Deck 3: Culture

Question 1

The necessity to understand that other people have values that differ from ours and that we should not see these values as inferior but merely different is known as:

A)ethnocentrism
B)cultural relativism
C)pluralism
D)universalism
E)cultural confrontation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Our houses,the tools we use,and the clothes we wear,are all examples of ____ culture.

A)material
B)nonmaterial
C)manifest
D)formal
E)physical

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The common way that people do things such as raise children,build homes,and work is governed by:

A)abstractions
B)symbols
C)norms
D)methods
E)sociology

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The human ability to create a complex social life is based on ____.

A)abstractions
B)symbols
C)norms
D)methods
E)cooperation

Question 5

Rules regarding behavior that people in a culture find relatively insignificant are called:

A)laws
B)mores
C)folkways
D)taboos
E)treatments

Question 6

Sociologists call all the ideas,practices,and material objects that people create to deal with real-life problems:

A)abstractions
B)culture
C)norms
D)methods
E)sociology

Question 7

According to sociologists,culture enables people to ____ and thrive in their environments.

A)have total control
B)shape
C)review
D)culture
E)adapt

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT among the main tools in the "the human cultural survival kit" according to Brym and Lie?

A)production
B)abstraction
C)cooperation
D)conflict
E)abstraction

Question 9

When Nomar Garciaparra of Major League Baseball developed the practice of pulling at his gloves and kicking the dirt with the toes of his cleats before swinging the bat,he invented a/n ____ practice.

A)abstracted
B)cultural
C)normal
D)methodological
E)sociological

Question 10

If Travis holds up two fingers in the peace sign,he is using which of the following?

A)abstractions
B)symbols
C)norms
D)methods
E)sociology

Question 11

When human beings pool their resources to meet collective and individual goals,we are using which tool in "the human cultural survival kit?"

A)abstractions
B)symbols
C)norms
D)methods
E)cooperation

Question 12

If someone is able to create the idea of gravity without having to have an apple fall on their head,they are engaging in which of the following?

A)abstractions
B)culture
C)norms
D)methods
E)sociology

Question 13

We live in a social universe full of symbols.Symbols are important because:

A)they are always in flux
B)they give symbolic interactionists their subject material
C)they allow us to classify and generalize our experiences
D)they establish the only unquestioned foundation for reality
E)none of these choices

Question 14

Every culture has a set of shared rules called ____ that guide the behavior of its members by specifying what behavior is appropriate and inappropriate.

A)beliefs
B)values
C)norms
D)attitudes
E)symbols

Question 15

Rules regarding behavior that people consider vital to their well-being are called:

A)laws
B)mores
C)folkways
D)taboos
E)treatments

Question 16

Sociologists say that culture is shared because it is:

A)private
B)communicated through signs
C)communicated through language and learning
D)transmitted only among those interested in culture
E)all of these choices

Question 17

When humans make and use tools and techniques that improve their ability to take what they want from nature,they are engaged in ____.

A)production
B)abstraction
C)cooperation
D)conflict
E)none of these choices

Question 18

When human beings create lumber from trees to create their homes they are engaged in which of the following?

A)production
B)abstraction
C)cooperation
D)conflict
E)none of these choices

Question 19

Human survival was based on the capacity to create general ideas or ways of thinking that are not linked to specific or particular instances.These ideas are called:

A)abstractions
B)culture
C)norms
D)methods
E)sociology

Question 20

By acquiring specialized skills,people are able to accomplish tasks that:

A)no person could possibly do on her or his own
B)no person could do unless part of a global effort
C)would be impossible under comprehensive education
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 21

According to evolutionary psychologists,behavior that increases one's survival chances ____ be changed.

A)must
B)can
C)will
D)cannot
E)all of these choices

Question 22

The system of rewards and punishments that ensure conformity is called:

A)the norm system
B)the cultural system
C)the symbolic system
D)the cooperative system
E)the system of social control

Question 23

The act of a police officer issuing a ticket for speeding is an example of a:

A)sanction
B)culture
C)symbols
D)cooperation
E)social control

Question 24

"Evolutionary psychology" is also known as:

A)sociology
B)sociobiology
C)sociometrics
D)social biology
E)all of these choices

Question 25

Serious rules that people believe are essential for the survival of their group are known as ____ according to William Sumner.

A)production
B)mores
C)folkways
D)cooperation
E)social control

Question 26

According to Brym and Lie,social control is needed to ensure stable patterns of interaction,however ____ is also needed to ensure cultural innovation and social renewal.

A)production of social control
B)individual acceptance
C)acceptance of social control
D)cooperation with social control
E)resistance to social control

Question 27

Marvin Harris argues that ethnocentrism misleads many western scholars and observers from completely understanding cow worship in rural India.When examining cow worship from the point of view of the functions it provides in Indian culture,cow worship can be understood as:

A)a rational economic practice
B)a meaningful religious practice
C)a strange and non-useful practice
D)a foreign and exotic practice
E)none of these choices

Question 28

Until the 1960s,many sociologists argued that culture was a simple "reflection" of society.However,many sociologists today contend that:

A)people accept culture as it is given to them
B)people shape culture only when they care about an issue
C)people really don't care about culture
D)culture is nothing more than people
E)people do not just accept culture passively

Question 29

The practitioners of ____ claim that genes account not just for physical characteristics but also for specific behaviors and social practices.

A)sociology
B)sociobiology
C)sociometrics
D)social biology
E)all of these choices

Question 30

Advocates of ____ have argued that school and college curricula should present a more balanced picture of United States history,culture,and society by reflecting the ethnic and racial diversity of the United States.

A)cultural solidarity
B)ethnocentrism
C)cultural production
D)multiculturalism
E)cultural diversification

Question 31

The chemical units that carry traits from parents to children are called:

A)quarks
B)DNA molecules
C)genes
D)neurons
E)receptors

Question 32

What is in evidence when someone judges another culture by the standards of one's own?

A)culture shock
B)culture lag
C)cultural confrontation
D)ethnocentrism
E)evolutionary psychology

Question 33

Individual rewards and punishments that ensure conformity are called:

A)sanctions
B)culture
C)symbols
D)cooperation
E)social control

Question 34

A common genetic misconception is that because the human genome has been mapped as of June 26,2000,all human characteristics can be "read" from this information.This is a misconception because:

A)genes mutate from generation to generation
B)genetic function is precise and human behavior is also precise
C)genetics continues to need greater study
D)genes mutate randomly and interact with social and physical environmental conditions
E)all of these choices

Question 35

You overhear an argument where one person claims that social behavior is determined by the same biological patterns as those that determine the color of your eyes.This position is known as:

A)sociology
B)sociobiology
C)sociometrics
D)social biology
E)all of these choices

Question 36

According to William Graham Sumner,less important rules of behavior are known as ____.

A)production
B)mores
C)folkways
D)cooperation
E)social control

Question 37

The problem with evolutionary psychology is that behavior that is assumed to be universal and part of survival is:

A)not universal and not necessarily part of a survival system
B)only established with psychological evidence
C)focused on male behavior
D)focused on biological behavior
E)all of these choices

Question 38

According to Charles Darwin,the species members who are best adapted to their environments are most likely to live long enough to have offspring.This is known as:

A)simple evolution
B)survival of the fittest
C)evolutionary psychology
D)sociobiology
E)social biology

Question 39

William Graham Sumner is known for his work concerning which sociological topic?

A)production
B)culture
C)symbols
D)norms
E)material culture

Question 40

The growing popularity of Latino music,Asian architectural design,and varied ethnic food is evidence of:

A)cultural solidarity
B)ethnocentrism
C)cultural production
D)all of the choices
E)cultural diversification

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of modernity?

A)inevitability of progress
B)respect for authority
C)consensus around core values
D)decline of consensus around core values
E)none of the above

Question 42

The era during which much of Western culture believed in the inevitability of progress,respected authority,and formed a consensus around core values is often referred to as:

A)premodernism
B)industrial modernity
C)modernity
D)postmodernism
E)preindustrialism

Question 43

Critics of cultural relativism claim that all cultures are not of equal value because:

A)some cultures are better than others
B)some cultures are in greater stages of development than American culture
C)cultural production is a global process
D)some cultures oppose the most deeply held values of most Americans
E)cultural diversification hurts the interests of the poor

Question 44

Today,750 million to 1 billion people speak ____ worldwide.

A)Chinese
B)Arabic
C)Romance languages
D)American
E)English

Question 45

The process by which formerly separate economies,states,and cultures are being tied together is known as:

A)rites of passage
B)globalization
C)industrialization
D)multiculturalism
E)diversification

Question 46

Why is English the dominant language around the world?

A)because of the economic,political,and cultural influence of Great Britain and the United States over the past 200 years
B)because of multiculturalism
C)because English is the easiest language in which to conduct business
D)because of the lack of influence of countries that speak other languages over the past 200 years
E)the diversification of languages led to the evolution of English

Question 47

The opposite of ethnocentrism is:

A)cultural relativism
B)ethnocentrism
C)cultural production
D)multiculturalism
E)cultural diversification

Question 48

Japanese teenagers' use of English slang is likely to ____ because of the pressures of globalization.

A)decrease
B)increase
C)stay the same
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 49

A baptism,a wedding,and a graduation ceremony are all examples of:

A)cultural relativism
B)ethnocentrism
C)cultural reproduction
D)multiculturalism
E)rites of passage

Question 50

According to Brym and Lie,cultural fragmentation has been increasing since the Renaissance,the Protestant Reformation,the Scientific Revolution,the French and American Revolutions.A trend that exacerbated cultural fragmentation is:

A)rites of passage
B)fundamentalism
C)industrialization
D)multiculturalism
E)diversification

Question 51

Symbolic interactionists are inclined to regard culture as:

A)a reflexive constant
B)a reflective constant
C)a dependent variable
D)an independent variable
E)a constant variable

Question 52

Marshall McLuhan's idea of a "global village" is an illustration of which cultural process?

A)rites of passage
B)globalization
C)industrialization
D)multiculturalism
E)diversification

Question 53

Which of the following is a public acknowledgment of changing social status?

A)rites of passage
B)ethnocentrism
C)cultural reproduction
D)multiculturalism
E)cultural diversification

Question 54

Ceremonies that mark the transition from one stage of life to another are called:

A)cultural relativism
B)ethnocentrism
C)rites of passage
D)multiculturalism
E)cultural diversification

Question 55

What form of culture involves an eclectic mixing of elements from different times and places,the erosion of authority,and the decline of consensus around core values?

A)premodern
B)sociological analysis
C)modern
D)postmodern
E)none of these choices

Question 56

Religious rituals that involve elaborate body decoration,carefully orchestrated chants,precise movements,and are conducted in public are examples of:

A)cultural relativism
B)ethnocentrism
C)cultural reproduction
D)multiculturalism
E)rites of passage

Question 57

An approach to education that gives substantial weight to the achievements of non-whites and non-Europeans in American society is known as:

A)cultural relativism
B)ethnocentrism
C)cultural production
D)multiculturalism
E)cultural diversification

Question 58

The belief that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value is known as:

A)cultural relativism
B)ethnocentrism
C)cultural production
D)multiculturalism
E)cultural diversification

Question 59

Which process destroys political,economic,and cultural isolation?

A)rites of passage
B)multiculturalism
C)industrialization
D)globalization
E)diversification

Question 60

Which of the following is not a criticism of multiculturalism?

A)multicultural education hurts minority students by overlooking core subjects
B)multicultural education causes political disunity
C)multicultural education results in interethnic and interracial conflict
D)multicultural education encourages cultural relativism
E)multicultural education encourages equal valuation of different cultures

Question 61

The tendency to define ourselves in terms of the goods we purchase is not just a simple reflection of personal choice.This tendency is also important because it supports the economy by ensuring that:

A)advertisers do not influence our purchases
B)none of the products that we produce will be bought
C)American culture will dominate globally
D)the products that we produce will be bought
E)none of these choices

Question 62

The Gap Khakis ads,discussed in the text,demonstrate that marketers know how to stimulate demand for a product by:

A)creating well produced and expensive ads
B)creating an association between the product and desirable properties
C)creating a market niche
D)orchestrating an expensive and long running television ad campaign
E)conducting extensive market research on pants

Question 63

According to Max Weber,rationalization has crept into all spheres of social life,leading to ____ that dehumanize and constrain human beings.

A)unintended consequences
B)intended consequences
C)consumerism
D)globalization
E)all of these choices

Question 64

Rationalization and consumerism are examples of:

A)culture as freedom
B)culture as constraint
C)globalization
D)postmodernism
E)culture

Question 65

The text is critical of contemporary evolutionary psychology on which of the following grounds?

A)Many behaviors discussed by evolutionary psychologists are not universal and some are not even that common.
B)It has never been verified that specific behaviors and social arrangements are associated with particular genes.
C)Variations among people are due not just to genetic differences but to random processes and environmental influences.
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 66

Brym and Lie argue that it is desirable to analyze ____ of culture.

A)all faces
B)one face
C)either face
D)both faces
E)none of these choices

Question 67

Critics of postmodernism are concerned that the lack of a common culture will create problems in maintaining a stable society.These problems include which of the following?

A)how to teach common values
B)how to organize anti-global efforts
C)how to create meaningful television commercials
D)how to transmit different belief systems
E)all of these choices

Question 68

A subculture is:

A)an inferior culture
B)a culture that is perceived to be inferior
C)a set of distinctive values,norms,and practices within a larger culture
D)an emergent culture
E)an underground movement

Question 69

In Weber's sense of the term,rationalization is:

A)a justification for a deviant act
B)a justification for a perceived act of deviance
C)the application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals and the unintended,negative consequences of doing so
D)using the least expensive and most effective means to get a job done
E)none of these choices

Question 70

Weber believed that rationalization is evident in the way our ____ has evolved.

A)use of time
B)use of armies
C)use of money
D)use of political organization
E)use of education

Question 71

The application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals is one way to think about the process of:

A)postmodernism
B)rationalization
C)consumerism
D)McDonaldization
E)none of these choices

Question 72

People live busy lives.We often feel rushed trying to accomplish too much during the average workday.Our lives appear to be so highly regimented that each moment is precisely planned.This is often attributed to the growth of:

A)postmodernism
B)McDonaldization
C)consumerism
D)rationalization
E)cultural diversification

Question 73

The change in how father figures are depicted on television demonstrates which characteristic of postmodernism?

A)an eclectic mixing of elements from different times and places
B)the erosion of authority
C)the decline of consensus around core values
D)increasing use of non-functional architecture
E)all of these choices

Question 74

The growth of different religious beliefs is a characteristic of which form of culture?

A)premodern
B)sociological analysis
C)modernism
D)neomodern
E)postmodern

Question 75

A set of distinctive values,norms,and practices within a larger culture that sets members apart from the dominant culture is known as a(n)____.

A)rationalization
B)subculture
C)consumerism
D)culture
E)purchased identity

Question 76

If people go to the mall to buy things when they are feeling depressed,and the purchases make them feel good about themselves or their situation,they are engaging in:

A)rationalization
B)subculture
C)consumerism
D)culture
E)purchased identity

Question 77

Brym and Lie define cultural lag as:

A)the slow pace of cultural change
B)the tendency of material culture to change more slowly than symbolic culture
C)the tendency of symbolic culture to change more slowly than material culture
D)the slow pace of change in developing countries
E)none of these choices

Question 78

The implementation of Werkglocken is an example of what process?

A)postmodernism
B)rationalization
C)consumerism
D)McDonaldization
E)none of these choices

Question 79

The tendency in postmodern society to define ourselves in terms of the goods and services we purchase is known as:

A)rationalization
B)subculture
C)consumerism
D)culture
E)purchased identity

Question 80

"Werkglock" is a German term for ____.

A)work schedule
B)work force
C)work place
D)work clock
E)all of these choices