Deck 10: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

A disadvantaged person or category of people whom others blame for their own problems is known as a(n):

A)ethnic group
B)stereotype
C)racist
D)scapegoat
E)minority group

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Racial differences are based on:

A)socially constructed and often arbitrary perceptions
B)genetic testing
C)majority vote to decide what a race is and is not
D)moral divisions
E)none of these choices

Answer 2

A

Question 3

As the examples of Tiger Woods and Colin Powell demonstrate,the difference between "black," "white," "Asian," and so forth is:

A)clear-cut
B)actually simple to determine with the correct scientific tools
C)often difficult to determine
D)based on expensive genetic testing
E)all of these choices

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Koreans in Japan today are subject to much prejudice and discrimination.They often pursue careers in sports and entertainment.In contrast,Koreans in the United States face less prejudice and discrimination.Few of them become athletes and entertainers.Instead,they are often said to excel in engineering and science.Which of the following does this illustrate?

A)prejudice is not universal
B)discrimination is not universal
C)racial reasoning is universal
D)social circumstances have a big impact on criminal,athletic,and other forms of behavior
E)geography shapes career choice

Question 5

Morton found that the races ranking highest in the social hierarchy had the biggest brains,while those ranking lowest had the smallest brains.Morton's research had profound sociological implications,for he claimed to show that:

A)the system of social inequality in the United States and throughout the world had biological roots
B)the system of social inequality in the United States and throughout the world was unfair
C)the system of social inequality in the United States and throughout the world had purely sociological roots
D)the system of social inequality in the United States and throughout the world had both biological and sociological roots
E)the system of social inequality was fair

Question 6

Sociologists have identified certain conditions leading to high levels of participation in sports (as well as entertainment and crime).These conditions are:

A)biological
B)physiological
C)social
D)physical
E)genetic

Question 7

Because Morton tried to use science to show that Native Americans and African Americans naturally rest at the bottom of the social hierarchy,his ideas were used to justify:

A)colonization
B)social welfare policies
C)biological studies of race
D)slavery
E)colonization and slavery

Question 8

____ refers to socially significant physical differences,such as skin color,not to biological differences that determine behavior.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)race
D)racism
E)stereotype

Question 9

One criticism of the argument that genes determine specific behaviors of racial groups is that it is impossible to:

A)neatly distinguish races based on genetic differences
B)decide which of the two definitions of race available to sociologists will be used
C)select differences because genetic differences are too plentiful
D)distinguish differences because there is only one racial group in the world
E)none of these choices

Question 10

An attitude that leads someone to judge a person on his or her group's real or imagined characteristics is called:

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)genocide
D)norm
E)ethnic group

Question 11

The argument for the genetic basis of black athletic superiority begins to falter once we consider:

A)the gene related to the work ethic
B)athletes of African descent perform unusually well in all sports,particularly swimming,hockey,cycling,tennis,gymnastics,and soccer
C)no gene linked to general athletic superiority has yet been identified
D)none of these choices
E)all of these choices

Question 12

Which one of the following is NOT one of the three main issues that compromise Morton's findings:

A)Even today archeologists cannot precisely determine race by skull shape
B)Morton's skulls formed a small,unrepresentative sample
C)Seventy-one percent of the skulls Morton identified as "Negroid" or "Negro" were women's,compared to only 48% of the skulls he identified as "Caucasian."
D)Morton based his conclusions on only 72 specimens.
E)Morton realized the racist nature of his research.

Question 13

Evidence shows that the ____ in which one is raised and educated has a big impact on IQ and other standardized test scores.

A)social environment
B)physical environment
C)cultural environment
D)geography
E)both social and cultural environment

Question 14

What is a category of people whose perceived physical markers are deemed socially significant?

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)ethnic group
D)racism
E)stereotypes

Question 15

Promoting only athletes as suitable role models for African-American youth:

A)deflects attention from personal troubles
B)removes the stigma from successful people of color
C)deflects attention from public issues
D)deflects attention from the fact that academic effort is more likely to result in upward mobility
E)all of these choices

Question 16

____ is a social construct used to distinguish people in terms of one or more physical markers and has profound effects on their lives.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)race
D)racism
E)stereotypes

Question 17

Most sociologists believe that the idea of race matters because it:

A)allows social inequality to be created and maintained
B)allows social inequality to be overcome
C)allows social movements to be created
D)establishes a basis for social recognition
E)creates economic and social opportunity

Question 18

What is unfair treatment of people due to their group membership?

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)genocide
D)norm
E)none of these choices

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT part of the vicious cycle of racism?

A)physical markers are used to distinguish groups
B)physical markers create social inequality based on race
C)different social conditions among superordinate and subordinates create behavioral differences
D)perceptions of behavioral differences create racial stereotypes
E)cultural understandings of race are flexible and change over time

Question 20

A(n)____ is composed of people whose perceived cultural makers are deemed socially significant.

A)ethnic group
B)stereotype
C)racist
D)subculture
E)none of these choices

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that the term "Hispanic American" is more widely used now than it was 30 or 40 years ago?

A)many Hispanic Americans find the term politically useful
B)the term is becoming more common because the government finds it useful for data collection
C)non-Hispanic Americans find it convenient
D)the term is useful for public policy actions
E)the term "Latin American" is considered racist

Question 22

Around 1900,Italian Americans started thinking of themselves as Americans instead of as people from a particular town or area in Italy.The reason for this shift in thinking and self-identification was:

A)other Americans did not recognize Italy until the 1920s
B)other Americans defined them that way
C)the American government needed the category for a census
D)the unification of Italy as a single country took place only in 1920
E)all of these choices

Question 23

According to symbolic interactionists,the development of racial and ethnic labels and racial and ethnic identities is typically a process of ____.

A)contest and struggle
B)group consensus
C)categorization
D)negotiation
E)definition

Question 24

Cuban immigrants assimilate relatively easily into American society because they:

A)shared strong pro-capitalist values
B)shared anticommunist values
C)can rely on well-established Cuban-American communities for support
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 25

According to the estimates of the United States Census Bureau,by 2060 non-Hispanic white Americans will be a(n):

A)majority of Americans
B)ethnic group
C)minority of Americans
D)ethnic enclave
E)none of these choices

Question 26

In some republics of the former Soviet Union,the combined number of minority ethnic group members was greater than that of the:

A)population
B)ruling class
C)titular ethnic group
D)any other ethnic groups
E)all of these choices

Question 27

Groups once socially defined as races may be later redefined as ____ even though they don't change biologically.

A)minority groups
B)ethnic groups
C)elites
D)ethnic enclaves
E)none of these choices

Question 28

According to Brym and Lie,it is not uncommon for people to experience a shift in racial or ethnic identity.One reason for such a change is:

A)changes in demographics
B)large scale historical changes
C)changes in social context
D)sociological research
E)cultural change

Question 29

Blacks in South Africa during Apartheid were the numerical majority but lacked social advantages.They formed a(n):

A)ethnic group
B)stereotype
C)minority group
D)scapegoat
E)none of these choices

Question 30

The term "Hispanic American" is a relatively new ethnic label and identity.It was created:

A)out of social necessity and is still being socially constructed
B)when Hispanic Americans came to the United States
C)by an act of the U.S.Congress
D)by the Census Bureau
E)none of these choices

Question 31

A collection of people who differ from one another in terms of language,religion,customs,values,ancestors,and the like is known as a(n):

A)racist
B)ethnic group
C)stereotype
D)subculture
E)all of these choices

Question 32

____ is a geographical concentration of ethnic group members who establish businesses that serve and employ mainly members of the ethnic group and who reinvest profits in community businesses and organizations.

A)A racial group
B)An ethnic group
C)A minority group
D)An ethnic enclave
E)An ethnic enclosure

Question 33

Due to a comparatively high immigration rate and a comparatively low birth rate among non-Hispanic whites,the United States:

A)is becoming more ethnically and racially diverse
B)is becoming less ethnically and racially diverse
C)is becoming similar to the United States of the 1950s in its ethnic and racial composition
D)is becoming more focused on class rather than ethnic and race relations
E)none of these choices

Question 34

Most sociologists stress how social structural conditions rather than ____ determine the economic success or lack of success of ethnic and racial groups.

A)values
B)norms
C)race
D)ethnicity
E)nature

Question 35

The statement that West Indian immigrants were successful because they were hard working and educated,while blacks from the American south were less successful economically because they lacked these values,overlooks:

A)the insignificance of ethnic identity
B)the flexibility of culture
C)the social structural differences that underlie these different economic outcomes
D)genetic differences typically underlie cultural differences
E)none of these choices

Question 36

In each republic in the former Soviet Union,the largest ethnic group was the so-called "titular" ethnic group.Which of the following is an example of a titular ethnic group?

A)Russians in Ukraine
B)Russians in Russia
C)Kazakhs in Russia
D)Soviet citizens
E)none of these choices

Question 37

According to Brym and Lie,ethnic values and other elements of ethnic culture have less of an effect on the way people behave than we commonly believe because:

A)of the insignificance of ethnic identity
B)of the flexibility of culture
C)social structural differences typically underlie cultural differences
D)genetic differences typically underlie cultural differences
E)none of these choices

Question 38

What is the fastest growing ethnic category in the United States?

A)African Americans
B)Hispanic Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Native Americans
E)European Americans

Question 39

A group of people who are socially disadvantaged are called:

A)an ethnic group
B)a stereotype
C)a minority group
D)a scapegoat
E)none of these choices

Question 40

Many Cuban immigrants receive support from well-established and prosperous Cuban-American ethnic enclaves.Because of this support:

A)many Cuban immigrants achieve middle-class status relatively quickly
B)many Cuban immigrants stay in the working-class
C)many Cuban immigrants soon leave their ethnic enclave
D)Cuban Americans all reside in the same area
E)none of these choices

Question 41

The former Soviet Union used ethnic quotas to determine:

A)who could marry
B)who could hold an apartment
C)who could buy a house
D)where people could reside
E)none of these choices

Question 42

In ecological theory,what the term for one racial or ethnic group trying to move into the territory of another?

A)resistance
B)invasion
C)competition
D)accommodation
E)assimilation

Question 43

In the former Soviet Union,a system was created:

A)for sharing power and privilege among ethnic groups
B)allowing freedom to travel throughout the Soviet Union
C)allowing freedom to choose one's ethnic or racial group
D)disallowing the use of any racial or ethnic quotas
E)none of these choices

Question 44

If an established group is unable to drive away the newcomers to an area,the two begin to compete for scarce resources such as housing,jobs,etc.In ecological theory,this is known as:

A)resistance
B)invasion
C)competition
D)accommodation
E)assimilation

Question 45

According to Brym and Lie,members of ____ minority groups in the United States today are freer to choose their identity than members of ____ minority groups.

A)racial,ethnic
B)ethnic,racial
C)East European,North European
D)powerful,powerless
E)South European,West European

Question 46

Racial and ethnic groups can blend together as a result of residential integration,friendship,and intermarriage.They can remain separate due to hostility.This illustrates that relationships between racial and ethnic groups:

A)are fixed
B)are based on tradition
C)can take different forms
D)only rarely change once they are established
E)none of these choices

Question 47

The spatial and institutional separation of racial or ethnic groups is known as:

A)resistance
B)invasion
C)competition
D)segregation
E)assimilation

Question 48

In the United States,the people with the most freedom to choose their ethnic or racial identity are:

A)recent European immigrants
B)white Americans whose ancestors came from Europe more than two generations ago
C)Hispanic Americans from Cuba
D)African Americans
E)Jews

Question 49

Over time,two competing ethnic groups may establish an understanding of what they should segregate,divide,and share.In ecological theory,this stage is known as:

A)resistance
B)invasion
C)competition
D)accommodation
E)assimilation

Question 50

Malcolm X argued that it doesn't matter to a racist whether an African American is a professor or a panhandler,because:

A)racism is no longer a powerful force in the United States
B)racial identities are flexible to everyone
C)racial identities are compulsory where racism is common
D)race is only at the forefront of a racist's self-identity
E)all of these choices

Question 51

The sociologist(s)associated with the ecological theory of race and ethnic relations is (are):

A)Robert Park
B)Robert Blauner
C)William Julius Wilson
D)Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton
E)Herbert Gans

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies that the Soviet Union employed in its ethnic and race relations policies?

A)the creation of a countrywide educational system
B)the creation of a countrywide curriculum
C)compulsory instruction in the Russian language
D)the use of nationalistic propaganda
E)the establishment of "ethnic evaluation offices" that evaluated the progress of each ethnic and racial group

Question 53

In the former Soviet Union,the government sought to make the country:

A)more ethnically heterogeneous
B)more ethnically homogeneous
C)as ethnically heterogeneous as it was before the 1917 revolution
D)more ethnically diverse in the largest republics and less ethnically diverse in the smallest republics
E)less ethnically diverse in the largest republics and more ethnically diverse in the smallest republics

Question 54

According to Robert Park,when trust and understanding develops between ethnic groups this leads the ethnic groups to:

A)fuse socially and culturally
B)learn from each other's differences
C)more easily segregate
D)accommodate the interests of other ethnic groups
E)all of these choices

Question 55

The belief that a visible characteristic of a group,such as skin color,indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination is known as:

A)racism
B)symbolic ethnicity
C)assimilation
D)scapegoating
E)ecological racism

Question 56

For most Irish Americans,ethnicity is:

A)imposed
B)required
C)"symbolic" in Herbert Gans's sense of the term
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 57

____ analyzes the process by which conflict between ethnic and racial groups emerges and is resolved in stages.

A)ecological theory
B)the theory of internal colonialism
C)the theory of symbolic ethnicity
D)the theory of middleman minorities
E)scapegoat theory

Question 58

In ecological theory,what is the term for an established group trying to defend its territory and institutions against an invading group by using legal or violent means?

A)resistance
B)invasion
C)competition
D)accommodation
E)assimilation

Question 59

In ecological theory,a minority group blending into the majority population and eventually disappearing as a distinct group is called:

A)resistance
B)invasion
C)competition
D)accommodation
E)assimilation

Question 60

Herbert Gans writes about "a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation or that of the old country; a love for and pride in a tradition that can be felt without having to be incorporated in everyday behavior".He calls this nostalgic attitude toward ethnicity:

A)traditional ethnicity
B)symbolic ethnicity
C)cultural ethnicity
D)social structural ethnicity
E)assimilation

Question 61

____ involves people in one country gaining virtually complete control over other people in the same country and seeking to destroy their culture.

A)resistance to domination
B)internal colonialism
C)colonialism
D)expulsion
E)symbolic ethnicity

Question 62

Where low-wage workers of one race and high-wage workers of another race compete for the same jobs,high-wage workers are likely to resent the presence of low-wage competitors.Conflict is bound to result and racist attitudes develop or get reinforced.This is the basic argument of:

A)split labor market theory
B)competition theory
C)work-based racism theory
D)the theory of internal colonialism
E)ecological theory

Question 63

Sometimes a group gains virtually complete control over a native population and develops the racist belief that the natives are inherently inferior.This is known as:

A)segregation
B)expulsion
C)militarism
D)colonialism
E)none of these choices

Question 64

Italian Americans and Irish Americans began thinking of themselves as "whites" after three or four generations in the United States.That is because:

A)over time they achieved approximate equality with members of the majority group
B)they maintained their separate ethnic identity and over time became accepted by the majority group
C)they totally abandoned any sense,symbolic or otherwise,of their ethnic identity
D)they refused to marry individuals outside of their group
E)all of these choices

Question 65

High levels of occupational,social,and residential segregation prevent which of the following ethnic groups from assimilating?

A)Chicanos
B)Native Americans
C)Puerto Rican Americans
D)African Americans
E)all of these choices

Question 66

The theory of internal colonialism emphasizes how social forces outside a racial or ethnic group force its members together and:

A)prevent their assimilation into the larger society
B)prevent them from accumulating great wealth
C)enhance their growth as a political force
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 67

____ kept blacks from voting,attending public schools,and in general participating equally in a wide variety of social institutions?

A)Jim Crow laws
B)colonialism
C)internal colonialism
D)expulsion
E)slavery

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors that enhance the value of ethnic group membership for some white European Americans who have lived in the country for many generations?

A)ethnic group membership can have economic advantages
B)ethnic group membership can be politically useful
C)ethnic group membership tends to persist because of the emotional support it provides
D)ethnic group membership assists in the accumulation of vast wealth
E)none of these choices,i.e.,ALL of the factors listed above enhance the value of ethnic group membership for some white European Americans who have lived in the country for many generations

Question 69

Mexican Americans are also known as:

A)Chicanos
B)Native Americans
C)American Mexicans
D)All of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 70

What industries in the American South depended completely on the labor of slaves?

A)manufacturing
B)cotton
C)service
D)tobacco
E)both cotton and tobacco

Question 71

The term that best describes the treatment of Native Americans by European immigrants in the 1800s is:

A)relocation
B)colonialism
C)internal colonialism
D)expulsion
E)slavery

Question 72

The ownership and control of people against their will is called:

A)relocation
B)colonialism
C)internal colonialism
D)expulsion
E)slavery

Question 73

Motivated by the desire for land,the United States went to war with Mexico in 1848.The United States won the war and gained territory in what is now Arizona,California,New Mexico,Utah,and parts of Colorado and Texas.Today:

A)the United States allows all people of Mexican origin who fled this territory in the 19th century to return as citizens of the United States
B)people of Mexican origin who live in these areas tend to be socially,occupationally,and residentially integrated with white European Americans
C)some Mexican Americans who work in these states from which their ancestors were expelled are called "illegal immigrants"
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices

Question 74

One of the problems with Robert Park's theory is that:

A)it implies that some ethnic groups will always be minorities
B)it implies that some ethnic groups are better than others
C)it applies to some ethnic groups better than others
D)it is based on historical myths
E)it is not based on real historical experience

Question 75

Blauner's work is important because it stimulated the development of a broad range of theories and research that emphasized:

A)the social structural roots of race and ethnicity
B)ethnic identity
C)shared values
D)community organization
E)none of these choices

Question 76

The main criticism of Park's theory is that it does not address the social structural conditions that prevent some groups from:

A)resisting
B)organizing
C)assimilating
D)segregating
E)expressing symbolic ethnicity

Question 77

Robert Blauner's theory of internal colonialism examined:

A)colonialism in the African heartland
B)how race is rooted in the way members of a dominant group gain control over native populations and seek to destroy their culture
C)how race develops in the minds of racists
D)how race develops in the minds of members of racial minority groups
E)all of these choices

Question 78

The intentional extermination of an entire ethnic or racial population is called:

A)relocation
B)colonialism
C)genocide
D)expulsion
E)slavery

Question 79

____ prevents assimilation by segregating the colonialized in terms of jobs,housing,and social contacts ranging from friendship to marriage.

A)resistance to domination
B)internal colonialism
C)ecological succession
D)expulsion
E)symbolic ethnicity

Question 80

The forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population is called:

A)relocation
B)colonialism
C)internal colonialism
D)expulsion
E)slavery