Deck 11: Sexuality and Gender

Question 1

According to Talcott Parsons,women manage the household while men work in the paid labor force.Each generation learns to perform these complementary roles by means of:

A)complex normative socialization
B)role-playing and gender performance
C)gender role conformity
D)gender role socialization
E)gender role normalization

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Scholars who see gender differences as a reflection of naturally evolved dispositions are approaching gender from which theoretical position?

A)essentialism
B)social constructionism
C)functionalism
D)symbolic interactionism
E)conflict theory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

For reasons that are still poorly understood,an individual may resist or even reject the gender role that is assigned to him or her because of his or her biological sex.When this occurs,most people in society respond by:

A)understanding that differences are healthy for a diverse society
B)applying positive sanctions to assist the individual in creating his or her sense of self
C)applying negative sanctions as a form of punishment or as a means of getting him or her to conform
D)reorganizing all aspects of their social life
E)ignoring the questioning and resistance

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If Jackie thinks of himself as a boy,he has formed a:

A)heterosexuality
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender identity
E)gender role

Question 5

Although Dr.John Money claimed that the sexual reassignment of baby Brenda was successful,in reality it wasn't.According to Brym and Lie,one reason for the lack of success was:

A)the inescapable influence of biology
B)the lack of support for the sex reassignment from baby Brenda's parents
C)the surgery occurred after baby Brenda had learned a male gender identity
D)the treatment baby Brenda received was incorrect
E)none of these choices

Question 6

When you behave according to widely shared expectations about how males or females are supposed to act,you adopt a:

A)stigma
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender identity
E)gender role

Question 7

Babies born with ambiguous genitals due to a hormone imbalance in the womb are called:

A)hermaphrodites or intersexed
B)transsexuals
C)bisexuals
D)homosexuals
E)asexuals

Question 8

The main lesson Brym and Lie draw from the story of baby Brenda is that:

A)biology is destiny
B)biology establishes most of gender identity and society helps a little
C)sex is organized around biological factors
D)gender identity does not exist
E)social learning of gender begins very early in life

Question 9

The feelings,attitudes,and behaviors typically associated with being male or female compose your:

A)hormones
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender identity
E)gender role

Question 10

Conflict,feminist,and symbolic interactionist theories focus on various aspects of the social ____ of gender.

A)construction
B)demarcation
C)regulation
D)deconstruction
E)performance

Question 11

If Kyle acts in ways that we expect boys to act,he is following a:

A)heterosexuality
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender identity
E)gender role

Question 12

Your ____ depends on whether you were born with distinct male or female genitals and a genetic program that released either male or female hormones to stimulate the development of your reproductive system.

A)self
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender identity
E)gender role

Question 13

Scholars who see gender differences as a reflection of the different social positions occupied by men and women are approaching gender from which position?

A)essentialism
B)social constructionism
C)functionalism
D)symbolic interactionism
E)conflict theory

Question 14

Research shows that children develop a complete sense of gender identity between:

A)the ages of 2 and 3
B)the ages of 1 and 2
C)the ages of 2 and 5
D)the ages of 4 and 6
E)trick question,gender is never complete

Question 15

The preference for members of the opposite sex as sexual partners is called:

A)heterosexuality
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender identity
E)gender role

Question 16

What is your identification with,or sense of belonging to,a particular sex - biologically,psychologically,and socially.

A)hormones
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender identity
E)gender role

Question 17

Research shows that babies first develop a vague sense of being a boy or a girl at about the age of:

A)six months
B)one year old
C)two years old
D)three years old
E)five years old

Question 18

Members of society are often eager to use ____ to enforce conventional gender roles.

A)physical violence
B)emotional violence
C)understanding
D)education
E)(a)and (b)only

Question 19

For a social constructionist,gender is "constructed" by what two features of social life?

A)social structure and culture
B)social deviance and social conformity
C)functional and dysfunction
D)sex and gender
E)conflict and cooperation

Question 20

If gender reassignment occurs before the age of ____ it is usually successful.

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)2 years
D)18 months
E)none of these choices

Question 21

If a preschool boy is presented a toy as a girl's toy,and the boy thinks that his father would view playing with the toy as bad,then the boy tends to:

A)choose the girl's toy
B)choose the toy that creates the greatest conflict with his father
C)ask the toy giver if it is all right to play with the girl's toy
D)enjoy playing with the girl's toy
E)choose the boy's toy

Question 22

Who believes all humans instinctively try to ensure their genes are passed on to future generations?

A)essentialists
B)sociobiologists
C)literary critics
D)sociologists
E)all of these choices

Question 23

A problem with the essentialist perspective is that social situations involving competition and threat:

A)stimulate a flight or fight response in men or women
B)stimulate production of the hormone testosterone in women,causing them to act more aggressively
C)stimulate a fear response every time
D)stimulate a collectivity to repel threats that men would face individually
E)none of these choices

Question 24

According to critics of essentialism,gender and sexuality are highly variable.For example,women's tendency to stress the "good provider" role in selecting male partners and men's tendency to stress women's domestic skills:

A)increase in every society
B)decrease in societies with high levels of gender inequality
C)decrease in societies with low levels of gender inequality
D)decrease in societies with low levels of industrialization
E)increase in societies where women hold positions of political power

Question 25

Thorne found that contests,chasing games,and other activities often involved self-segregation of boys and girls.She also saw many cases of boys and girls:

A)fighting
B)getting each other into trouble
C)avoid each other
D)playing together
E)all of these choices

Question 26

Social constructionism is the view that apparently natural or innate features of life,such as gender,are actually sustained by ____ processes that vary historically and culturally.

A)social
B)biological
C)ecumenical
D)artificial
E)ethno-cultural

Question 27

Preschool boys who are presented with a simple toy choice between playing with a tool set and a dish set:

A)always choose the tool set
B)choose the tool set more often than the dish set
C)are about as likely to choose one as the other
D)never choose the dish set
E)none of these choices

Question 28

Parents tend to identify their girls as:

A)strong
B)delicate
C)weak
D)alert
E)delicate and weak

Question 29

The text discusses the fact that,today,infant boys and girls tend to be treated ____ by parents.

A)similarly
B)differently
C)exactly the same
D)trick question: there are no consistent findings from the research on the relationship between a child's gender and parental response
E)none of these choices

Question 30

According to evolutionary psychology,men evolve competitive and aggressive dispositions because:

A)it serves the interests of the social order
B)it prepares men for warfare
C)it enables men to compete with other men for sexual access to women
D)it serves the interests of women
E)all of these choices

Question 31

When children played chasing games in the schoolyard,groups often spontaneously formed along gender lines.These games had special names,some of which had clear:

A)sexual meanings
B)personal meanings
C)schoolyard meanings
D)unclear meanings
E)none of these choices

Question 32

Sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists assume existing behavior patterns are designed to:

A)ensure the survival of the species
B)organize the species
C)define social pathology
D)organize genetic research
E)maximize genetic variation

Question 33

Conflict theorists dating back to Marx's collaborator,Friedrich Engels,have located the root of male domination in class ____:

A)relations
B)conflict
C)inequality
D)development
E)tectonics

Question 34

Which of the following are consequences of parents encouraging girls to play in cooperative,role-playing games while discouraging their daughters from engaging in boisterous and competitive play?

A)heightened development of verbal and emotional skills among girls
B)heightened assertiveness
C)heightened physical skills
D)heightened math skills
E)none of these choices

Question 35

According to Parsons,the larger society instills in men the fear that they won't be attractive to women if they are too feminine,and vice versa.This is called:

A)gender role modeling
B)gender role conformity
C)gender role socialization
D)pressurized gender normalization
E)gender performance

Question 36

The view that a woman has a bigger investment than a man in ensuring the survival of their offspring because a woman can only give birth to about 20 children is associated with which theory?

A)essentialism
B)sociobiology and evolutionary psychology
C)clinical psychology
D)Freudian psychology
E)symbolic interactionism

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT one of the main criticisms against essentialist arguments about gender?

A)essentialism ignores the historical and cultural variability of gender and sexuality
B)essentialism tends to generalize from the average,ignoring variations within groups
C)there is no direct evidence that supports the major claims of essentialism
D)essentialism overstates the relationship between sex and gender
E)the essentialist explanation of gender differences ignores the role of power

Question 38

In her research on school children,sociologist Barrie Thorne noticed quite a lot of ____ between boys and girls.Most commonly,boys accepted girls as participants in soccer,baseball,and basketball games if girls demonstrated skill at these sports.

A)gender ideology
B)gender identity
C)boundary crossing
D)compulsory acceptance
E)animosity

Question 39

According to Brym and Lie,when girls play with Barbie dolls they learn:

A)to want to be slim,shapely,and exist mainly to please men
B)to want to be totally independent
C)to want to be smart,independent,and exist to advance their own interests
D)to be smart consumers
E)all of these choices

Question 40

The text discusses a study in which subjects viewed videotape of a nine-month-old infant.Subjects labeled the baby's reaction "anger" if they were told the child was a boy,and "fear" if they were told the child was a girl.This was true:

A)in every instance
B)about half the time
C)whatever the infant's actual sex
D)if the subjects in question were men
E)if the subjects in question were women

Question 41

What should we NOT conclude from Barrie Thorne's research on a fourth and fifth grade American classroom?

A)children are actively engaged in the process of constructing gender roles
B)children are merely passive recipients of adult demands
C)school children do segregate themselves by gender
D)boundaries between boys and girls are sometimes fluid and sometimes rigid
E)all of these choices

Question 42

What are the main effects of the mass media's depiction of gender?

A)they reinforce the normality of traditional gender roles
B)they provide opportunities for alternative sexualities
C)they establish information on resisting gender ideologies
D)they create opportunities for children and adults to express themselves
E)none of these choices

Question 43

The appearance of the "White Rock Girl" on the logo of the White Rock Beverage Company changed over time.In 1894,she was 5'4" and weighed 140 pounds.By 1970,she was 5'8" and weighed 118 pounds.This demonstrates:

A)how icons change
B)the influence of artists on our culture
C)changes in the ideal body image of women
D)changes in the ideal body image of men
E)none of these choices

Question 44

By playing with dolls and baking sets,girls tend to learn that social interaction is most often centered around:

A)maintaining cordial relationships
B)avoiding conflict
C)resolving differences of opinion
D)using negotiation to solve problems
E)all of these choices

Question 45

The desire in American society to slim down was triggered in part by:

A)industrialization
B)Americans bulking up
C)country-wide weight loss
D)a report from the President's Commission on Physical Fitness
E)none of these choices

Question 46

According to Deborah Tannen's research,male managers are inclined to say "I" in many situations where female managers are inclined to say "we." This tends to:

A)create consensus among workers,making them more productive
B)camouflage women's accomplishments
C)establish a team spirit
D)create an open environment
E)none of these choices

Question 47

Which of the following aspects of social interaction do girls learn by playing with dolls and baking sets?

A)differences of opinion are resolved using negotiations
B)differences of opinion are resolved through conflict
C)differences of opinion should never occur
D)differences of opinion should be heightened whenever possible
E)none of these choices

Question 48

People who want to alter their gender by changing their appearance or resorting to medical intervention are called:

A)transgendered
B)transsexuals
C)transvestites
D)cross dressers
E)all of these choices

Question 49

What are sets of interrelated ideas about what constitutes appropriate masculine roles,feminine roles and behavior?

A)gender identity
B)gender ideology
C)gender
D)gender roles
E)none of these choices

Question 50

In Thorne's research on a fourth and fifth grade American classroom she noted that mixed gender interaction was more common in:

A)less public and crowded settings
B)more public settings
C)when the children were in large crowds
D)when the children were far from home
E)when children were being closely watched

Question 51

A social barrier that makes it difficult for female managers to rise to the top level of management is known as a:

A)sexist office
B)glass escalator
C)glass ceiling
D)women's wall
E)gender barricade

Question 52

Once people become convinced that they need to develop bodies like the ones they see in television and print ads,it can become a problem because:

A)the weight loss industry is so expensive
B)eating frozen entrees is hazardous to one's health
C)these body images are very difficult for most people to attain
D)these body images are so easy to attain that people regain weight they had lost
E)none of these choices

Question 53

In Thorne's research on a fourth and fifth grade American classroom she noted that activities requiring cooperation such as a group radio show or an art project:

A)heightened attention to gender
B)created mixed attention to gender
C)did not change the kids' attention to gender
D)lessened attention to gender
E)none of these choices

Question 54

The low-cal and diet food industry promotes an ideal of slimness that is often impossible to attain.This can:

A)generate widespread happiness with one's body
B)generate widespread body dissatisfaction
C)generate outright hatred of anything associated with the body
D)generate an anti-diet industry movement
E)none of these choices

Question 55

People who believe that they were born into the wrong body are called:

A)transsexuals
B)transgendered
C)transvestites
D)cross dressers
E)all of these choices

Question 56

During the 1900s,the ideal body image for women became:

A)cyclical between heavy and thinner
B)thinner
C)heavier
D)less athletic
E)none of these choices

Question 57

____ involves boys playing stereotypically "girls" games and girls playing stereotypically "boys" games.

A)gender ideology
B)boundary crossing
C)gender identity
D)gendered game play
E)corner crossing

Question 58

What should we conclude from Barrie Thorne's research on a fourth and fifth grade American classroom?

A)children are actively engaged in the process of constructing gender roles
B)children are not merely passive recipients of adult demands
C)school children segregate themselves by gender
D)boundaries between boys and girls are sometimes fluid and sometimes rigid
E)all of these choices

Question 59

When examining the research on body ideals,it becomes clear that although men and women are both concerned about their weight,men and women are concerned about different physical attributes.For example:

A)men are more concerned about their stomachs and women are more concerned about their arms
B)women are more concerned about their arms and men are more concerned about their arms
C)women are more concerned about their eyes and men are more concerned about their noses
D)men are more concerned about their chests and women are more concerned about their stomachs
E)none of these choices

Question 60

In most schools,teachers and guidance counselors still expect boys to do better in the sciences and math.They also expect girls to achieve higher marks in English.Parents tend to reinforce these stereotypes in their evaluation of different activities.This suggests that:

A)adults contribute little to the gender socialization of children
B)adults contribute more to the gender socialization of children than they used to
C)adults contribute less to the gender socialization of children than they used to
D)adults contribute much to the gender socialization of children
E)none of these choices

Question 61

Calling a boy a "sissy" is a means of:

A)enforcing playground norms
B)unfair bullying
C)enforcing conventional gender roles
D)supporting gender role violations
E)none of these choices

Question 62

Sociologists are less interested in the origins of homosexuality than in the:

A)the wide variety of ways it is expressed and repressed
B)biological debates surrounding homosexuality
C)genetic issues surrounding homosexuality
D)the various lifestyle arguments about how homosexuality is expressed
E)none of these choices

Question 63

Gender discrimination has been ____ in the United States since 1964.

A)legal
B)illegal
C)organized
D)present
E)none of these choices

Question 64

When Bill Gates said,"Well,let's hire two women because we can pay them half as much as we will have to pay a man,and we can give them all this other 'crap' work to do because they are women",he was engaging in:

A)gender discrimination
B)gender ideology
C)gender roles
D)sex and gender
E)none of these choices

Question 65

If a crime is motivated by bias based on race,religion,national origin,or color,and the assailant intended to prevent the victim from exercising a "federally protected right",it can be prosecuted as a:

A)felony
B)cultural crime
C)social crime
D)hate crime
E)none of these choices

Question 66

About 1 in every 30,000 people in North America is a:

A)transsexual
B)transgendered person
C)transvestite
D)cross dresser
E)all of these choices

Question 67

Sociologists are less interested in the origins of homosexuality than in the way:

A)it is believed to be right
B)it is understood by the religious right
C)psychologists understand homosexuality
D)it is socially constructed
E)none of these choices

Question 68

Some recent research suggests that some antigay crimes may result from repressed homosexual urges on the part of the aggressor.However,while this psychological explanation may account for some antigay violence,it seems inadequate because:

A)antigay violence is based on pathological reasoning
B)antigay violence is spontaneous
C)antigay violence follows no clear pattern
D)research shows that antigay feeling is widespread and animosity against gays has various motivations
E)none of these choices

Question 69

Michael always believed that he should be a girl.If he has sexual reassignment surgery,takes estrogen,and begins to live as Michele,he would be a:

A)transsexual
B)transgendered
C)transvestite
D)cross dresser
E)transsexual and transgendered

Question 70

People who identify with and want to live fully as members of the opposite sex are called:

A)transsexuals
B)transgendered
C)transvestites
D)cross dressers
E)all of these choices

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major sociohistorical processes contributing to the growth of gender inequality?

A)long-distance warfare and conquest
B)plow agriculture
C)separation of public and private spheres
D)political repression of women
E)none of these choices

Question 72

People who prefer sexual partners of both sexes are called:

A)transsexuals
B)homosexuals
C)transvestites
D)cross dressers
E)bisexuals

Question 73

Substantial inequality between women and men has existed for only about:

A)100 years
B)1,000 years
C)2,500 years
D)4,000 years
E)6,000 years

Question 74

According to the American Psychological Association,sexual orientation "emerges for most people in early adolescence without any prior sexual experience." This means that sexual orientation:

A)appears to be a choice
B)does not appear to be a choice
C)is completely flexible
D)is fixed in certain countries
E)none of these choices

Question 75

Children are typically ____ about enforcing conventional gender roles.

A)strict
B)conflicted
C)lenient
D)confused
E)none of these choices

Question 76

Some of the reasons that researchers believe that individuals develop homosexual orientations include:

A)genetic reasons
B)hormonal reasons
C)early life experiences
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 77

People who prefer sexual partners of the same sex are called:

A)transsexuals
B)homosexuals
C)transvestites
D)cross dressers
E)bisexuals

Question 78

Why do men commit more frequent (and more harmful)acts of aggression against women then women commit against men?

A)because men are more physically powerful than women
B)because women are more physically powerful than men
C)because norms justify male domination
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 79

When a company rewards women and men differently for the same work they are engaging in:

A)gender discrimination
B)gender ideology
C)gender roles
D)sex and gender
E)none of these choices

Question 80

Sexual minorities provided the social and political energy needed to legitimize sexual diversity among an increasingly large section of the public.They have done this:

A)by going public with their lifestyles
B)through organized demonstrations
C)through large communities and subcultures
D)through political pressure
E)all of these choices