Deck 19: Health and Medicine

Question 1

Common remedies in medieval times included:

A)herbs
B)hot baths
C)bloodletting
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The public health system is composed of government-run programs that ensure:

A)clean drinking water
B)basic sewerage and sanitation services
C)inoculations against infectious diseases
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Accounting for the difference between the maximum average human lifespan and life expectancy is one of the main tasks of the sociologist of:

A)life
B)health
C)medicine
D)life expectancy
E)none of these choices

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The oldest-known person with proof of age,a woman who died at age 122,was from:

A)China
B)Japan
C)U.S.A.
D)France
E)Italy

Question 5

The leading cause of death in urban Haiti is:

A)accidents
B)heart attacks
C)strokes
D)gun-related
E)none of these choices

Question 6

According to the World Health Organization,____ is the ability of an individual to achieve his (or her)potential and to respond positively to the challenges of the environment.

A)health
B)life
C)medicine
D)illness
E)life span

Question 7

The social causes of illness and death include:

A)human environmental factors
B)life-style factors
C)factors related to the public health
D)factors related to the health care systems
E)all of these choices

Question 8

In the mid 19th century,which of the following groups did NOT join in urging governments to develop health policies that would help create a healthier citizenry:

A)social reformers
B)concerned citizens
C)scientists
D)doctors
E)none of these choices.All these groups joined together.

Question 9

Americans are being deprived of ____ years of life due to avoidable social causes.

A)4
B)5
C)6
D)7
E)8

Question 10

The only people to have much luck in avoiding the Black Plague in Europe were:

A)Pope Clemens VI who sat between two fires to breathe pure air
B)the well to do who could afford to flee the cities for the country
C)the Jews
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 11

According to Brym and Lie,____ is an illuminating approach to analyzing the American health care system:

A)conflict theory
B)fundamentalist theory
C)medical-health theory
D)socialization theory
E)none of these choices

Question 12

The leading cause of death in the US in 2001 was:

A)heart disease
B)accidents
C)suicide
D)violence
E)Alzheimer's disease

Question 13

Social causes have a ____ impact on illness and death:

A)negligible
B)unknown
C)big
D)variable
E)big and variable

Question 14

Which of these is NOT one of the chief lifestyle factors associated with poor health and premature death in the US:

A)smoking cigarettes
B)alcohol and drugs
C)poor diet
D)social isolation
E)none of these choices.They are ALL listed by Brym and Lie as chief factors.

Question 15

The Black Death:

A)originated in Asia
B)spread along trade routes to China and Russia.
C)killed a third of Europe's population
D)still ranks as the most devastating catastrophe in human history
E)all of these choices

Question 16

The main supporters of the current United States health care system are:

A)the stockholders of the private health insurance companies
B)physicians
C)high-paid health care professionals
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 17

Exposure to all three sets of social causes of illness and death is strongly related to:

A)country of residence
B)class
C)race
D)gender
E)all of these choices

Question 18

About ____ of employees in the US receive their health coverage through HMOs.

A)10 per cent
B)25 per cent
C)40 per cent
D)60 per cent
E)85 per cent

Question 19

One of the great shortcomings of modern medicine is its emphasis on:

A)high tech cures
B)preventative measures
C)environmental measures
D)superstition
E)none of these choices

Question 20

Native Americans are much more likely than non-Hispanic whites to die from:

A)accidents
B)infant diseases
C)homicide
D)HIV/AIDS
E)all of these choices

Question 21

Which of the following are social causes of illness and death?

A)lifestyle factors
B)human-environmental factors
C)public health factors
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 22

According to Table 19.1,which of the following was the leading cause of death in 2001?

A)homicide
B)heart disease
C)accidents
D)AIDS
E)kidney disease

Question 23

The poor African country of Sierra Leone suffered the world's lowest life expectancy at:

A)21 years
B)35 years
C)51 years
D)61 years
E)71 years

Question 24

What is a particularly big problem among elderly people who retire,lose a spouse and friends,and cannot rely on family members for social support?

A)social stratification
B)economic inflation
C)social isolation
D)social solidarity
E)social stability

Question 25

Sociologists examine rates of illness and death when they wish to measure:

A)the human life span
B)health
C)life expectancy
D)aging
E)medicine

Question 26

According to the 1998 General Social Survey,what percent of Americans agree that HMOs improve the quality of medical care:

A)22 per cent
B)41 per cent
C)53 per cent
D)67 per cent
E)70 per cent

Question 27

The sociology of health typically examines the negative: rates of ____ and ____.

A)growth and stagnation
B)illness and death
C)stratification and inequality
D)cancer and heart disease
E)prevention and failure

Question 28

Which of the following countries had the highest life expectancy in 2004?

A)the United States
B)China
C)Japan
D)France
E)Sweden

Question 29

Why were the Jews less affected by the plague than other groups in Europe?

A)They washed their hands before meals.
B)They bathed once a week.
C)They conducted burials soon after death.
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 30

Social isolation affects one's chances of becoming ill and dying prematurely.What type of cause of illness and death is this?

A)human-environmental
B)lifestyle
C)public health
D)religious
E)health care system

Question 31

The ability of an individual to achieve his or her potential and to respond positively to the challenges of this or her environment is one way to define:

A)the human life span
B)health
C)life expectancy
D)aging
E)medicine

Question 32

In 1974 a condition that had been considered a psychiatric disorder for more than a century ceased to be labeled as such by the American Psychiatric Association.This condition is:

A)alcoholism
B)drug addiction
C)homosexuality
D)psychosis
E)none of these choices

Question 33

The importance of prevention,exercise,a balanced diet,and a congenial environment in maintaining good health is (was)stressed by:

A)phrenologists
B)medieval doctors
C)penologists
D)psychologists
E)none of these choices

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a social cause of illness and death?

A)human-environmental factors
B)lifestyle factors
C)public health factors
D)religious factors
E)none of these choices.They are all social causes of illness and death.

Question 35

In the mid 19th century there was just one mental disorder recognized by the federal government:

A)neurosis
B)idiocy/insanity
C)psychosis
D)personality disorder
E)post traumatic stress disorder

Question 36

Smoking cigarettes,using excessive amounts of alcohol and drugs,having a poor diet,and lacking exercise represent what kind of cause of illness and death?

A)human-environmental
B)lifestyle
C)public health
D)religious
E)health care system

Question 37

The average age of death of the members of a population is called:

A)the life course
B)maximum average human life span
C)the life rate
D)life expectancy
E)maximum human life span

Question 38

In the 14th century the Black Death killed ____ of Europe's population:

A)one tenth
B)one seventh
C)one fifth
D)one third
E)one half

Question 39

The maximum average human life span is now about:

A)69 years
B)77 years
C)85 years
D)91 years
E)58 years

Question 40

Why were the wealthy better able to avoid the plague in Europe?

A)They could afford the finest medical care of the day.
B)They could afford to leave the country.
C)The poor avoided them.
D)They could flee the densely populated cites for remote areas.
E)all of these choices

Question 41

Even among people who have the same access to medical resources,people of higher social rank and prestige tend to live healthier lives.Why is this?

A)People of higher social rank experience more activity,which keeps them from focusing on problems.
B)People of higher social rank experience less stress because they are more in control of their lives.
C)People of higher social rank are more valued by all social classes.
D)People of higher rank have more access to medical resources.
E)People of lower rank have less access to medical resources.

Question 42

Nearly ____ per cent of South Africa's adult population is infected with HIV/AIDS:

A)68
B)48
C)28
D)38
E)58

Question 43

The creation of what systems have been more important than biomedical advances in improving health and ensuring long life?

A)The health care system
B)the public health system
C)the medical care system
D)government health and welfare system
E)the welfare system

Question 44

In which of the following ways can health inequality manifest itself?

A)The poor are exposed to more violence and high-risk behavior.
B)The poor are exposed to more environmental hazards.
C)The poor cannot afford adequate health care
D)Public hospitals that served the poor are closed.
E)all of these choices

Question 45

The network of a nation's clinics,hospitals,and other facilities for ensuring health and treating illness is known as the:

A)health care system
B)public health system
C)medical care system
D)government health and welfare system
E)welfare system

Question 46

Racial disparities in health status are largely,though not entirely,due to economic differences between racial groups.Thus,most studies show that blacks and whites at the same income level:

A)have different levels of health
B)have roughly similar levels of health
C)have health levels that depend on diet
D)have identical levels of health
E)none of these choices

Question 47

Which of the following factors create gender inequalities in health and health care?

A)gender bias in medical research
B)gender bias in medical treatment
C)women living longer than men
D)there being more poor women than poor men in the United States
E)all of these choices

Question 48

More research has focused on "men's diseases" than on "women's diseases." This illustrates which health-related gender inequality:

A)class bias in medical treatment
B)gender bias in medical research
C)women live longer than men
D)more poor women than poor men in the United States
E)all of these choices

Question 49

"Dr.Care" works in a hospital.She is part of:

A)the health care system
B)the public health directive
C)the medical profession
D)the government health and welfare system
E)the welfare system

Question 50

For people who earn more than median income,more income results in:

A)small declines in mortality
B)big declines in mortality
C)small increases in mortality
D)big increases in mortality
E)none of these choices

Question 51

HIV/AIDS is nearly 12 times more common in sub-Saharan Africa than North America.Spending on HIV/AIDS research and treatment is concentrated in:

A)sub-Saharan Africa
B)North America and Western Europe
C)Asia
D)South America
E)Australia

Question 52

The leading cause of death in Haiti is:

A)heart disease
B)lung cancer
C)kidney infections
D)AIDS
E)cancer

Question 53

Income inequality has widened in the United States since the early 1970s.Health disparities between income groups have:

A)stayed about the same
B)decreased
C)grown
D)doubled
E)tripled

Question 54

The annual number of deaths before the age of one for every 1000 live births is known as:

A)life span rate
B)life expectancy rate
C)infant mortality rate
D)death expectancy rate
E)sudden infant death syndrome rate

Question 55

Each year of education completed by an African American results in smaller income gains than it does for white Americans.Since income is associated with good health,blacks tend to be worse off than whites at the same income level.Therefore:

A)income and other rewards do not have the same value across racial groups
B)racism affects access to health services
C)the experience of racism creates psychological and emotional damage
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 56

How does racism affect the health status of African Americans?

A)Income and other rewards do not have the same value across racial groups.
B)Racism affects access to health services.
C)The experience of racism creates psychological and emotional damage.
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 57

For people who earn less than median income,more income results in:

A)small declines in mortality
B)big declines in mortality
C)small increases in mortality
D)big increases in mortality
E)none of these choices

Question 58

Which of the following is characteristic of Health Maintenance Organizations?

A)They are concerned with profit.
B)They are private corporations
C)They collect regular payments from employers and/or employees.
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 59

A system of government-run programs that ensure access to clean drinking water,basic sewage and sanitation services and inoculation against infectious diseases is know as:

A)the health care system
B)the public health system
C)the medical care system
D)government welfare system
E)the welfare system

Question 60

The idea that racism increases the likelihood of drug addiction and engaging in violence speaks to the idea that:

A)income and other rewards do not have the some value across racial group
B)racism affects access to health services
C)the experience of racism creates psychological and emotional damage
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 61

AIDS/HIV is nearly ____ more common in sub-Saharan Africa than in North America.

A)2 times
B)5 times
C)12 times
D)50 times
E)80 times

Question 62

Over time,definitions of deviant behavior have become:

A)biologized
B)medicalized
C)psychologized
D)rectified
E)all of these choices

Question 63

Scientific medicine came to dominate health care because:

A)medical science worked,or at least seemed to work,more effectively and more often than alternative therapies
B)doctors were able to professionalize
C)many medical doctors were hostile to alternative medicine until recently.
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 64

Like all corporations,HMOs pursue strategies to keep their shareholders happy.Which of the following is NOT one of those strategies?

A)Some HMOs avoid covering people who are likely to get sick.
B)HMOs minimize the cost of treating the sick people they can't avoid covering.
C)HMOs have sought to enroll the poor because of the high government reimbursements.
D)Some HMOs allegedly inflate diagnoses to maximize reimbursements.
E)HMOs keep overhead costs high.

Question 65

In 1998,what percent of Americans agreed or strongly agreed that HMOs improve the quality of healthcare?

A)2 percent
B)22 percent
C)42 percent
D)62 percent
E)82 percent

Question 66

The ____ is composed of government-run programs that ensure access to clean drinking water,basic sewage and sanitation services,and inoculation against infectious diseases.

A)health care system
B)public health system
C)public works system
D)Medicare system
E)All of the above.

Question 67

Which is a type of social cause of illness and death?

A)human-environmental factors
B)lifestyle factors
C)factors related to public health systems.
D)factors related to health care systems.
E)All of the above.

Question 68

The American health care system invests enormous sums on research,development,the latest diagnostic equipment,and high salaries to attract many of the best medical researchers and practitioners in the world.This is possible because:

A)government regulations keep health care salaries high.
B)there are large profits to be made from health care in the United States
C)government regulations prevent health care salaries from becoming excessive
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 69

Strong belief in the effectiveness of a cure can by itself improve the condition of about one third of people who are suffering from chronic pain or fatigue.This is evidence of:

A)the healthy identity
B)the placebo effect
C)the sick role
D)patient activism
E)alternative medicine

Question 70

Which is considered a sociological reason for disparities in health inequality?

A)The poor are more likely exposed to violence,and high-risk behavior.
B)The poor are more likely exposed to environmental hazards.
C)The poor cannot afford adequate health care.
D)The poor tend to have less access to knowledge about healthy lifestyles.
E)All of the above.

Question 71

What is life expectancy?

A)the average age of death of the members of a population.
B)the maximum age of death of eldest members of a population.
C)the minimum age of death of among members of an elderly population.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 72

The number of mental disorders recognized by the federal government in 1850,1975 and 1994 increased from:

A)5 to 12 to 27
B)6 to 27 to 81
C)1 to 106 to 297
D)12 to 25 to 92
E)none of these choices

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT a cause of gender inequality in health and health care?

A)gender bias in medical research
B)gender bias in medical treatment
C)women living longer than men
D)more poor women than poor men in the United States
E)women undergoing more organ transplants than men

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the increased number and scope of conditions labeled as "mental disorders"?

A)Americans are now experiencing more stress and depression than ever before
B)Power organization demand it.
C)The cultural context stimulates it.
D)Historical tendencies demand it.
E)Various professional organizations have promoted it.

Question 75

Which of the following are challenges to traditional medicine?

A)holistic medicine
B)alternative medicine
C)patient activism
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 76

When Talcott Parsons defined the sick role,he argued that:

A)illness suspends routine responsibilities
B)illness is not deliberate
C)people who play the sick role want to be well
D)people who play the sick role must seek competent help and cooperate with health care practitioners at all times
E)all of these choices

Question 77

President Clinton's 1993-94 Health Security proposal was defeated due to opposition from:

A)health insurance companies
B)the Republican Party
C)a large minority within the Democratic Party
D)all of these choices
E)health insurance companies and the Republican Party

Question 78

The average age of death for a population under ideal conditions is referred to as:

A)the maximum average human life span
B)the maximum life expectancy.
C)the maximum average human life span.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 79

Which is NOT an indicator of health inequality?

A)infant mortality
B)health expenditures
C)access to sanitary water supply
D)number of nurses and midwives
E)All of the above are indicators of health inequality.

Question 80

Which of the following is a consequence of the strategies that HMOs use to ensure profits and keep shareholders satisfied?

A)increasing health care coverage
B)trying to minimize the cost of treating sick people they can't avoid covering
C)maintaining fixed health care coverage
D)offering complete coverage for children and people with disabilities
E)all of these choices