Deck 12: Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

Question 1

James Marcia refers to a period of conscious decision making as a

A) crisis.
B) investigative commitment.
C) ego defense.
D) foreclosure stage.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

James Marcia identifies four identity states or statuses,according to the presence or absence of

A) crisis and commitment.
B) foreclosure and moratorium.
C) crisis and foreclosure.
D) moratorium and commitment.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Identity includes

A) a coherent conception of the self.
B) a set of goals to which one is solidly committed.
C) values and beliefs a person holds dear.
D) All of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Linus is struggling between keeping his part-time job where he has just become assistant manager or going to college.He is talking with his parents and friends,but just can't make up his mind.Marcia would place Linus in a state of

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 5

Carolina was brought up in a Catholic household.As a teenager she has struggled to come to terms with what she really believes but has resolved that she does indeed see herself as a Catholic.According to Erikson,Carolina has attained the virtue of

A) hope.
B) love.
C) will.
D) fidelity.

Question 6

Ashley believes that abortion is wrong because her parents,friends,and church say so.She has never really thought about the issue but has simply accepted this view as her own.According to Marcia,what is her identity status?

A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Moratorium

Question 7

According to Erikson's theory,the virtue that arises from resolution of the identity crisis in adolescence is

A) fidelity.
B) hope.
C) love.
D) trust.

Question 8

According to Marcia's model,adolescents who experience crisis with no commitment are in the ___________ status of identity development.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) identity achievement
D) identity diffusion

Question 9

When asked what she plans to become when she gets older,Sierra replies,"I am going into nursing just like my mother told me to." Marcia would suggest that Sierra is in a state of

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 10

As a child,it is important to learn to trust one's parents; in adolescence a person learns fidelity,which is often defined as

A) loyalty to friends.
B) an extension of trust that includes the self, family, and mentors and friends.
C) the ability to guard other people's secrets.
D) the desire to find a partner to share one's private thoughts with.

Question 11

According to Erikson,cliquishness and intolerance of differences in adolescence are

A) personality problems.
B) defenses against identity confusion.
C) a form of adolescent rebellion.
D) due to adolescent egocentrism.

Question 12

Betty is 18 years old.For the past five years she has been very committed to working with a group of her friends as a volunteer at a local hospital.She has also diligently studied the piano during this time.According to Erikson,Betty is developing the virtue of

A) achievement.
B) identity.
C) foreclosure.
D) fidelity.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major issues Erikson believed young people must resolve in search of an identity?

A) Occupation
B) Values
C) Relationships
D) Sexual identity

Question 14

According to James Marcia,which identity status is characterized by both crisis and commitment?

A) Identity achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Moratorium

Question 15

Erikson holds that adolescence provides a psychosocial moratorium,or "time out" period,which

A) allows adolescents to regress into childishness.
B) allows adolescents time to search for commitment.
C) often adds identity confusion.
D) can precipitate an identity crisis.

Question 16

Although it took a while after going back and forth between majors,Carlos finally decided that he wanted to go to law school.According to Marcia,Carlos has reached

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 17

Diane is 13 years old and is pondering her own talents,interests,and needs,as well as her place in society.According to Erikson,this struggle represents the crisis of

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) identity versus identity confusion.
D) intimacy versus isolation.

Question 18

Sabrina has thought about entering the field of medicine for several years.She went through a period of crisis before settling on this occupation.According to Marcia,what is her identity status?

A) Identity achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Moratorium

Question 19

According to Erikson,adolescents are in the crisis of

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) identity versus identity confusion.
D) intimacy versus isolation.

Question 20

The desirable outcome of the crisis of adolescence,according to Erikson,is being able to

A) complete a task.
B) love, marry, and start a family.
C) get along with others.
D) see oneself as a unique person with a meaningful role in life.

Question 21

The chief reason given by teenagers for early sexual activity is

A) curiosity.
B) peer pressure.
C) being in love.
D) sexual desire.

Question 22

The average girl in the United States has her first sexual intercourse at age

A) 14.
B) 15.
C) 16.
D) 17.

Question 23

Mark has not seriously considered his options and has avoided making commitments.What is his identity status?

A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Identity diffusion

Question 24

About _______ of late adolescents remain in foreclosure or diffusion identity statuses.

A) 25%
B) 75%
C) 100%
D) 50%

Question 25

The model that analyzes racial/ethnic identity includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) connectedness to one's own racial/ethnic group.
B) awareness of racism.
C) embedded achievement.
D) exploration of identity.

Question 26

Sexual orientation generally becomes a pressing issue during

A) adolescence.
B) middle childhood.
C) early childhood.
D) adulthood.

Question 27

Recent research has indicated that gender differences in identity formation of adolescence

A) may be less important than individual differences.
B) shows that male adolescents are more concerned with relationships than are female adolescents.
C) may be greater than previously thought.
D) None of these

Question 28

Research indicates that identity development of African-American adolescents

A) identifies them in identity achieved or moratorium status groups predominantly.
B) identifies them in identity diffused or moratorium status groups predominantly.
C) identifies them in all four status groups.
D) identifies them in foreclosed or achieved status groups predominantly.

Question 29

Greg celebrates Thanksgiving each year with his family.A part of his family's tradition is to play a game of touch football before dinner.According to your text,Greg's Thanksgiving tradition is a part of his

A) cultural socialization.
B) cultural revolution.
C) cultural background.
D) cultural reciprocation.

Question 30

Which statement DOES NOT reflect current research on the origins of sexual orientation?

A) The more older brothers a man has, the more likely he is to be gay.
B) There are differences in size of the hypothalamus between gay and heterosexual men.
C) The more older sisters a woman has, the more likely she is to be gay.
D) There is evidence that sexual orientation is at least partly genetic.

Question 31

According to research on sexual orientation,the fact that Gerald has four older brothers increases the likelihood that he will be

A) homosexual.
B) heterosexual.
C) bisexual.
D) None of these

Question 32

To achieve sexual identity,adolescents must achieve all of the following EXCEPT

A) seeing themselves as sexual beings.
B) coming to terms with sexual stirrings.
C) having a successful sexual encounter.
D) recognizing their sexual orientation.

Question 33

If Pauline is a typical girl,she is likely to have her first sexual experience at the age of _______,and her brother is likely to have his first sexual experience at ______.

A) 14; 13
B) 15; 14
C) 16; 14
D) 17; 16

Question 34

Cultural socialization refers to ______________ that teach children about their racial or ethnic heritage,promote cultural traditions,and promote ethics and racial pride.

A) school practices
B) community practices
C) parental practices
D) All of these

Question 35

Danny does not know what he wants to do after high school and does not appear to worry about it.According to Marcia,what is his identity status?

A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Moratorium

Question 36

A recent analysis of hundreds of studies on self-esteem concluded that males do have higher self-esteem than females; however,the difference is

A) large.
B) small.
C) inconsequential.
D) difficult to measure.

Question 37

Sexual orientation seems to be determined at least partly by

A) genetics.
B) early exposure to electromagnetic fields.
C) cognitive constancy.
D) emotional imitation.

Question 38

According to Gilligan,females develop self-esteem in the context of relationships with their peers,whereas for males,self-esteem is linked to

A) achievement.
B) competition with their peers.
C) relationships with their fathers.
D) personal relationships.

Question 39

Kendrick thinks he wants to be an engineer but is not sure and is agonizing over the decision.Meanwhile,he is trying to get information about several other careers.According to Marcia,what is his identity status?

A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Moratorium

Question 40

When his psychology teacher asks Billy what his plans after high school are,Billy just shrugs his shoulders and says,"I have not really thought about it much." Marcia would place Billy in a state of

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 41

Of the 4.1 million new HIV infections each year,about ______ are in young people 15 to 24.

A) 70%
B) 30%
C) 20%
D) 50%

Question 42

Teenagers who are knowledgeable about sex are more likely to

A) use contraception consistently.
B) use contraception but not consistently.
C) feel no reason to postpone sexual encounters.
D) engage in sex but with fewer partners.

Question 43

Which of the following teenagers would be LEAST likely to use birth control,or to use it effectively?

A) Alice, age 17, who is a reporter for her school newspaper, wants to be a journalist, and has been having sexual relations regularly with her steady boyfriend.
B) Barbara, age 13, who lives with her single mother and has had intercourse only once, and that was within the past month.
C) Claire, age 16, whose grades are above average and who has been sexually active for more than a year.
D) Sharon, age 18, who has been accepted to a highly selective university.

Question 44

Recent trends in the U.S.birthrates of 15- to 16-year-old girls indicates

A) a decline.
B) an increase.
C) neither an increase nor a decrease.
D) None of these

Question 45

A powerful predictor of which students would engage in early sexual activity was

A) remembering learning about sex in health classes.
B) availability of a steady boyfriend or girlfriend.
C) access to contraceptive information.
D) intention, influenced by the belief that one's friends were doing it.

Question 46

When teenagers get their sex education from the media they

A) tend to be overly judgmental about others' recreational attitudes towards sexual behavior.
B) believe that portrayals rarely showed risks of unprotected sex.
C) believe that portrayals were unrealistic and were critical of characters' views on recreational sex.
D) believe that programs had no effect on the viewers' ideas about recreational sex.

Question 47

The best safeguard for teens who are sexually active is the consistent use of

A) jellies or creams.
B) condoms.
C) morning-after pills.
D) birth-control pills.

Question 48

The chief reasons for the high incidence of STIs in adolescence include all of the following EXCEPT

A) increased sex education in the public schools.
B) multiple partners.
C) the tendency to have sex with older partners.
D) failure to use condoms.

Question 49

Adolescents most at risk of sexually transmitted infection include all of the following groups EXCEPT

A) young people who start sexual activity early.
B) young people who have multiple partners.
C) those who have been given too much information too early.
D) those who use a variety of contraceptive methods.

Question 50

According to the text,approximately what percentage of adolescent girls reported using a contraceptive during the most recent time they had sex?

A) About 80%
B) About 60%
C) About 90%
D) About 70%

Question 51

The most prevalent sexually transmitted infection is

A) chlamydia.
B) gonorrhea.
C) human papillomavirus.
D) syphilis.

Question 52

Teenagers are likely to have positive attitudes toward safe sexual practices if they

A) talk to parents about sex.
B) talk to teachers about sex.
C) talk to counselors about sex.
D) talk to peers about sex.

Question 53

A sexually transmitted infection characterized by extreme fatigue,diarrhea,and weight loss is

A) chlamydia.
B) herpes.
C) AIDS.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 54

Taylor has high grades in school,is on the debate team,and enjoys being a member of the cheerleading squad.All of these factors will

A) provide her with more opportunity for early sexual activity.
B) make her less likely to engage in early sexual activity.
C) put added pressure on her to follow her peers and become sexually active.
D) increase her sexual desire.

Question 55

Genital herpes is

A) incurable.
B) only mildly contagious.
C) associated with increased incidence of testicular cancer.
D) curable by injection of antiviral drugs.

Question 56

All of the following factors have been cited as playing a part in an adolescent's decision to engage in early sexual activity EXCEPT

A) late entrance into puberty.
B) family patterns of sexual activity.
C) lack of academic and career goals.
D) history of sexual abuse.

Question 57

Painful blisters in the genital area are a symptom of

A) chlamydia.
B) gonorrhea.
C) genital warts.
D) herpes.

Question 58

Teenagers generally get their information about sex from

A) parents.
B) media.
C) friends.
D) All of these

Question 59

Programs that encourage abstinence but also discuss STI prevention and safer sexual practices have been found to ______ sexual initiation.

A) stop
B) increase
C) delay
D) have no effect on

Question 60

The most common curable STI is

A) chlamydia.
B) HIV.
C) herpes.
D) syphilis.

Question 61

Inferring from the textbook,which of the following adolescents would be most vulnerable to peer influence?

A) Della, who is alone at home with phone calls from mother
B) Stewart, who is unsupervised at a friend's house with his parents' approval
C) Phyllis, who is just "hanging out" with a group, but who calls to tell her mother where she is
D) Francine, whose parents don't know where or with whom she is "hanging out"

Question 62

In terms of disclosure,issues such as talking back or using bad manners fall under which category?

A) Prudential
B) Conventional
C) Moral
D) Personal

Question 63

In a survey of where teenagers spend their time,subjects reported that they were happiest when they were

A) alone.
B) with classmates.
C) with parents.
D) with their friends.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Adolescents from Korea and Japan have relatively large amounts of free time.
B) Adolescents from India are happier with families than are adolescents from the United States.
C) U.S. adolescents spend more time with their families than with their peers.
D) African-American teenagers maintain less intimate relationships with their families than white teenagers.

Question 65

The past view of adolescence was that it was a time of

A) tranquility.
B) storm and stress.
C) intellectualization.
D) identity versus identity confusion.

Question 66

Individuation refers to

A) adolescents' struggles for autonomy and differentiation.
B) a process of egocentrism.
C) family conflict.
D) self-esteem.

Question 67

Virginia is not too happy with many of the decisions that her parents make regarding her life,but she has a good relationship with her parents and follows their lead.Virginia is likely to develop

A) good self-control and self-discipline.
B) confidence in social relationships.
C) competence in academic subjects.
D) All of these

Question 68

Generalizing from research cited in the text,parents of adolescents should

A) require independence as early as possible.
B) keep a tight rein on adolescents to protect them from peer pressures.
C) keep adolescents close to the nest as long as possible.
D) grant gradually increasing independence, but protect adolescents against immature lapses in judgment.

Question 69

Most pregnant teenagers are likely to have

A) few complications during pregnancy since they are young and strong.
B) relatively large babies.
C) greater medical risks than women in their twenties, regardless of prenatal care.
D) better outcomes than any other age group, with good medical care.

Question 70

According to the text,most teen mothers,when surveyed 20 years later,

A) are not on welfare.
B) have finished high school.
C) have secured steady jobs.
D) All of these

Question 71

_____ is the search for autonomy and differentiation.

A) Diffusion
B) Moratorium
C) Acceptance
D) Individuation

Question 72

The frequency of conflict between adolescents and their parents increases during

A) early adolescence.
B) middle adolescence.
C) late adolescence.
D) middle childhood.

Question 73

Conflict between teenagers and their families and society is

A) called adolescent rebellion.
B) found in approximately 20%of all adolescent boys, according to studies.
C) involves reckless behaviors.
D) All of these

Question 74

Yolanda grew up in a family full of big football fans.Her dad would dress her in their favorite team's colors and they would watch games together each Sunday.Yolanda,now a teenager,informs her dad that she has a new favorite team.This change for Yolanda represents the concept of

A) individuation.
B) rebellion.
C) social affiliation.
D) obstinance.

Question 75

At 12 years of age,Alex now spends considerable time with his friends.Generalizing from the text,the most important bonding will be with friends of his same

A) race.
B) age.
C) religion.
D) sex.

Question 76

All of the following conclusions about teenage pregnancies are true EXCEPT

A) more than 90% of pregnant teenagers describe their pregnancies as unintended.
B) black and Hispanic girls are more likely to have babies than are Asian American girls.
C) black and Hispanic girls are more likely to have babies than American Indian girls.
D) U.S. teenagers are less likely to become pregnant and give birth than teenagers in most other industrialized countries.

Question 77

In terms of disclosure,issues such as smoking and drinking fall under which category?

A) Prudential
B) Conventional
C) Moral
D) Personal

Question 78

Teenage pregnancies in the United States are many times higher than in other industrialized countries.Generalizing from the text,which conclusion is NOT supported?

A) Unwed motherhood has a decreased stigma.
B) The media glorifies sex.
C) There is less parental guidance about sex.
D) There is an abundance of comprehensive sex education available.

Question 79

Jake is 15 and sees his parents as highly intrusive.We can expect that Jake will

A) come under negative peer influence.
B) seek out fewer friends.
C) change his behaviors with parents or peers when he is much older.
D) spend more time at school activities.

Question 80

Which is statement is TRUE regarding teenage pregnancy?

A) Approximately 70% of adolescent girls have been pregnant at least once before age 20.
B) Of the adolescent girls who become pregnant, 79% of them have their babies.
C) Most of the teens who carry their pregnancies to term are under age 17.
D) Teenage pregnancy rates have been steadily increasing since 1970.