Deck 11: The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

Question 1

The methanogens

A)are part of the Domain Archaea.
B)oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane.
C)appear only in aerobic environments.
D)use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.
E)are part of the Domain Archaea AND oxidze hydrogen gas to produce methane.

Answer 1

are part of the Domain Archaea AND oxidze hydrogen gas to produce methane.

Question 2

The genus of bacteria that is able to fix nitrogen and form heterocysts is

A)Pseudomonas.
B)Escherichia.
C)Vibrio.
D)Anabaena.

Answer 2

Anabaena.

Question 3

Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus

A)produce catalase.
B)are obligate fermenters.
C)require anaerobic environments.
D)use oxygen as a final electron acceptor.

Answer 3

are obligate fermenters.

Question 4

Clostridium,Lactobacillus,and Propionibacterium all

A)use sulfur compounds as terminal electron acceptors.
B)oxidize inorganic compounds.
C)oxidize organic compounds.
D)use organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors.
E)oxidize organic compounds AND use organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors.

Question 5

A particular characteristic of disease-causing Streptococcus is

A)catalase production.
B)beta-hemolysis.
C)lactic acid production.
D)growth at refrigerator temperatures.

Question 6

It has been estimated that 99% of the intestinal bacteria are

A)facultative anaerobes.
B)obligate aerobes.
C)facultative aerobes.
D)obligate anaerobes.

Question 7

Hydrogen sulfide

A)is produced when sulfur compounds are used as terminal electron acceptors.
B)may react with iron to produce a black precipitate.
C)is produced by Desulfovibrio.
D)has a rotten egg smell.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following microbes is(are)important to cheese-making?

A)lactic acid bacteria
B)Clostridium acetylbutylicum
C)Desuflovibrio
D)Propionibacterium
E)Lactic acid bacteria AND Propionibacterium

Question 9

Cyanobacteria

A)are a form of algae.
B)are prokaryotes.
C)use hydrogen sulfide as an electron source.
D)are eukaryotes.

Question 10

The lactobacilli,in their role as normal flora of the vagina,help the vagina resist infection by contributing to

A)the neutrality of the vaginal mucus.
B)acidity of the vagina.
C)food for the resident vaginal flora.
D)fertility of the host.

Question 11

Anoxygenic phototrophs

A)produce oxygen.
B)use water as a source of electrons.
C)use hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds as a source of electrons.
D)use the same form of chlorophyll found in terrestrial plants.
E)produce oxygen AND use the same form of chlorophyll found in terrestrial plants.

Question 12

Comparatively greater energy is released when

A)carbon dioxide is the final electron acceptor.
B)hydrogen is the final electron acceptor.
C)nitrate is the final electron acceptor.
D)oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Question 13

Methanogens often grow in association with

A)nitrifying bacteria.
B)lithotrophic bacteria.
C)photosynthetic bacteria.
D)fermentative bacteria.

Question 14

The purple sulfur and green sulfur bacteria

A)both use hydrogen sulfide as a source of electrons.
B)generate oxygen.
C)preferentially use organic molecules as an electron source.
D)both lack gas vesicles.

Question 15

Phycobiliproteins are

A)found in purple sulfur bacteria.
B)found in cyanobacteria.
C)used to gather wavelengths of light that are not well absorbed by chlorophyll.
D)are used to reduce hydrogen sulfide.
E)found in cyanobacteria AND used to gather wavelengths of light that are not well absorbed by chlorophyll.

Question 16

Streptococcus pyogenes

A)is alpha-hemolytic.
B)is gamma-hemolytic.
C)is beta-hemolytic.
D)may form endospores.
E)is alpha-hemolytic AND may form endospores.

Question 17

Which of the following colonize the vagina during childbearing years?

A)Streptococci
B)Clostridium
C)Lactobacilli
D)Enterobacter
E)Clostridium AND lactobacilli

Question 18

The earliest oxygenic phototrophs are thought to be

A)purple sulfur bacteria.
B)green nonsulfur bacteria.
C)purple nonsulfur bacteria.
D)cyanobacteria.
E)green nonsulfur bacteria AND purple nonsulfur bacteria.

Question 19

Propionibacterium

A)produces propionic acid.
B)produces lactic acid.
C)is responsible for the holes in Swiss cheese.
D)requires aerobic environments.
E)produces propionic acid AND is responsible for the holes in Swiss cheese.

Question 20

Endospores

A)are a form of reproduction.
B)are a dormant form of a bacterium.
C)are formed by members of medically relevant groups of bacteria.
D)are involved in anaerobic respiration.
E)are a dormant form of a bacterium AND are formed by members of medically relevant groups of bacteria.

Question 21

Azotobacter

A)forms endospores.
B)forms cysts.
C)fixes carbon dioxide.
D)are used as an indicator of fecal pollution.

Question 22

Which of the following structures would be the best choice as a biological indicator to test autoclave operations?

A)Endopores formed by Geobacillus (Bacillus)stearothermophilus
B)Cysts formed by Azotobacter species
C)Microcysts withing the fruiting bodies of myxobacteria
D)Dormant spores in the conidia of Streptomyces species

Question 23

Rhizobium

A)fix nitrogen inside nodules on the roots of legumes.
B)resemble fungi.
C)produce antibiotics.
D)produce a gall in plants.

Question 24

Movement of spirochetes occurs by means of structures called

A)cilia.
B)flagella.
C)endoflagella.
D)pili.

Question 25

Which causes uncontrolled growth of plant tissue,resulting in a tumor?

A)Rhizobium
B)Agrobacterium
C)Bacillus anthracis
D)Yersinia pestis

Question 26

Streptomyces

A)resemble fungi in their pattern of growth.
B)produce a number of antibiotics.
C)produce a characteristic blue-green pigment.
D)form endospores.
E)resemble fungi in their pattern of growth AND produce a number of antibiotics.

Question 27

Heterocysts

A)are found in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
B)are used to protect nitrogenase.
C)produce catalase.
D)generate oxygen.
E)are found in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria AND are used to protect nitrogenase.

Question 28

Agrobacterium

A)contain the Ti plasmid that modifies the growth of plant tissue.
B)produce antibiotics.
C)infect animal cells.
D)resemble fungus.

Question 29

The conversion of ammonium to nitrate could be accomplished by the presence of

A)Nitrosomonas alone.
B)Nitrobacter alone.
C)Anabaena alone.
D)both Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.

Question 30

Complex structures called fruiting bodies are a characteristic of

A)Clostridia.
B)myxobacteria.
C)Streptomyces.
D)lactic acid bacteria.

Question 31

Which of the following organisms is the causative agent of Hansen's disease (leprosy)?

A)Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B)Mycobacterium avium
C)Mycobacterium leprae
D)Mycobacterium smegmatis

Question 32

Thermus and Deinococcus

A)survive in extreme environments.
B)are both thermophilic.
C)are both radiation resistant.
D)both serve as the source of Taq polymerase.

Question 33

Sulfuric acid is

A)involved in bioleaching.
B)produced by unicellular sulfur-oxidizers.
C)produced by Lactobacillus.
D)a result of reduction of metal sulfides.
E)involved in bioleaching AND produced by unicellular sulfur-oxidizers.

Question 34

Swarmer cells are

A)formed by Myxobacteria.
B)formed by sheathed bacteria.
C)also known as coliforms.
D)part of the green nonsulfur bacteria.

Question 35

Bdellovibrio

A)prey on other bacteria.
B)are parasites of plants.
C)may fix nitrogen.
D)are photosynthetic.

Question 36

Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix are examples of

A)purple sulfur bacteria.
B)Enterobacteriaceae.
C)sheathed bacteria.
D)green nonsulfur bacteria.

Question 37

Pseudomonas

A)are resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials.
B)are mostly harmless except for the opportunistic P.aeruginosa.
C)require nutrient-rich environments.
D)do not contain plasmids.
E)are resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials AND are mostly harmless except for the opportunistic P.aeruginosa.

Question 38

Luminescence

A)is catalyzed by luciferase.
B)may be controlled by quorum sensing.
C)may be produced by bacteria.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

Purple sulfur bacteria and filamentous sulfur-oxidizers both

A)accumulate sulfur as intracellular granules.
B)fix nitrogen.
C)produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.
D)use gliding motility.

Question 40

The Gram-positive rod that is also acid-fast and is a human pathogen is

A)Corynebacterium diptheria.
B)Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
C)Streptococcus pyogenes.
D)Listeria monocytogenes.

Question 41

Members of the Archaea typically thrive in conditions of excessive

A)heat.
B)acidity.
C)alkalinity.
D)salinity.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

Reticulate and elementary bodies are two forms of

A)Mycoplasma.
B)Caulobacter.
C)Chlamydia.
D)Myxobacteria.

Question 43

Chlamydia occurs in two forms,a reticulate body and an elementary body.

Question 44

Rhizobium is considered an endosymbiont with plants.

Question 45

Streptomyces produce a number of antibiotics.

Question 46

The skin and oral cavity may have anaerobic microenvironments.

Question 47

Lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus are obligate fermenters that can exist in an aerobic environment due to their use of catalase to mitigate the presence of oxygen.

Question 48

Approximately 99% of the microbes in the intestines are obligate anaerobes.We have plenty of blood vessels that can bring oxygen to the tissues of the intestines.Why would there be obligate anaerobes within these areas?

A)The bacteria in the intestines are protected from exposure to the oxygen in the tissues by the lining of the intestines.
B)The bacteria consume all the oxygen in the tissue areas brought by the blood vessels,creating an anaerobic environment.
C)The inside space of the intestines,where bacteria reside,is highly anaerobic.It is deep inside the body where oxygen cannot reach AND,unlike the surrounding tissues,it is not supplied with blood.
D)The aerobic microbes are outcompeted for nutrients in these areas by the anaerobic microbes.

Question 49

Organisms that typically produce colonies with a fried egg appearance are the

A)Mycoplasma.
B)Actinomyces.
C)Chlamydia.
D)Mycobacteria.

Question 50

The Euryarchaeota includes all

A)known thermophilic extreme acidophiles.
B)the bacteria.
C)known methanogens.
D)green sulfur bacteria.

Question 51

Bacteria and Archaea both have members that use sulfur compounds as a terminal electron acceptor.

Question 52

Anoxygenic phototrophs grow photosynthetically only under aerobic conditions.

Question 53

Archaea are typically found living in extreme environments.An exception to this are the

A)sulfur-oxidizing archaea.
B)sulfur-reducing archaea.
C)methanogens.
D)sulfur-oxidizing archaea AND sulfur-reducing archaea.

Question 54

Helicobacter pylori

A)inhabit the stomach.
B)inhabit squid ink sacs.
C)cause crown gall in plants.
D)have axonemes.

Question 55

The most medically relevant species of Pseudomonas is P.aeruginosa.

Question 56

Treponema and Borrelia

A)are luminescent.
B)are endosymbionts.
C)are spirochaetes.
D)are both easily grown on artificial media.

Question 57

Mycoplasma

A)lack peptidoglycan.
B)are the smallest free-living organisms.
C)have sterols in their membranes.
D)are killed by penicillin.
E)lack peptidoglycan,are the smallest free-living organisms AND have sterols in their membranes.

Question 58

Many spirochetes are difficult to cultivate,so their classification is based on their

A)morphology and ability to cause disease.
B)number of flagella.
C)pattern of pili.
D)number of chromosomes.

Question 59

Wolbachia are found only in

A)hot springs.
B)plants.
C)mammals.
D)arthropods.

Question 60

Obligate aerobes may transform energy via fermentation.

Question 61

How do anoxygenic phototrophs benefit from possessing accessory pigments that allow light to be harvested at deeper areas of a fluid environment?

A)This allows even anaerobic microbes to conduct photosynthesis,as they can harvest light energy in the deeper areas where oxygen won't be present.
B)The cells can use wavelengths of light that havenotbeen absorbed (filtered out)by the photosynthetic organisms closer to the surface of the fluid.
C)They don't have to compete with other cells that utilize oxygen in the upper levels for the scarce nutrients in the fluid environment.
D)This allows even anaerobic microbes to conduct photosynthesis,as they can harvest light energy in the deeper areas where oxygen won't be present AND can use wavelengths of light not absorbed (filtered out)by the photosynthetic organisms closer to the surface of the fluid.
E)This allows even anaerobic microbes to conduct photosynthesis,as they can harvest light energy in the deeper areas where oxygen won't be present,use wavelengths of light not absorbed (filtered out)by the photosynthetic organisms closer to the surface of the fluid; AND don't have to compete with other cells that utilize oxygen in the upper levels for the scarce nutrients in the fluid environment.

Question 62

How could heavily fertilized lawns contribute to cyanobacterial blooms in lakes and oceans?

A)Run-off from the lawns will get into the water system,leading to large amounts of nitrogen that can be used by cyanobacteria in water systems.
B)The large amounts of nutrient-rich grass that are created will be mowed down,with grass clipping bits eventually washing into sewer systems and into larger bodies of water.These grass clippings will serve as a nutrient source for cyanobacteria,leading to blooms.
C)Large amounts of fertilizer will lead to excessive production of greenhouse gases (like CO2)from grass in lawns.Excessive CO2 production will lead to large blooms of cyanobacteria in water systems.
D)They won't-the two systems are completely unrelated.How could grass in lawns contribute to effects in lakes and oceans?

Question 63

The genomes of free-living spirochaetes are larger than those living in animal hosts.Why might this be so?

A)Free-living spirochetes will need genes to code for additional proteins to synthesize or obtain their own food from the environment around them.Parasitic spirochetes obtain nutrients from the animal host,and may not need to move towards those nutrients either.
B)The spirochetes in animal hosts are different species entirely.As different species,they would naturally have smaller genomes.
C)A smaller genome implies simplicity-the spirochetes living in animal hosts have fewer needs,so they need fewer genes.
D)It isn't so-all spirochetes would have the same size genomes,since they're all the same species of microbe.

Question 64

A student complains that it makes no sense to worry about coliform bacteria in water,since we naturally possess harmless coliforms in our intestines anyway.Why do regulatory agencies worry about coliform bacteria in water supplies,then?

A)The coliforms in our intestines can sometimes turn harmful,causing intestinal infections.We need to constantly be on guard against this happening.Coliforms in water might add to this potential problem.
B)Not all coliforms are harmless and symbiotic with human beings.Some may carry genes/proteins that can make them dangerous to humans.It's best to keep coliforms OUT of our drinking water,since it's difficult to identify which ones might be harmless and which ones might be harmful.
C)Regulatory agencies are worried that multiple types of coliforms in water might lead to greater antibiotic resistance in the bacterial populations.They try to keep them out of water to keep antibiotic resistance levels down.
D)Regulatory agencies simply need something to do to justify their existence.There is no real danger from coliforms in water supplies.

Question 65

Relatively little is known about many obligate anaerobes.Why might this be so?

A)The obligate aerobes are far more numerous,and also far more interesting.
B)It's much harder to provide the right atmospheric environment to cultivate obligate anaerobes,so it's been harder to study them.
C)Only obligate aerobes cause disease,so we've had little reason to study obligate anaerobes.
D)The majority of obligate anaerobes are very nutritionally fastidious,which has slowed their study.