Deck 17: Hypothesis Testing

Question 1

Which of the following hypotheses is a null hypothesis?

A) There is no difference in the monthly grocery bills of families with one child and families with two children
B) Grocery bills vary according to the number of meals eaten outside the home
C) Families with two children have significantly higher grocery bills than families with just one child
D) There is a relationship between grocery bills and the number of people in a household
E) The mean age in a household is predictive of the amount of money sent on food each month

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following hypotheses is a two-tailed test?

A) Hamburger consumption differs among men and women
B) Men consume more hamburgers than women
C) Women are more concerned with the health consequences associated with eating hamburgers than are men
D) There is no difference in hamburger consumption among men and women
E) All of the above are two-tailed tests

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Also known as beta error,_____ occurs when the sample results lead to the nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

A) type I error
B) two-tailed error
C) type II error
D) one-tailed error

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If a difference is not caused only by random sampling fluctuations,it is said to have _____.

A) resistance
B) statistical significance
C) substantive significance
D) reasonable doubt
E) practical significance

Question 5

The _____ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false,and should be rejected.

A) type I error
B) level of significance
C) type II error
D) power of a test
E) Z score

Question 6

Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the null hypothesis for the alternate hypothesis that more than 40% of Internet users shop online?

A) H0: π≤ .40
B) HA: π> .40
C) H0: π = .40
D) HA: π≠ .40
E) H0: µ = .40

Question 7

Which type of error is also known as alpha?

A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) Beta error
D) Standard error
E) Demand error

Question 8

What type of hypothesis states that the sample statistic is not the same as the population statistic but is either greater than or less than,but not both?

A) Null
B) One-tailed
C) Two-tailed
D) Three-tailed
E) None of the above

Question 9

The hypothesis that men and women use the Internet approximately the same number of hours per week is a _____ hypothesis.

A) null
B) one-tailed test
C) two-tailed test
D) test of proportions
E) test of means

Question 10

What type of hypothesis states that a sample statistic is either greater than or less than the population parameter?

A) Null
B) One-tailed
C) Two-tailed
D) Three-tailed
E) None of the above

Question 11

_____ statistics considers subjective probability estimates while _____ statistics considers only objective estimates.

A) Classical, Bayesian
B) Inductive, deductive
C) Bayesian, classical
D) Descriptive, exploratory
E) Exploratory, descriptive

Question 12

Which of the following hypotheses is an alternative hypothesis?

A) There is no relationship between grade point average and drinking behavior among college students
B) Seniors are no more likely than freshmen to binge drink
C) Men are more likely to binge drink than women
D) Athletes and non-athletes are equally likely to binge drink
E) There is no difference in alcohol consumption among beer drinkers and wine drinkers

Question 13

The level of significance chosen for hypothesis testing is based on _____.

A) the desired level of confidence one wishes to have in the results
B) the desired degree of precision
C) how much risk of a type I error one is willing to accept
D) the statistical test used
E) whether the sample is a probability sample

Question 14

Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the alternate hypothesis that customers of McDonald's consume more than the national average of 36 hamburgers each year?

A) H0: π≤ 36
B) HA: π> 36
C) H0: µ = 36
D) HA: µ≠ 36
E) HA: µ> 36

Question 15

The hypothesis that the number of hours worked is related to student grade point average is a _____ hypothesis.

A) null
B) one-tailed test
C) two-tailed test
D) test of proportions
E) test of means

Question 16

Which of the following hypotheses is a one-tailed test?

A) Hybrid cars get better gas mileage than traditional cars
B) There is a difference in the gas mileage of cars and trucks
C) There is no difference in gas mileage among two-door and four-door vehicles
D) There is a relationship between the number of miles to one's job and the gas mileage associated with his or her chosen car
E) All of the above are one-tailed tests

Question 17

Statisticians recommend that the power of a test equal _____,that is,the probability that one will correctly reject a false null hypothesis.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 80%
E) 95%

Question 18

_____ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

A) Type I error
B) Two-tailed error
C) Type II error
D) One-tailed error
E) Parametric significance

Question 19

Which of the following statements is not correct about the alternative hypothesis?

A) It may be directional or nondirectional
B) The alternative hypothesis represents the conclusion for which evidence is sought
C) The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis
D) It is always the hypothesis tested
E) None of the statements are correct

Question 20

Which of the following outcomes is roughly the equivalent of committing a type I error?

A) Finding a guilty person guilty
B) Finding a guilty person not guilty
C) Finding an innocent person not guilty
D) Finding an innocent person guilty
E) None of the above

Question 21

Which of the following tests is most appropriate for examining differences in the average number of hours spent viewing television among four different age groups?

A) Z test
B) t-test
C) ANOVA
D) X²
E) McNemar test

Question 22

_____ tests are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale.

A) Parameter
B) Parametric
C) Nonparametric
D) Significance
E) Metric

Question 23

The null hypothesis is typically rejected when _____.

A) the calculated value is smaller than the critical value
B) the critical value is smaller than the calculated value
C) the level of significance chosen is .05
D) a chi-square statistic is computed
E) the Z score approaches 1

Question 24

When sample sizes exceed _____,the t and Z distributions are virtually identical.

A) 120
B) 300
C) 500
D) 1000
E) the t and Z distributions will never be identical

Question 25

If the hypothesis presented is tested with a .05 level of significance and the resulting p value is .01,which of the following is the correct decision regarding the null hypothesis?

A) Reject the null
B) Cannot reject the null
C) The decision cannot be determined with the information provided
D) Reject the alternate
E) None of the above

Question 26

The most common level of significance used in hypothesis testing is _____.

A) .05
B) .10
C) .25
D) .90
E) .95

Question 27

Which statement is not true concerning the t distribution?

A) Compared to the normal distribution, the t distribution has more area in the tails and less in the center.
B) As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the t distribution approaches the normal distribution.
C) The t distributions are skewed to the left.
D) The population variance is unknown and is estimated by the sample variance s².
E) As the sample size increases beyond 120, the t and Z distributions are indistinguishable.

Question 28

Which of the following is true of a one-sample chi-square test?

A) The null hypothesis is that the actual frequencies in each category is different than those hypothesized
B) The greater the difference between the actual and hypothesized frequencies in a category, the more likely the difference can be attributed to chance
C) The value of the X² statistic expresses the extent of the difference between the actual and hypothesized frequencies
D) The larger the divergence, the smaller the X² value
E) A X² statistic is significant if it is less than .05

Question 29

How can a researcher determine whether data meet the assumption of normality necessary for using parametric tests?

A) Assess the level of significance
B) Determine the probability of making a type II error
C) Determine the probability of making a type I error
D) Examine a normal probability plot
E) Examine whether the distribution is bimodal or multimodal

Question 30

As one increases the significance level accepted for hypothesis testing,the probability of committing a type II error _____.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) stays the same
D) is rejected
E) is accepted

Question 31

Which of the following involves a test of two-independent samples?

A) Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B) Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C) Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors
D) Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E) Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control group

Question 32

When conducting an ANOVA,if the F ratio is close to 1,which of the following interpretations is true?

A) The null hypothesis is rejected
B) There is no difference between the means of the groups examined
C) The population means are unequal
D) The between-groups variance is twice the within-groups variance
E) All of the above are true

Question 33

Which of the following involves a test of two-related samples?

A) test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B) Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C) Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors
D) Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E) Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control group

Question 34

The probability of observing a sample value as extreme as,or more extreme than,the value actually observed,given that the null hypothesis is true is called the _____.

A) level of significance
B) critical value
C) t statistic
D) p value
E) alpha

Question 35

If the hypothesis presented is tested using a .05 alpha level and the resulting p value is .01,which of the following interpretations of the results is most appropriate?

A) There is no relationship between income and food expenditures
B) There is a relationship between income and food expenditures
C) As income increases, food expenditures increase
D) As income decreases, the percentage of income spent on food increases
E) None of the above

Question 36

Under which of the following conditions must the null hypothesis be rejected?

A) p value <
B) p value >
C) p value =
D) p value cannot be determined
E) p value is unrelated to hypothesis testing

Question 37

The _____ is a parametric test to determine the statistical significance between the sample distribution mean and a population parameter.

A) F statistic
B) t-test
C) Z distribution
D) Z test
E) t distribution

Question 38

A researcher should consider answers to all of the following questions except _____ when selecting a particular test of significance.

A) how many samples are involved in the test?
B) are the samples related?
C) what type of data is involved?
D) what is the level of significance?
E) all of the above should be addressed

Question 39

Which of the following involves a test of k-independent-samples?

A) Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B) Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C) Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors
D) Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E) Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control group

Question 40

_____ tests are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.

A) Parameter
B) Parametric
C) Nonparametric
D) Resistant
E) Type I

Question 41

What is the difference between a Type I error and a Type II error? How are the two errors related?

Question 42

ANOVA can be used as a parametric test of _____.

A) one sample
B) two-related samples
C) two-unrelated samples
D) k-independent samples
E) all of the above

Question 43

Repeated measures taken from the same participant are called _____.

A) examinations
B) related samples
C) time series data
D) trials
E) n-way tests

Question 44

A two-way ANOVA differs from a one-way ANOVA in that _____.

A) Post hoc comparisons are completed as a part of the initial test
B) It requires an assumption of normality
C) It examines possible interaction effects among two independent factors
D) It examines possible interaction effects among two or more dependent variables
E) It allows an examination of ordinal data

Question 45

Define the null and alternative hypotheses.Discuss the relationship between the two hypotheses.

Question 46

In an examination of differences among the mean hamburger consumption of people in the United Kingdom,United States,France,and Korea,how would the null hypothesis be stated?

A) H₀: ^UK>
^US>
^FR>
^KR
B) HA: ^UK+
^US>
^FR+
^KR
C) H₀: ^UK=
^US=
^FR=
^KR
D) HA: π≠0
E) H₀: = 0

Question 47

Which of the following is not true of the Kruskal-Wallis test?

A) It is a one-way analysis of variance by ranks
B) It assumes random selection
C) It assumes a continuous distribution
D) It is used with two-related samples
E) All of the above are true

Question 48

Which test is an extension of the McNemar test useful for tests involving more than two samples?

A) Cochran Q
B) ANOVA
C) n-way ANOVA
D) Kruskal-Wallis
E) Mann-Whitney U

Question 49

Jeremy is using an ANOVA to examine the alternative hypothesis that brand loyalty is higher among frequent fliers of Jet Blue than the reported brand loyalty of frequent fliers on United,US Airways,and Delta.If the p value is less than .05 and the F ratio is greater than 1,which of the following interpretations is correct?

A) Jet Blue has higher brand loyalty among its frequent fliers than do the other three airlines examined
B) There is no difference in brand loyalty among customers of the four airlines
C) There is a difference in brand loyalty among customers of the four airlines
D) Jet Blue has lower brand loyalty among its frequent fliers than do the other three airlines
E) No interpretation can be made with the information available

Question 50

Which of the following best explains how the F ratio examines differences among groups?

A) The variability attributable to a treatment is compared to the variability arising from random error
B) The probability of making a type I error is compared to the probability of making a type II error
C) The critical F is compared to the critical t
D) The standard deviation for each group is subtracted from the mean of all groups
E) None of the above

Question 51

List the six-stage sequence for testing statistical significance.

Question 52

In which of the following situations should an a priori contrast be used?

A) A t-test is used to conclude that men consume more hamburgers than women
B) A chi-square test is used to conclude that there is a difference in type of living quarters by class status
C) Using a one-way ANOVA, significant differences in ad recall are found between three experimental groups and one control group
D) A Z test indicates that the national average of the number of soft drinks consumed in the US exceeds that of France
E) All of the above can use an a priori contrast

Question 53

Hypothesis testing of the effectiveness of two experimental manipulations against a control group finds that there is a significant difference in the mean score by group and the null hypothesis is rejected.Which test below can be used to determine where a difference exists?

A) ANOVA
B) X²
C) F ratio
D) Z test
E) Scheffe's S

Question 54

What are the assumptions for using parametric tests for hypothesis testing?