Deck 10: Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Children have typically internalized the emotions of pride and shame by age

A) 6 or 7.
B) 7 or 8.
C) 8 or 9.
D) 9 or 10.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Angela thinks it is important to be pretty and smart,and knows that she is both.She also values her popularity at the high school.However,Angela's self-esteem is likely to suffer if

A) her physical appearance begins to change.
B) she has trouble in any of her classes.
C) she does not feel valued by the important people in her life.
D) she has trouble in athletics.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Global self-worth means essentially the same thing as

A) self-awareness.
B) self-recognition.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-consciousness.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a tradition of African-American extended families?

A) Living with or near family members
B) Frequent contact with relatives
C) Strong sense of family obligation and ethnic pride
D) Expectation that family take care of all needs without others' help.

Question 5

According to your text,_____ is a better predictor of academic achievement than IQ.

A) self-efficacy
B) self-esteem
C) self-discipline
D) self-motivation

Question 6

The major contributor to self-esteem is

A) self-denial.
B) social support from parents, peers, and teachers.
C) coordination of personal and social demands.
D) physical appearance.

Question 7

Milton is an 8-year-old.According to Harter's research,what is the single most important aspect of Milton's life that will determine his sense of self-worth?

A) Physical attractiveness
B) Positive regard from parents and peers
C) Athletic ability
D) Socioeconomic status of his parents

Question 8

Children become more empathetic and more inclined to prosocial behavior during the period of

A) young childhood.
B) middle childhood.
C) early adolescence.
D) later adolescence.

Question 9

According to the text,school-age children exposed to parental discord and poor parenting display all of the following EXCEPT

A) fearfulness.
B) depression.
C) obedience.
D) aggressiveness.

Question 10

Brad knows that he sometimes loses his temper and gets angry at his friends.What aspect of self-definition is he developing?

A) An ideal self
B) A real self
C) Self-regulation
D) Self-awareness

Question 11

Douglas lives in a home where everyone is expected to get along.No fighting or disagreeable behavior is tolerated.If his parents show continual disapproval of his negative behavior,Douglas is likely to

A) cease to feel negative emotions.
B) have problems in his sibling relationships.
C) experience an impairment in his social adjustment.
D) have heightened well-being and social adjustment.

Question 12

Randy is 8 years old and has just learned to use a word-processing program that will allow him to write papers for school on the computer.According to Erikson,Randy's mastery of this skill should lead to feelings of

A) competence.
B) hope.
C) will.
D) purpose.

Question 13

By middle childhood it appears that empathy

A) decreases with most children.
B) becomes "hard wired" with most children.
C) increases in a few children if they had empathic parents.
D) is at the same level as it was in early childhood.

Question 14

Erikson's developmental crisis of middle childhood (from about 6 to 12 years)is

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) identity versus role confusion.

Question 15

Marcy views herself as being generally capable and competent in most aspects of her life.According to the text,Marcy has a high degree of

A) purpose.
B) trust versus mistrust.
C) global self-worth.
D) personal identity.

Question 16

Eric gets very frustrated with his mom when she interrupts his game playing to help her in the kitchen.According to your text,Eric is struggling with

A) exposure to media violence.
B) emotional self-regulation.
C) cognitive motivation.
D) psychosocial confusion.

Question 17

Monica,who is 8,describes herself as very good at math and science,but average in reading and art.She also says that she is good at basketball but a terrible baseball player.According to the neo-Piagetian view of self-concept development,Monica is using

A) identification processes.
B) representational systems.
C) centration schemes.
D) scaffolding.

Question 18

A child with high self-esteem would

A) accept decisions of parents and teachers without challenge.
B) usually disregard the feelings of others.
C) volunteer to help someone else.
D) try hard to please everyone.

Question 19

In the neo-Piagetian scheme of self-concept development,the third stage of development,which begins around 7 or 8 years of age,involves the ability to form

A) representational systems.
B) class inclusion.
C) sensorimotor schemes.
D) transitional inferences.

Question 20

A child with low self-esteem would

A) accept criticism.
B) challenge people in authority.
C) cope with obstacles.
D) worry about doing the right thing.

Question 21

Which of the following factors is NOT usually mentioned in discussions about what influences a child's adjustment to divorce?

A) The child's age or maturity level
B) Whether the child has a healthy sense of self
C) Each particular child's temperament
D) The child's psychological adjustment before the divorce

Question 22

A child caring for himself or herself at home without adult supervision is engaged in

A) self-control.
B) self-care.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-discipline.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a type of nontraditional family structure referred to in the textbook?

A) Two-parent families
B) Single-parent families
C) Gay and lesbian families
D) Grandparent-headed families

Question 24

The main determinant of the success of joint custody is

A) the time apart by the child with each parent.
B) the amount of conflict between the parents.
C) the financial arrangements made for the child.
D) the personality of the child.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a common reaction of children of divorce?

A) Guilt over something they might have done to cause the divorce
B) Anger at the parents
C) Happiness that the parents' fighting is over
D) Fear about the future

Question 26

Which of the following was NOT presented in your text as a benefit associated with "family mealtime"?

A) Promotion of language development
B) Reduced risk of chronic diseases
C) Increased awareness of cultural traditions
D) Fewer emotional problems

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of parenting using inductive techniques?

A) Mary, who scolds her son for talking back and not doing his chores.
B) Alex, who tells his daughter that gossiping about her friend makes her friend sad.
C) Erin, who spanks her son for missing curfew for the third time this week.
D) All of these

Question 28

Which of the following parental statements is most representative of the process of coregulation?

A) "Please take out the garbage because it is starting to stink."
B) "If you touch the television again you will get a time-out."
C) 'Please get your toys out of the neighbor's yard so that they can see what a big helper you are."
D) "Clean up your room before your mother gets home."

Question 29

Children who have experienced parental divorce do better if they

A) have emotional support and contact with both parents.
B) have limited contact with the noncustodial parent to avoid conflicts.
C) reside with grandparents who can negotiate with both parents.
D) live with their mother rather than father.

Question 30

Parents can help children develop coregulation by

A) influencing children when they are together.
B) monitoring children when they are apart.
C) teaching children to monitor their own behavior.
D) All of these

Question 31

Research has provided considerable evidence that children do better when raised in families with two biological parents or two parents who adopted the child in infancy.This type of family is a __________ family.

A) nontraditional
B) traditional
C) blended
D) reconstituted

Question 32

A child who is aggressive,starts fights,is hostile,and is disobedient is displaying ______ behaviors.

A) internalizing
B) externalizing
C) prosocial
D) self-regulation

Question 33

Which of the following statements about coregulation in middle childhood is true?

A) It is a transitional stage in which children begin to do more self-monitoring.
B) It is a stage in which children regulate themselves with the help of their peers.
C) To make it work, parents must stop monitoring children when the children are out of sight.
D) Parents enjoy this transitional stage.

Question 34

Based upon research cited in the textbook,which of the following is an important way for divorced parents to help their children adjust to the divorce?

A) Sharing joint custody
B) Being honest with the children by expressing their anger toward each other
C) Competing to see who can be the better parent
D) Avoiding quarrels in front of the children

Question 35

The most common arrangement for children following divorce is to live with their

A) mother.
B) father.
C) grandparents.
D) same-sex parent.

Question 36

As children approach adolescence,how well parents __________ may be more important than whether a mother works outside the home.

A) provide for them
B) communicate with them
C) keep track of them
D) support their activities

Question 37

Gunnar's mother wanted a good after-school program for him.She discovered that high-quality programs included the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) low child-staff ratio.
B) well-educated staff.
C) low enrollment.
D) school based.

Question 38

Parents who continue to use physical punishment after age 10 tend to have children who

A) are very cooperative and compliant.
B) are angry and aggressive.
C) are better at school and other disciplined activities due to knowing they will have consequences.
D) are likely to have poor relationships with their parents as they approach adolescence.

Question 39

Compared to those whose parents stayed together,adults whose parents were divorced when they were children have all of the following EXCEPT

A) increased tension.
B) excessive concern with working.
C) lower educational levels.
D) more marital difficulties.

Question 40

Children living in persistent poverty have demonstrated in research that they have all of the following EXCEPT

A) low self-esteem.
B) not getting along well with peers.
C) behavior problems.
D) high achievement in school.

Question 41

Nick has recently married a divorced woman with a 9-year-old son.What should Nick do to increase his chances of being accepted by his stepson?

A) Make friends with the boy slowly.
B) Assume a parental role as quickly as possible.
C) Buy the boy many expensive toys.
D) Remain distant and wait for the boy to approach him first.

Question 42

Traditionally,information about adoptions,especially the identity of the birth mother,was kept secret.In recent years,the adoption parties have shared information or had direct contact.This process is called ______ adoption.

A) shared
B) open
C) direct
D) communicative

Question 43

Which of the following statements regarding sibling relationships in nonindustrialized,agricultural societies is TRUE?

A) Attachment between siblings in adulthood tends to be weak.
B) Older siblings have an important role in caring for younger ones.
C) Brothers generally play little role in maintaining the family structure.
D) Sisters are involved to a limited degree in the supervision of younger siblings.

Question 44

Children choose peers that are closest to themselves in

A) age.
B) ethnicity.
C) demographics.
D) All of these

Question 45

In addition to the usual issues of parenthood,adoptive parents also typically have to deal with all of the following EXCEPT

A) integrating the adopted child into the family.
B) helping the child develop a healthy sense of self.
C) explaining adoption to the child.
D) All of these

Question 46

Based on measures of sociometric popularity,a child who receives many positive nominations would be classified as

A) popular.
B) rejected.
C) neglected.
D) average.

Question 47

According to research,which of the following is TRUE of stepfamilies,or blended families?

A) Mixed loyalties can cause stress.
B) Girls are more likely than boys to accept a stepfather as a parent.
C) Stepmothers are very attached to stepchildren.
D) Remarried mothers use harsher discipline.

Question 48

Based on measures of sociometric popularity,a child who receives very few nominations of any kind would be classified as

A) popular.
B) rejected.
C) neglected.
D) None of these

Question 49

All of the following determine sibling roles and relationships in nonindustrialized societies EXCEPT

A) number of siblings.
B) birth order.
C) family income.
D) gender.

Question 50

What percentage of legal adoptions are by relatives,usually stepparents or grandparents?

A) 20
B) 50
C) 60
D) 70

Question 51

During what period does the peer group become a major influence,for good and bad?

A) Early childhood
B) Middle childhood
C) Early adolescence
D) Later adolescence

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a predictor of adjustment for a child whose parents divorce?

A) Age
B) Gender
C) Intelligence
D) Temperament

Question 53

Studies of school achievement of children from single-parent homes

A) have produced mixed findings.
B) seem to indicate that these children are at some risk of having problems in school.
C) suggest that family income may be more critical than the number of parents at home.
D) All of these

Question 54

Which of the following statements regarding children raised by gay or lesbian parents is TRUE?

A) The children tend to have positive relationships with their parents.
B) Daughters of lesbian parents are more likely to be homosexual than daughters of heterosexual parents.
C) Sons of gay parents are more likely to be homosexual than sons of heterosexual parents.
D) Children of homosexual parents tend to be more intelligent than children of heterosexual parents.

Question 55

Based on measures of sociometric popularity,a child who receives mostly negative nominations would be classified as

A) popular.
B) rejected.
C) neglected.
D) None of these

Question 56

What are the most common age and sex characteristics of play groups in middle childhood?

A) Mixed sex and many different ages
B) Same sex but many different ages
C) Same sex and same age
D) Mixed sex and same age

Question 57

Which of the following pairs of siblings is most likely to quarrel?

A) Two boys
B) Two girls
C) Older sister and younger brother
D) Older brother and younger sister

Question 58

Currently,what percentage of children live in single-parent homes?

A) 18%
B) 28%
C) 38%
D) 50%

Question 59

Mark is 7 years old and has cohabitating biological parents and has demonstrated effective emotional,behavioral,and academic outcomes due to all the following factors EXCEPT

A) economic resources.
B) number of friends.
C) parental effectiveness.
D) parental well-being.

Question 60

According to your text,most 10-year-olds were likely to disagree with which statement?

A) I don't like Blake because he is a bully.
B) I don't like Sarah because she gossips about her friends.
C) I don't like John because his is Korean.
D) I don't like Gina because she is stuck-up.

Question 61

Unpopularity during middle childhood is

A) generally not cause for concern.
B) seldom related to later adjustment problems.
C) often related to coercive or inept parenting.
D) something that usually cannot be helped but may be outgrown.

Question 62

Children whose tendency is to see other children as trying to hurt them and then strike out in retaliation are showing

A) hostility.
B) hostile attribution bias.
C) dominance.
D) aggression bias.

Question 63

Popular children tend to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) cooperativeness.
B) assertiveness.
C) intelligence.
D) unusually strong need for affection.

Question 64

According to Selman's stages of friendship,a statement such as "Garth is my best friend,we have known each other for years," is indicative of which stage of friendship?

A) Momentary playmateship
B) One-way assistance
C) Two-way fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate, mutually shared relationships

Question 65

According to Selman,most school-age children are at which stage of friendship?

A) 1-one-way assistance
B) 2-two-way fair-weather cooperation
C) 3-intimate, mutually shared relationships
D) 4-autonomous interdependence

Question 66

Since people often become hostile when someone acts aggressively toward them,a hostile attribution bias may become a

A) hostile personality disorder.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) hostile intent.
D) reaction bias.

Question 67

Children of __________ parents tend to be more popular that those whose parents use other styles.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) manipulative

Question 68

According to Selman's stages of friendship,a statement such as "Lucy will come over and play with me when she knows I have a new video game," is indicative of which stage of friendship?

A) Momentary playmateship
B) One-way assistance
C) Two-way fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate, mutually shared relationships

Question 69

A strong predictor of later adjustment is _____ during middle childhood.

A) intelligence
B) having a two-parent family
C) being well liked by peers
D) good grades in school

Question 70

According to Selman,children who are egocentric and think only about what they want are at what stage of friendship?

A) Reciprocal level
B) Mutual level
C) Interdependent stage
D) Undifferentiated level

Question 71

According to one study,girls value which aspect of friendships?

A) Depth
B) Number of friends
C) Depth and number equally
D) Duration

Question 72

Negative influences of peer groups include all of the following EXCEPT

A) pressure to conform.
B) counteracting the parents' influence.
C) modeling of antisocial behaviors.
D) reinforcement of racial prejudice.

Question 73

Culture affects popularity.Cross-cultural studies show that

A) sociable children are more popular in the United States than in China.
B) children are likely to be accepted today in China if they show social assertiveness and initiative.
C) shy, sensitive Chinese students at age 12 find increased popularity.
D) None of these

Question 74

During the school years,aggression declines and changes from overt aggression to

A) hostile.
B) relational.
C) instrumental.
D) physical.

Question 75

Which of the following statements regarding the friendships of school-age girls is TRUE?

A) Girls tend to have more friends than boys do.
B) Friendships of girls tend to be less affectionate than those of boys.
C) Girls tend to have more opposite-sex friends than boys.
D) Girls tend to have close friends.

Question 76

According to Selman's stages of friendship,a statement such as "Mikey used to be my friend,but he wouldn't spend the night with me last weekend" is indicative of which stage of friendship?

A) Momentary playmateship
B) One-way assistance
C) Two-way fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate, mutually shared relationships

Question 77

In middle childhood,peer groups help social development by providing interaction with children of

A) the opposite sex.
B) other races and social backgrounds.
C) different ages.
D) the same sex.

Question 78

During the school years children may choose a friend because they

A) like what toys the other child has.
B) feel comfortable with the other child.
C) feel more popular than the other child.
D) can manipulate the other child.

Question 79

Sara is insensitive to Jane's feelings,and she acted very silly when the girls went skating for the first time.Sara is probably

A) better at skating than Jane.
B) quite popular.
C) unpopular.
D) smarter than Jane.

Question 80

Negative attitudes toward certain groups are referred to as

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) segregation.
D) hatred.