Deck 17: Education

Question 1

____ refers to the fact that it takes ever more certification and diplomas to qualify for a given job.

A)Certificate professionalization
B)Diploma certification
C)Credential inflation
D)Certificate inflation
E)Diploma professionalization

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The modern state encouraged mass education because:

A)it promoted loyalty and social order
B)it taught a common national language
C)industry called for literate and numerate workers
D)All of these choices e none of these choices

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Major school reforms proposed in recent years include

A)mentoring
B)vouchers
C)redistribution of school budgets
D)improving the social environment of young,disadvantaged children before and after school
E)all of these choices

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Mass compulsory education has its roots in which of the following:

A)the Protestant Reformation
B)the rise of Catholicism
C)communist revolutions
D)globalization
E)both the Protestant Reformation and globalization

Question 5

In 2001,____ of Americans in the 25-29 age group had completed high school.

A)58 per cent
B)68 per cent
C)78 per cent
D)88 per cent
E)98 per cent

Question 6

In table 17.2 giving Average SAT Scores by Race/Ethnicity for 2001,the total verbal and math scores were highest by Asian and Other White groups.Which group scored third highest?

A)African
B)Mexican
C)Puerto Rican
D)Other Hispanic
E)Native American

Question 7

When a 2000 nationwide poll asked Americans to indicate the areas in which we are spending too little money,the nation's education system came ____.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth
E)fifth

Question 8

The spread of mass,compulsory education has been encouraged by all but which of the following:

A)democratic revolutions
B)industrialization
C)the modern state
D)globalization
E)Catholicism

Question 9

In 1950 ____ of the world's countries boasted systems of compulsory mass education.

A)10 per cent
B)20 per cent
C)30 per cent
D)40 per cent
E)50 per cent

Question 10

____ refers to the number of years of school students complete:

A)Educational attainment
B)Educational achievement
C)Educational potential
D)Educational stereotype
E)none of these choices

Question 11

George W.Bush benefited from:

A)the legacy factor
B)the development factor
C)the affirmative action factor
D)all of these choices
E)only the legacy and development factors

Question 12

____ occurs when members of an occupation insist that people earn certain credentials to enter the occupation:

A)Certification
B)Credential certification
C)Diploma certification
D)Professionalization
E)none of these choices

Question 13

____ refers to how much students actually learn:

A)Educational attainment
B)Educational achievement
C)Educational level
D)Educational credentials
E)Educational stereotype

Question 14

At the University of Michigan,a review committee may add admission points on the basis of:

A)cash gifts
B)family ties
C)minority status
D)all of these choices
E)minority status and family ties only

Question 15

Cultural capital includes all but which of the following:

A)attitudes
B)preferences
C)IQ
D)formal knowledge
E)behaviors

Question 16

Which of the following was (were)accepted at Ivy League schools with a SAT score of less than 1225?

A)Al Gore
B)John Kerry
C)George W.Bush
D)Dick Cheney
E)all of the above

Question 17

____ involves sorting students into high ability,middle-ability and low-ability classes based on the results of tests:

A)Stereotyping
B)Professionalization
C)Tracking
D)Credentialism
E)none of these choices

Question 18

In the graph showing Interest in School by 12th Graders,1983-2000,it shows that interest in school

A)decreased from 1983 to 2000
B)increased from 1983 to 2000
C)stayed pretty much the same
D)varied too much to make a generalization
E)none of these choices

Question 19

____ is a stratification system in which equality of opportunities allows people to rise or fall to a position that matches their talent and effort:

A)Aristocracy
B)Democracy
C)Autocracy
D)Meritocracy
E)Oligarchy

Question 20

____ takes place when members of an occupation insist that people earn certain credentials in order to enter the occupation:

A)Educational attainment
B)Professionalization
C)Meritocracy
D)Tracking
E)Stereotyping

Question 21

Advocates of affirmative action do NOT say:

A)it compensates for historical injustice
B)it encourages ethnic diversity
C)it encourages social diversity
D)it creates middle-class leaders in minority groups
E)it ignores individual rights and differences

Question 22

The real crisis in American education can be found in

A)the top third of schools
B)the upper-middle class suburban schools
C)the predominantly middle class schools
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 23

In the United States,people acquire cultural capital mostly:

A)in school
B)at home
C)from their relatives
D)at the library
E)from television

Question 24

____ are expectations that help cause what they predict:

A)Personal anecdotes
B)Predictable achievements
C)Arbitrary expectations
D)Self-fulfilling prophecies
E)Inferiority predictions

Question 25

One might cite credential inflation if one were discussing:

A)increasing technical requirements of jobs
B)sorting mechanisms for employers
C)professionalization
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 26

Schools do NOT intentionally accomplish which of the following:

A)sorting
B)training
C)socializing
D)transmitting culture
E)encouraging the development of a separate youth culture

Question 27

____ refers to the negative impact of negative stereotypes on the school performance of disadvantaged groups:

A)Tracking
B)Stereotype threat
C)Meritocracy
D)Educational attainment
E)Educational capital

Question 28

Critics argue that the SAT and ACT tests:

A)are culturally biased
B)are not affected by coaching
C)are based on merit
D)are fair to all groups of students
E)none of these choices

Question 29

Strategies to help explode self-fulfilling prophecy and improve academic performance include:

A)emotional support
B)encouragement
C)competitive atmosphere
D)all of these choices
E)emotional support and encouragement only

Question 30

Of the more than 860 million illiterate adults in the world,____ of them are women:

A)one fifth
B)one fourth
C)one half
D)one third
E)two thirds

Question 31

In general,which of the following does NOT help to give a person the greatest chances of success in school:

A)having encouraging parents
B)having parents with more education
C)having more siblings
D)having a higher family income
E)none of these choices.They all help to give a person the greatest chance of success in school.

Question 32

Results of IQ tests are affected by:

A)home environment
B)community environment
C)schooling environment
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 33

According to four U.S.Department of Education surveys conducted between 1983 and 2000,an increasing number of students graduating from American high schools think their education is:

A)meaningless
B)boring
C)irrelevant
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 34

In pre-industrial Europe,the Catholic Church

A)did not want mass literacy
B)wanted only priests to read the Bible
C)arrested and executed people who tried to translate the Latin Bible into national languages
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 35

If you own a lot of cultural capital,you have "highbrow" tastes in

A)literature
B)dance
C)art
D)sports
E)all of these choices

Question 36

A few successful comprehensive child and family assistance programs exist.They include:

A)children who are enrolled at birth
B)programs that last all day
C)individualized childcare and primary care
D)adult literacy courses
E)all of these choices

Question 37

____ or unintended functions of schools are custodial service of caring for children and restricting job competition by keeping millions out of the full-time paid labor force.

A)Cumulative
B)Individualized
C)Latent
D)Excessive
E)Primary

Question 38

IQ tests:

A)measure cognitive abilities
B)measure social status
C)reflect genetic endowment
D)reflect underlying social stratification
E)all of these choices

Question 39

Conflict theorists argue that

A)schools distribute education equally
B)most educational benefits go to students from lower class statuses
C)schools tend to reproduce the stratification system
D)all of these choices

Question 40

Which of the following do NOT influence the quality of education:

A)the distribution of educational resources
B)the kind of students who attend the schools
C)the quality of its teachers
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices.They all influence the quality of education.

Question 41

In the Table of Math Achievement Scores in 38 countries in 1999,the highest math scores came from students in:

A)the United States
B)Europe
C)East Asia
D)the Scandinavian countries
E)the Balkans

Question 42

When members of an occupation insist that people earn certain credentials in order to enter the occupation,this is called:

A)educational achievement
B)mass schooling
C)educational attainment
D)professionalization
E)none of these choices

Question 43

Without meaning to do so,schools encourage the development of a separate youth culture that often conflicts with parents' values.This is an example of a(n)____ of schools.

A)manifest function
B)intended consequence
C)latent function
D)professional attribute
E)none of these choices.

Question 44

The movie Stand and Deliver demonstrates that educational achievement can be improved if students are:

A)encouraged to think of themselves as capable
B)inspired by a dedicated teacher
C)encouraged to take college preparatory courses
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 45

Professionalism:

A)promotes high standards
B)promotes high earnings
C)has spread widely
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 46

Dropout rates vary a great deal among adolescents by race and ethnic group.For white non-Hispanics,the dropout rate is 8 per cent.For black students it is 14 per cent.For Latinos it is:

A)fifteen per cent
B)thirty per cent
C)forty-five per cent
D)sixty per cent
E)seventy per cent

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT one of the latent functions of schools?

A)schools encourage the development of a separate youth culture
B)at the college level,schools bring potential mates together
C)schools transmit culture from one generation to the next
D)schools keep children under close surveillance for much of the day so their parents can work
E)at the college level,schools keep people temporarily out of the paid labor force,thus restricting competition and supporting wage levels

Question 48

Durkheim held that schools socialize the young and thus promote social integration.Which of the following attributes did he think schools instill in children?

A)respect for the law
B)value capitalism and democracy
C)view nation with pride
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT one of the social mechanisms that operate within the school system to reproduce inequality?

A)unequal funding
B)testing and tracking
C)the self-fulfilling prophecy of low minority group achievement
D)the organization of school sports

Question 50

____ was a tough idealist who quit a high-paying job in the computer industry to teach high school in East Los Angeles:

A)Jaime Escalante
B)Lakia Washington
C)John Lie
D)Robert Brym
E)Henry Park

Question 51

Which of the following resulted from the attempt to desegregate American schools?

A)white families moved to all-white suburbs
B)white families enrolled their children in private schools
C)educational gains on the part of minority students were limited by racial tensions
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 52

In the table that compared the amount of eighth grade student behavior problems,according to principals,which country reported the greatest amount of behavior that threatened a safe and orderly environment at least weekly?

A)Canada
B)Italy
C)Japan
D)Russia
E)the United States

Question 53

The number of years of school a person completes is known as ____.

A)educational achievement
B)mass schooling
C)educational attainment
D)professionalization
E)credentialization

Question 54

In a 'culturally biased' item on an actual SAT test,which is the correct answer for the opposite of turbulent?

A)aerial
B)compact
C)pacific
D)chilled
E)sanitary

Question 55

In the table in the text that compares Father's Occupation and Child's Chances of Completing College in the United States,the greatest chance of completing college for students with scores in the top 14% was if the father's occupation was:

A)professional
B)manager
C)clerical/sales
D)skilled blue collar
E)unskilled blue collar

Question 56

According to the conflict perspective on education,the benefits of education:

A)are unequally distributed in society
B)tend to reproduce the existing stratification system
C)track most children at the bottom of the class system into low and middle ability classes
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 57

According to sociologist Randall Collins,it takes more and more certificates and diplomas to qualify for a given job.He calls this:

A)educational achievement
B)mass schooling
C)educational attainment
D)professionalization
E)credential inflation

Question 58

How much students actually learn while in school is known as ____.

A)educational achievement
B)mass schooling
C)educational attainment
D)professionalization
E)credentialization

Question 59

In the table showing Estimated Lifetime Earnings by Educational Attainment,the group that makes the most money has attained which degree?

A)associate
B)bachelor's
C)master's
D)professional
E)doctoral

Question 60

Which of the following is (are)responsible for the spread of mass schooling?

A)the Protestant Reformation
B)the democratic revolutions that began in the 18th century
C)industrialization
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 61

According to Brym and Lie,credential inflation is fueled by:

A)the increasing technical requirements of many jobs
B)professionalization
C)both of these choices
D)neither of these choices

Question 62

According to the 2000 General Social Survey:

A)education is a low priority among Americans
B)education is a higher priority among Canadians than Americans
C)Americans say that education should be the country's number one priority
D)Americans say that education should be the country's number six priority
E)Americans say that education should be the country's number twelve priority

Question 63

Which is a social mechanism that plays out in the school system to reproduce inequality based on the conflict perspective?

A)unequal funding
B)testing
C)tracking
D)the self-fulfilling prophecy
E)All of the above

Question 64

The Third International Math and Science Study

A)proved conclusively that the academic performance of American students is among the worst in the world
B)proved conclusively that the academic performance of American students is among the best in the world
C)proved conclusively that the academic performance of American students is about the same as the academic performance of American students in other rich industrialized countries
D)proved little because of sampling problems and the different kinds of school systems in different countries

Question 65

Research shows that:

A)at least a third of the variation in academic performance is due to inequalities imposed on children by their homes,neighborhoods and peers
B)desegregation closes only about 30 per cent of the academic gap between black and white students
C)the academic performance of American students is among the worst in the world.
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 66

According to a 1988 federal government report,____ of the country's schools need major repairs or outright replacement:

A)one tenth
B)one fifth
C)one third
D)one half
E)two thirds

Question 67

The Trends in International Math and Science Study (TIMSS)provides evidence that the public educational system in the United States is in crisis.However,their findings need to be considered with caution.Which is a major criticism of the TIMSS test?

A)The test ignores the fact that there are so many different cultural learning styles globally,that it is difficult to compare academic achievement across countries.
B)Most participating countries did not follow sampling guidelines,some for political reasons in order to inflate their scores.
C)Although secondary school systems are standardized globally,many countries fail to follow the world standards.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 68

The Abecedarian project shows that:

A)it is impossible to achieve long-term gains among underprivileged youth
B)long-term educational gains can be achieved among underprivileged youth,but only if they and their parents are provided with a variety of health,educational,and other programs that amount to an alternative community
C)long-term educational gains can be achieved among underprivileged youth,but only if a voucher system is used
D)long-term educational gains can be achieved among underprivileged youth,but only in language skills,not in math
E)none of these choices

Question 69

According to the textbook,the self-fulfilling prophecy that expects minority students to perform poorly in school:

A)can never be overcome
B)can be overcome in schools where minority students compose more than 25 per cent of the student body
C)can be overcome by challenging minority students,giving them emotional support and encouragement,preparing a curriculum that gives more recognition to the accomplishments of their group and creating an environment in which they can relax and achieve
D)can be overcome by raising taxes and putting more money into improved educational facilities
E)none of these choices

Question 70

Most sociologists think IQ is mainly a reflection of:

A)innate intelligence
B)social standing
C)biological (genetic)endowment
D)All of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 71

____ refers to the number of years of school completed.

A)educational attainment
B)educational achievement
C)educational potential
D)educational tracking
E)educational enhancement

Question 72

In the United States,the percentage of non-Hispanic whites,African Americans and Hispanic Americans over the age of 24 with a bachelor's degree is,respectively:

A)11 per cent,15 per cent,24 per cent
B)31 per cent,35 per cent,44 per cent
C)44 per cent,35 per cent,31 per cent
D)24 per cent,15 per cent,11 per cent

Question 73

The fact that employers have been increasing the requirements to qualify for professional positions to the extent that far more people are earning college degrees than ever before,and the value of degrees has decline,is an example of:

A)educational screening
B)credential inflation
C)tracking
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 74

Studies have shown that:

A)gains in cognitive and socio-emotional functioning registered by Head Start graduates disappear within about two years of leaving the program
B)gains in cognitive socio-emotional function registered by Head Start graduates are evident many years after graduates leave the program
C)federal funds for supplementary reading instruction result in big academic gains by students who receive such instruction
D)both programs should be copied and promoted all over the United States
E)all of these choices

Question 75

Which factor accounts for the spread of mass schooling?

A)the Protestant transformation
B)democratic forces that resulted from the French and American Revolutions
C)industrialization
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 76

Schools commonly teach students to view their nation with pride.This is considered a(n)____ function of schools.

A)manifest
B)latent
C)unintended
D)hidden
E)None of the above.

Question 77

According to the textbook,which of the following will NOT result in substantial improvement of the American school system?

A)full desegregation
B)universal bussing
C)giving parents the right to choose which schools their children will attend
D)pouring much more money into the high school system
E)all of these choices.

Question 78

Research suggests that programs aimed at increasing school budgets and encouraging local initiatives to improve schooling need to be augmented by policies that:

A)offer school vouchers
B)improve the social environment of young,disadvantaged children
C)do not invest money and resources in inner-city schools that cannot be salvaged
D)eliminate preschools
E)all of these choices

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as a proposal to improve school quality?

A)adopting a system of school vouchers
B)encouraging local initiatives to improve schooling
C)redistributing and increasing school budgets
D)developing a system of comprehensive preschools
E)giving students a wider selection of courses from which to choose

Question 80

Critics of the proposed voucher system argue that:

A)vouchers would undermine public education and promote the growth of private schools,thus making education more unequal than it is already
B)the voucher system would be too expensive to implement
C)the voucher system would provide so much choice that students would be able to avoid the study of important but difficult subjects such as math
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices