Deck 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant should:

A) dissuade the infant from engaging reciprocal socialization.
B) cause the infant to become insecurely attached to the caregiver.
C) help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver.
D) encourage the infant to engage in scaffolding.

Answer 1

help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver.

Question 2

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

A) Other-conscious
B) Innate
C) Regulated
D) Synchronous

Answer 2

Synchronous

Question 3

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

A) private
B) reflexive
C) natural
D) social

Answer 3

reflexive

Question 4

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a play-date and teases her about wearing night-time diapers. This is an example of _____ emotions.

A) primary
B) other worldly
C) other-conscious
D) conscious

Question 5

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that _____ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

A) lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
B) the structural immaturity of the infant brain
C) incomplete myelination in the first two months
D) lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

Question 6

Which of the following is an emotional expression that infants display when interacting with parents?

A) Crying
B) Pouting
C) Growling
D) Sneering

Question 7

Which of the following emotions is expressed by infants in the first six months of life?

A) Shame
B) Embarrassment
C) Jealousy
D) Fear

Question 8

Most of the _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

A) unconscious
B) primary
C) negative
D) self-conscious

Question 9

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:

A) experiencing pain.
B) experiencing embarrassment.
C) very angry.
D) very hungry.

Question 10

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

A) independence.
B) reciprocal socialization.
C) sensation.
D) behavioral organization.

Question 11

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well-being are known as:

A) temperament.
B) emotions.
C) personality traits.
D) feeling states.

Question 12

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

A) Cognition
B) Communication
C) Sensation
D) Suckling

Question 13

The interactions between parents and infants are described as _____ when all is going well.

A) unidirectional
B) reciprocal
C) asynchronous
D) unregulated

Question 14

_____ is an emotion that occurs for the first time in infants at some point in the second half of the first year or during the second year of life.

A) Joy
B) Anger
C) Fear
D) Pride

Question 15

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

A) The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.
B) Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first year.
C) The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions.
D) Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

A) Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
B) Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions.
C) Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.
D) Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.

Question 17

Which of the following is an "other-conscious" emotion?

A) Interest
B) Pride
C) Disgust
D) Fear

Question 18

Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) The anger cry
B) The hunger cry
C) The pain cry
D) The basic cry

Question 19

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

A) It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.
B) The first cry verifies that the baby's lungs have filled with air.
C) It provides information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.
D) Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

A) They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.
B) These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development.
C) They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
D) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.

Question 21

The development of _____ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger.

A) infinite generativity
B) deferred imitation
C) social referencing
D) reciprocal socialization

Question 22

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

A) more stranger anxiety
B) no separation protest
C) less stranger anxiety
D) more separation protest

Question 23

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests?

A) The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest varied across cultures.
B) Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C) It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
D) It peaks at about 15 months among U.S. infants.

Question 24

When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have?

A) Slow-to-warm-up
B) Easy
C) Difficult
D) Inflexible

Question 25

Which of the following is true of social smiling?

A) It does not occur in response to external stimuli.
B) It appears during the first month after birth.
C) It usually appears during sleep.
D) The external stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants.

Question 26

In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. This is an example of _____.

A) infinite generativity
B) social referencing
C) deferred imitation
D) reciprocal socialization

Question 27

Quimby, age 15 months, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in:

A) social checking.
B) social scoping.
C) social referencing.
D) social validation.

Question 28

When placed in his bed for the night, after a little crying and whimpering, a 20-month-old was overhead saying, "Go sleep, Alex. Okay." This is an example of _____.

A) infinite generativity
B) reciprocal socialization
C) deferred imitation
D) emotional regulation

Question 29

_____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.

A) Attachment
B) Temperament
C) Perception
D) Social referencing

Question 30

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:

A) fear of heights.
B) separation protest.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) ostracism fear.

Question 31

In which of the following situations will 9-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

A) When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home
B) When she meets another 9-month-old baby at her home
C) When she meets a passive stranger in an unfamiliar place
D) When she meets an aggressive stranger in an unfamiliar place

Question 32

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) inflexible

Question 33

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) flexible

Question 34

"Easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

A) trust
B) emotion
C) attachment
D) temperament

Question 35

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) flexible

Question 36

A study of four different cultures found, similarly, that separation protest peaked at about _____.

A) 2 to 3 years of age
B) 4 to 6 months
C) 13 to 15 months
D) 5 to 6 years of age

Question 37

Separation protest is characterized by:

A) rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
B) crying when the caregiver shouts.
C) crying when the caregiver leaves.
D) indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.

Question 38

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:

A) trust smiling.
B) social smiling.
C) reflexive smiling.
D) attachment smiling.

Question 39

Nakita is 6 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, _____.

A) fear
B) embarrassment
C) jealousy
D) pride

Question 40

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

A) Social referencing
B) Deferred imitation
C) Infinite generativity
D) Reciprocal socialization

Question 41

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from going to the backyard or garden in their house. Developmental psychologists would say that a discussion of this discrepancy concerns:

A) goodness of fit.
B) nonreciprocal interactions.
C) social dysfunction.
D) insecure attachment.

Question 42

Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as:

A) easy child.
B) difficult child.
C) slow-to-warm-up child.
D) slow child.

Question 43

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

A) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.
B) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
C) is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
D) results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.

Question 44

Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that _____ is an important dimension of temperament in infants, because it shows the ability (or the lack of it) to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves.

A) introversion
B) effortful control
C) emotionality
D) extraversion

Question 45

Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will MOST likely:

A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror, because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 46

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play; he goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably:

A) around 6 months old.
B) between 6 and 9 months old.
C) between 12 and 18 months old.
D) between 18 and 24 months old.

Question 47

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

A) In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed
B) In infants' awareness of the "self" as an independent entity
C) In infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions, such as vision and hearing
D) In infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective manner

Question 48

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

A) Overprotectiveness and criticism
B) Neglectfulness and indifference
C) Enmeshment and fear
D) Patience and tolerance

Question 49

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 40
D) 55

Question 50

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

A) curiosity
B) dependence
C) autonomy
D) fear

Question 51

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

A) inhibition to the unfamiliar.
B) positive or negative mood state.
C) effortful control.
D) (hyper) activity level.

Question 52

Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will MOST likely:

A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror, because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.

Question 53

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy.

A) 25
B) 30
C) 40
D) 55

Question 54

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A) low thyroxine levels.
B) stable heart rate.
C) high level of the hormone cortisol.
D) high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

Question 55

_____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

A) Social referencing
B) Secure attachment
C) Goodness of fit
D) Reciprocal socialization

Question 56

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of:

A) trust.
B) attachment.
C) temperament.
D) sense of self.

Question 57

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

A) Do not soothe the baby, because he/she will be spoiled.
B) Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C) Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.
D) Soothe the baby about every other time, so that he/she does not become dependent on external comforters.

Question 58

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?

A) Habituation
B) Joint attention
C) Core knowledge approach
D) The A-not-B error

Question 59

Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n):

A) passive child.
B) easy child.
C) slow-to-warm-up child.
D) inhibited child.

Question 60

In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _____ temperament is more highly valued.

A) active; inhibited
B) inhibited; active
C) inner focused; outward focused
D) outward focused; inner focused

Question 61

In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as:

A) securely attached.
B) trusting attached.
C) agape-love attached.
D) solidly attached.

Question 62

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is MOST likely to occur?

A) An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
B) An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
C) An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
D) An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.

Question 63

Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment?

A) Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
B) Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
C) Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.
D) Infants start to lose attachment to their primary caregivers.

Question 64

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3?

A) From birth to 2 months
B) From 2 to 7 months
C) From 7 to 24 months
D) From 24 months on

Question 65

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2?

A) From 2 to 7 months
B) From birth to 2 months
C) From 12 to 24 months
D) From 8 to 12 months

Question 66

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

A) Before 6 months
B) Between 12 to 18 months
C) Between 18 to 20 months
D) From 24 months on

Question 67

Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as _____.

A) securely attached
B) extremely inhibited
C) difficult
D) insecurely attached

Question 68

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:

A) crawl through a dark tunnel with his/her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side.
B) move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger.
C) experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present.
D) choose between his/her mother and his/her father in a strange situation.

Question 69

According to Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.

A) physical comfort and sensitive care
B) feeding and physical comfort
C) contact comfort and feeding
D) oral satisfaction and physical comfort

Question 70

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:

A) that is perceived to a non-stranger.
B) that provides physical comfort.
C) that provides oral satisfaction.
D) that provides a sense of trust.

Question 71

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

A) Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
B) Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process.
C) Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
D) Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process.

Question 72

John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n)_____ model of attachment.

A) external working
B) internal working
C) external passive
D) internal passive

Question 73

In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then, continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as _____.

A) securely attached
B) insecure disorganized
C) insecure resistant
D) insecure avoidant

Question 74

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last?

A) From 10 to 18 months
B) From birth to 2 months
C) From 2 to 7 months
D) From 18 to 24 months

Question 75

Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be picked up. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in?

A) Phase 1
B) Phase 2
C) Phase 4
D) Phase 3

Question 76

Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as _____.

A) insecure resistant
B) insecure avoidant
C) securely attached
D) insecure disorganized

Question 77

According to John Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and:

A) the self as independent.
B) the self as deserving of nurturant care.
C) the self as deserving of constant attention.
D) the self as helpless.

Question 78

Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as _____.

A) insecurely attached
B) extremely inhibited
C) securely attached
D) difficult

Question 79

In which of the following phases of Bowlby's model of attachment does attachment become focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver?

A) Phase 3
B) Phase 1
C) Phase 2
D) Phase 4

Question 80

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?

A) Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
B) Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
C) Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
D) With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.