are polymers containing up to 20 different kinds of naturally occurring amino acids.

A)lipids
B)proteins
C)carbohydrates
D)nucleic acids

Question 7

All of the following are examples of functional groups in cells except

A)-CH₃.
B)-COOH.
C)^-H₂O.
D)-NH₂.
E)-OH.

Question 8

Non-polarity and insolubility characterize biological compounds known as _______.

A)carbohydrates
B)lipids
C)proteins
D)nucleic acids

Question 9

Macromolecules that are used by organisms to store hereditary information are called

A)transfer RNA molecules.
B)messenger RNA molecules.
C)ribosomal RNA molecules.
D)amino acids molecules.
E)DNA molecules.

Question 10

Three of the four macromolecules present in living systems are ________ which means they are built by linking together small,similar chemical monomers.

A)polymers
B)functional
C)evolved
D)carbon-based

Question 11

The covalent bonds connecting monomer units in sugars can be formed by the removal of a water molecule.A reaction referred to as ________________.

A)conjunction
B)hydration
C)dehydration
D)condensation

Question 12

Macromolecules are disassembled in ____________ reactions.

A)anabolic
B)hydrolysis
C)radioactive
D)denaturation
E)dehydration

Question 13

In _________ the average chain length of amylose is much greater and there are more branches than in plant starch.

A)proteins
B)cellulose
C)glucose
D)glycogen

Question 14

Carbohydrates are polymers formed of structural units called

A)amino acids.
B)fatty acids.
C)nucleic acids.
D)phosphate groups.
E)monosaccharides.

Question 15

Organic molecules contain a specific carbon-based core to which specific groups of atoms with definite chemical properties are attached.These groups of atoms are called ________ groups.

A)carbon
B)extension
C)functional
D)chemical

Question 16

A modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans is known as _______.

A)chitin
B)glucose
C)protein
D)glycogen

Question 17

Relatively small organic molecules with a central carbon atom which is bonded to a carboxyl group,an amino group,a carbon containing group,and a hydrogen atom are called

A)amino acids.
B)fatty acids.
C)enzymes.
D)peptides.
E)nucleotides.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a property of carbon?

A)It can form single,double,and even triple bonds with itself.
B)It can be built into rings and long chains.
C)It constitutes the backbones of an incredible variety of molecules.
D)All compounds made from carbon are soluble in water.
E)All organic molecules contain carbon atoms.

Question 19

The special molecules that have large structures and characteristically made by living organisms are known as ________.

A)macromolecules
B)polysaccharides
C)proteins
D)carbon

Question 20

Lipids are the only class of macromolecules that contain

A)amino acids.
B)nucleic acids.
C)fatty acids.
D)phosphate groups.
E)sugars.

Question 21

Proteins possess all of the following functions except

A)structure.
B)metabolism.
C)encode genetic information.
D)membrane transport.
E)cell recognition.

Question 22

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are examples of which level of protein structure?

A)zero order
B)primary
C)secondary
D)tertiary
E)quaternary

Question 23

Denaturation,a process in which a protein loses its native shape and function,is likely to be caused by all of the following except

A)being transported from one cell to another in a living organism.
B)pH change.
C)temperature change.
D)ionic concentration change.
E)increase in hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 24

The specific amino acid sequence in a protein is its

A)zero order structure.
B)primary structure.
C)secondary structure.
D)tertiary structure.
E)quaternary structurE.

Question 25

A chain of amino acids linked together end-to-end can only be found in a

A)membrane lipid.
B)nucleic acid.
C)polysaccharide.
D)polypeptide.
E)starch.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a protein?

A)enzyme
B)antibody
C)keratin
D)pectin
E)collagen

Question 27

The information storage molecules of cells are called

A)fatty acids.
B)membrane lipids.
C)enzymes.
D)hormones.
E)nucleic acids.

Question 28

The simplest and the most common monosaccharide is a six-carbon sugar called

A)galactose.
B)lactose.
C)cellulose.
D)glucose.
E)sucrosE.

Question 29

Which of the following lipid classes is found in Chlorophyll,retina of the vertebrate eye,and synthetic rubber?

A)phospholipid
B)terpene
C)steroid
D)prostaglandin
E)wax

Question 30

A common lipid for energy storage is

A)phospholipid.
B)steroid.
C)triglycerides.
D)cholesterol.
E)wax.

Question 31

Three fatty acids bonded together with a glycerol are found in a(n)

A)alcohol.
B)enzyme.
C)phospholipid.
D)chlorophyll pigment.
E)triglyceridE.

Question 32

Functional groups found in amino acids include all of the following except

A)-NH₂.
B)phosphate.
C)-COOH.
D)-OH.
E)alkyl (linked multiple carbons with hydrogens).

Question 33

Which of the following is not a component of nucleic acids?

A)a five-carbon sugar
B)a six-carbon sugar
C)a phosphate group
D)phosphodiester bonds
E)an organic nitrogen containing base

Question 34

Biological membranes contain bilayers of which of the following lipids?

A)phospholipids
B)oils
C)prostaglandins
D)triglycerides
E)cholesterol

Question 35

Which of the following macromolecules are characteristically water-insoluble?

A)proteins
B)nucleic acids
C)carbohydrates
D)lipids
E)enzymes

Question 36

Humans are unable to get metabolic energy from cellulose because

A)cellulose contains very little chemical energy.
B)cellulose is not part of a normal diet.
C)cellulose digesting enzymes are absent.
D)cellulose does not taste gooD.
E)cellulose is present in large quantities in the gut.

Question 37

Chitin,a modified form of cellulose,is not only cross-linked with proteins but also its glucose units are modified with atoms of

A)nitrogen.
B)hydrogen.
C)oxygen.
D)sulfur.
E)phosphorous.

Question 38

The nitrogen base not found in DNA is called

A)adenine.
B)cytosine.
C)guanine.
D)thymine.
E)uracil.

Question 39

Nucleic acids are polymers formed of building blocks that contain

A)amino acids.
B)fatty acids.
C)sugars.
D)rings of nitrogen bases.
E)peptide bonds.

Question 40

Which of the following is not a type of lipid?

A)fat
B)chitin
C)cholesterol
D)terpenes
E)prostaglandins

Question 41

Nucleic acids are created with

A)phosphodiester bonds
B)peptide bonds
C)a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol
D)sugar polymers

Question 42

Which of the following is a DNA sequence capable of pairing with CGATTAGT?

A)GCTAATCA
B)CGATTAGT
C)GCUAAUCA
D)CGAUUAGT

Question 43

Fructose and galactose all have the same six carbon atoms,twelve hydrogen atoms,and six oxygen atoms,just as glucose.A friend of yours says to you,"Since two of those sugars have the same number of atoms,they should all have the same name." You answer,"Yes.They do have the same atoms and the numbers are the same;however,

A)they are all polysaccharides and have slightly different functions within organisms and therefore have different names."
B)they are named differently because of their quaternary structures,which is very important in carbohydrates,especially glucose."
C)they are named differently because when heated above their optimal temperature they become denatured and will not react with their substrates."
D)they are named differently because they are involved in different DNA nucleotide formation."
E)they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide,glucosE."

Question 44

L-lysine is an essential amino acid and must be supplied in the diet.By comparison,the stereoisomer D-lysine is not biologically active.Why can your body only utilize one form?

A)Since the L form and D form are enantiomers,they will bind together and inhibit utilization of the D form.
B)Since the L form and D form are chiral molecules,they will bind together and inhibit utilization of the D form.
C)Antibodies recognize the D form and destroy it before your body can use it for nutritional purposes.
D)Enzymes can only recognize a single,specific stereoisomer.

Question 45

The oxidation of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)by cellular respiration is an example of a dehydration reaction.A simplified version of this reaction can be written as

A)6H₂O ⁺ 6CO₂ $\rarr$ C₆H₁₂O₆ ⁺ 6O₂.
B)C₆H₁₂O₆ ⁺ 6O₂ $\rarr$ 6H₂O ⁺ 6CO₂.
C)C₆H₁₂O₆ $\rarr$ 6H₂O ⁺ 6CO₂.
D)C₆H₁₂O₆ ⁺ 6O₂ $\rarr$ 6CO₂C.

Question 46

Proteins are created with

A)phosphodiester bonds
B)peptide bonds
C)a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol
D)sugar polymers

Question 47

Which of the following best describes an enzyme?

A)reacts with other enzymes to form a product
B)catalyzes chemical reactions
C)structural protein
D)inorganic cofactor

Question 48

Carbohydrates contain 4 calories per gram,proteins contain 4 calories per gram,and fats contain 9 calories per gram.There is a food that contains 108 calories per serving.There are 4 grams of carbohydrate,5 grams of protein,and 8 grams of fat in a serving.Which of the following represents the calories for fat?

A)20
B)16
C)72
D)18

Question 49

Which of the following is not found in RNA?

A)adenine
B)cytosine
C)guanine
D)thymine
E)uracil

Question 50

Cystic fibrosis (CF)is an inherited disorder that is caused by a mutation that prevents various ions from moving across cell membranes.Normally there are proteins that allow passage of the ions,but in CF these proteins seemed to be disabled.Researchers have found that one explanation of this has to do with

A)the chaperone proteins are missing or are not functioning and,thus,the correct folding of the proteins are prevented from occurring.
B)the proteins are denatured and as a result become disabled,which prevents the correct interface with the substrate,effectively blocking ion transfer.
C)the chaperone proteins are bound with the ions at the cell membrane surface and cannot release to aid the unfolded proteins.
D)the proteins are disabled because of the pH change at the cell membrane surface caused by the accumulated ions.
E)the chaperone proteins and the proteins are unable to segregate themselves because of the lower pH environment produced by the ionic gradient created on the cell membranE.

Question 51

Imagine that you were able to see a nucleotide under a very special microscope.As you scan the nucleotide you see a T nitrogen base.Without seeing any other part of the nucleotide you know that

A)it is a DNA nucleotide.
B)it is a RNA nucleotide.
C)it is a either a DNA nucleotide or an RNA nucleotide.
D)you will need to continue to scan for more clues,such as the type of sugar associated with it,to be able to determine which type of nucleotide it is.

Question 52

DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others.Which of the following statements is not accurate about their similarities?

A)Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine,cytosine,and guanine.
B)Both DNA and RNA always double helices.
C)Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective nucleotides.
D)Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology.
E)Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides.

Question 53

Four of the following five choices are functions of carbohydrates.Select the exception.

A)Chitin is a carbohydrate that is used in insects and other arthropods in the structures of their exoskeletons.
B)Starch is a carbohydrate that is used by some plants as a way to store glucose.
C)Glycogen is a carbohydrate that is used by animals as a way to store glucose.
D)Cellulose is a carbohydrate that serves a structural function in plants.
E)Glucose is a carbohydrate that is utilized by all life forms in the construction of nucleotides.

Question 54

All of the following are examples of monomer: polymer pairings except

A)amino acids: polypeptides.
B)monosaccharides: polypeptide.
C)nucleotides: DNA.
D)glucose: starch.
E)fatty acids: triglycerides.

Question 55

Phospholipids are created with

A)phosphodiester bonds
B)peptide bonds
C)a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol
D)sugar polymers

Question 56

You recently identified a novel protein that contains several membrane-spanning domains.Which of amino acids would you expect to be most common in these domains?

A)nonpolar
B)polar uncharged
C)charged
D)aromatic

Question 57

Which of the following would not be an example of protein use in a living organism?

A)synthesis of macromolecules
B)muscle contraction
C)recognition of "self" in immune reactions
D)stores information
E)forms hair

Question 58

Imagine that you were able to see a nucleotide under a very special microscope.As you scan the nucleotide you see a U nitrogen base.Without seeing any other part of the nucleotide you know that

A)it is a DNA nucleotide.
B)it is an RNA nucleotide.
C)it is either a DNA nucleotide or an RNA nucleotide.
D)you will need to continue to scan for more clues,such as the type of sugar associated with it,to be able to determine which type of nucleotide it is.

Question 59

People who are lactose intolerant can often consume some products made from milk such as cheese and yogurt.By comparison,people with a true milk allergy,which involves an immune response to milk protein,cannot consume milk or products made from milk.Given this information,which of the following statements is true?

A)The protein that causes a true milk allergy is lactose.
B)All people who are lactose intolerant are also allergic to milk.
C)Yogurt contains live and active cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and therefore prevents an allergic response in people with a true milk allergy.
D)Lactose is a carbohydrate,not a protein and is therefore not the cause of true milk allergies.

Question 60

Carbohydrates are created with

A)phosphodiester bonds
B)peptide bonds
C)a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol
D)sugar polymers

Question 61

Muscle contraction is accomplished by a mechanism known as the cross-bridge cycle,in which myosin heads bind to actin and cause the actin filaments to move across the myosin filaments.Which of the following is capable of providing the energy needed for this process?

A)ATP
B)FAD
C)NAD⁺
D)enzymes

Question 62

You arrive late to a biological seminar.However,just as you enter the room,you hear the speaker referring to the "five-prime end" and the "three-prime end" of a macromolecule.Immediately,you know that they are talking about a

A)carbohydrate.
B)protein.
C)DNA.
D)lipiD.

Question 63

Vitamin D can be synthesized by the body from a derivative of cholesterol.Given this information,which of the following statements about the solubility of vitamin D is true?

A)Vitamin D is water-soluble.
B)Vitamin D is fat-soluble.
C)Vitamin D is soluble in both water and fat.
D)Vitamin D is not soluble in either water or fat.

Question 64

You have recently identified a novel protein.After obtaining the protein sequence you realize that this protein contains several motifs and domains.How might this information help you to determine the function of your new protein?

A)All motifs and domains have a calatogued structure and function.Therefore,identification of such structures in the new protein will easily determine its function.
B)Motifs and domains are patterns that exist in protein structure and are often associated with particular functions.Therefore,identification of such sites can provide insight into possible functions of the unknown protein.
C)This information would not likely aid in determining the function of the new protein.

Question 65

The digestive enzyme pepsin works in the acidic environment of the stomach to hydrolyze peptide bonds.On which of the following macromolecules does pepsin act?

A)carbohydrate
B)protein
C)DNA
D)lipid

Question 66

Margarine is made by hydrogenating vegetable oils so that they take on the consistency of butter.Which of the following is the chemical basis for this change from a liquid to a solid?

A)Fats are changed from unsaturated to saturated,allowing them to solidify.
B)Fats are changed from saturated to unsaturated,allowing them to solidify.
C)Trans-fatty acids are changed from unsaturated to saturated,allowing them to solidify.
D)Trans fatty acids are changed from saturated to unsaturated,allowing them to solidify.

Question 67

Which of the following would not contain polymers of b-glucose?

A)cellulose
B)wood
C)paper
D)amylose

Question 68

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)uses RNA,rather than DNA,to encode genetic information.During infection,however,HIV uses an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase to generate double-stranded DNA.Generally speaking,how would the enzyme generate a double strand of DNA from a single strand of RNA?

A)Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA,and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of DNA complementary to the first one.
B)Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a RNA copy from the viral DNA,and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of RNA complementary to the first one.
C)Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA,and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of RNA complementary to the first one.

Question 69

You arrive late to a biological seminar.However,just as you enter the room,you hear the speaker referring to the "amino end" and the "carboxyl end" of a macromolecule.Immediately,you know that they are talking about a

A)carbohydrate.
B)protein.
C)DNA.
D)lipiD.

Question 70

Egg whites consist primarily of water and the protein albumin.When you fry an egg,why does the egg white turn from clear to white?

A)The protein becomes dissociated.
B)The protein acquires tertiary structure.
C)The protein becomes denatured.
D)The protein becomes dehydrateD.