Deck 9: Motivation

Question 1

Which of the following statements about instincts is false?

A) An instinct is a biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.
B) Instincts are learned behavioral responses.
C) Instincts are generally set in motion by a "sign stimulus."
D) Instincts may explain a great deal of nonhuman animal behavior.

Answer 1

Instincts are learned behavioral responses.

Question 2

Motivated behavior is _____.

A) energized, directed, and sustained
B) excitatory, disoriented, and dynamic
C) logical, analytical, and unmanageable
D) reflexive, reflective, and adaptive

Answer 2

energized, directed, and sustained

Question 3

When you walk out of an air-conditioned room into the heat of a summer day,your body releases excess heat by sweating.This is due to the body's tendency to maintain _____.

A) intrinsic motivation
B) self-determination
C) homeostasis
D) self-actualization

Answer 3

homeostasis

Question 4

The _____ is involved in stimulating eating.

A) ventromedial hypothalamus
B) lateral hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 5

The hormone _____ helps start the digestion of food,travels to the brain through the bloodstream,and signals us to stop eating.

A) cholecystokinin
B) dopamine
C) gastrin
D) oxytocin

Question 6

According to drive reduction theory,the goal of drive reduction is _____.

A) self-actualization
B) homeostasis
C) self-determination
D) to elevate the level of arousal

Question 7

Darrin is a good piano player.When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes.When he is in a recital with strangers,he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes.His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby,and his arousal level is moderate.The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the _____.

A) Yerkes-Dodson law
B) Clark Hull's theory
C) James-Lange theory
D) Cannon-Bard theory

Question 8

When Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon,they found that _____.

A) when subjects report hunger, their stomach is relaxed
B) when subjects report a full stomach, their stomach is relaxed
C) when subjects report hunger, their stomach is contracting
D) when subjects report a full stomach, their stomach is contracting

Question 9

A(n)_____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

A) need
B) drive
C) instinct
D) reflex

Question 10

Which of the following plays an important role in glucose control?

A) Oxytocin
B) Gastrin
C) Insulin
D) Androgens

Question 11

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,performance is best under conditions of _____ arousal.

A) no
B) low
C) moderate
D) high

Question 12

A major criticism of drive reduction theory is that _____.

A) all behavior reduces drives, so it doesn't really explain anything
B) people sometimes behave in ways that increase drives
C) there are no behaviors that actually reduce drives
D) drives and needs are always related

Question 13

In humans,_____ concentrations have been linked with weight,body fat,and weight loss in response to dieting

A) glucose
B) insulin
C) leptin
D) oxytocin

Question 14

The chemical substance _____,released by fat cells,decreases food in-take and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.

A) cholecystokinin
B) leptin
C) insulin
D) oxytocin

Question 15

A(n)_____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

A) need
B) drive
C) instinct
D) reflex

Question 16

Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full?

A) Oxytocin
B) Leptin
C) Dopamine
D) Estrogen

Question 17

Ethology describes motivation from a(n)_____.

A) psychoanalytic perspective
B) behaviorism perspective
C) evolutionary perspective
D) humanistic perspective

Question 18

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium,or steady state,is known as _____.

A) equity
B) catharsis
C) homeostasis
D) homogeneity

Question 19

You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily.According to drive reduction theory,your body will have a(n)_____ for water,which will produce a(n)_____ for water,which will lead to a(n)_____ to get water.

A) instinct; motivation; need
B) instinct; motivation; drive
C) need; motivation; drive
D) need; drive; motivation

Question 20

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state,whereas _____ involves a physiological state.

A) reflex/need
B) need/drive
C) drive/need
D) need/reflex

Question 21

If it is night,we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch.This illustrates _____.

A) the effect of learned associations on eating behavior
B) the effect of emotional state on eating behavior
C) the effect of suggestion on eating behavior
D) the effect of mindlessness on eating behavior

Question 22

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is _____.

A) esteem
B) self-actualization
C) belongingness
D) competence

Question 23

From Maslow's perspective,motivation is primarily the result of _____.

A) reinforcement of individual abilities
B) instinctive responses to environmental stimuli
C) specific responses to ethological, innate drives
D) humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs

Question 24

When considering the human sexual response pattern,how does the male refractory period compare to that of the female refractory period?

A) Males have a shorter refractory period than females.
B) Males do not have a refractory period.
C) Females do not have a refractory period.
D) Unlike males, females can have two refractory periods without delay.

Question 25

Males experience a refractory period during the _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern.

A) excitement
B) plateau
C) orgasm
D) resolution

Question 26

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which of the following needs must be met first?

A) Physiological needs
B) Safety needs
C) Belonging and love
D) Self-actualization

Question 27

The beginning of the process of erotic responsiveness occurs during the _____ of the human sexual response pattern.

A) plateau phase
B) resolution phase
C) excitement phase
D) orgasm phase

Question 28

_____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in females._____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in males.

A) Estrogens/Androgens
B) Androgens/Estrogens
C) Estrogens/Endorphins
D) Endorphins/Androgens

Question 29

William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try to improve the lives of the residents there.The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,what would these citizens be in need of next?

A) Safety
B) Esteem
C) Belongingness and love
D) Self-transcendence

Question 30

According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States,_____.

A) marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior
B) promiscuity and infidelity rule sexual behavior
C) single people have more sex than married people
D) most married women have been unfaithful at least once

Question 31

What is the correct order of the human sexual response pattern?

A) Plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
B) Excitement, orgasm, resolution, plateau
C) Orgasm, excitement, plateau, resolution
D) Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 32

The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

A) ventromedial hypothalamus
B) lateral hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 33

Which of the following is true of ventromedial hypothalamus?

A) When this area of an animal's brain is stimulated, the animal starts eating.
B) If this part of the hypothalamus is destroyed, even a starving animal will show no interest in food.
C) When this area is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese.
D) It is involved in stimulating eating.

Question 34

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the _____.

A) adrenal gland
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdale
D) pituitary gland

Question 35

An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

A) genetic factors
B) gender role
C) gender identity
D) sexual orientation

Question 36

Which of the following statements about gender differences in sexual attitudes and behavior is false?

A) Men think about sex more often than women do.
B) Men show more changes in their sexual patterns and desires over their lifetime than women do.
C) Men view more pornography
D) Men have more permissive attitudes toward casual premarital sex.

Question 37

According to Maslow,self-actualization is possible _____.

A) at any time
B) only before love and belongingness needs are fulfilled
C) only after all other needs have been fulfilled
D) before physiological needs are met

Question 38

If you had to write a research paper on Maslow's hierarchy of motives,which of the following titles would you choose to capture the essence of Maslow's theory?

A) "Keep those reinforcements coming."
B) "The power of the unconscious."
C) "Easy come, easy go."
D) "Be all that you can be."

Question 39

According to research on the human sexual response pattern,orgasm lasts for about _____.

A) 60 seconds
B) 3 to 15 seconds
C) 20 to 30 seconds
D) 40 to 45 seconds

Question 40

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,we seek to fulfill our need for love and affiliation _____.

A) after our basic physiological and safety needs are met
B) before our basic biological and safety needs are met
C) after we have found self-actualization
D) after self-esteem needs have been met

Question 41

According to self-determination theory,people are most fulfilled when they satisfy which three fundamental needs?

A) Hunger, thirst, and sex
B) Hunger, security, and love
C) Competence, autonomy, and relatedness
D) Hunger, esteem, and achievement

Question 42

Professor Rothbaum surveys students about their motivation for attending college.Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation?

A) "If I don't go to college, my parents will kick me out of the house, I will be homeless and broke, and I will never be able to catch up with others my age."
B) "I'm here to get a college degree so I can make money, get the respect I deserve, and take great care of my family."
C) "I'm in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person."
D) "If I don't go to college, I can't be covered on my parents' health insurance."

Question 43

Don places a great deal of value on money,prestige,and his physical appearance.According to your textbook,compared to someone who values the organismic needs,Don will be more likely to experience _____.

A) lowered self-actualization and physical illness
B) higher well-being but less physical illness
C) higher well-being but less self-esteem
D) less physical illness and well-being

Question 44

Setting goals,planning for the implementation of goals,and monitoring progress are all aspects of _____.

A) self-determination theory
B) self-regulation
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) intrinsic motivation

Question 45

Adding external rewards to a situation in which the person is already intrinsically motivated to perform usually results in _____.

A) neutral intrinsic motivation
B) maximized extrinsic motivation
C) reduced intrinsic motivation
D) reduced extrinsic motivation

Question 46

According to self-determination theory,competence motivation involves _____.

A) drive-reduction
B) self-efficacy and mastery
C) environmental stimuli
D) maintaining optimal arousal

Question 47

_____ emphasize individual achievement,independence,and self-reliance,whereas _____ emphasize affiliation,cooperation,and interdependence.

A) Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures
B) Collectivist cultures/individualistic cultures
C) Agricultural societies/urban societies
D) Poverty-ridden societies/wealthy societies

Question 48

Competence,relatedness,and autonomy are examples of _____.

A) extrinsic motivation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) environmental stimuli
D) drive reduction

Question 49

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?

A) Relatedness
B) Competence
C) Self-esteem
D) Reward

Question 50

Courtney reads psychology books because these subjects fascinate her.She really enjoys learning about new approaches to psychology.Courtney is being driven by _____.

A) extrinsic motivation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) external attribution
D) drive-reduction theory

Question 51

Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport.He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally,and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract.After that contract ran out,the team offered him slightly more money,but he decided that it was not enough and that he wanted to quit.Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective?

A) Ray is being driven by his organismic needs.
B) The team is not showing Ray the respect that he has earned.
C) Extrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play basketball.
D) Intrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's extrinsic motivation to play basketball.

Question 52

Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads.Annie is reading like crazy,not because she loves books,but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys.Annie is demonstrating _____ motivation.

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) organismic
D) drive-reduction

Question 53

Relatedness refers to _____.

A) the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task
B) the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles
C) the need to engage in warm relations with other people
D) the sense that one is in control of one's own life

Question 54

Autonomy refers to _____.

A) the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task
B) the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles
C) the need to engage in warm relations with other people
D) the sense that one is in control of one's own life

Question 55

Thinking about being in love with someone is an example of _____.

A) physiological arousal
B) behavioral expression
C) conscious experience
D) subconscious reaction

Question 56

Self-efficacy refers to _____.

A) the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task
B) the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles
C) the need to engage in warm relations with other people
D) the sense that one is in control of one's own life

Question 57

_____ stems from the desire to do something in order to obtain rewards or avoid punishment from the social environment,whereas _____ stems from internal factors such as organismic needs.

A) Extrinsic motivation/intrinsic motivation
B) Intrinsic motivation/extrinsic motivation
C) Internal attribution/external attribution
D) Internal attribution/intrinsic motivation

Question 58

Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals.Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals.Both women do the same kind of work.Who is most likely to perform better?

A) Marsha is most likely to perform better.
B) Georgia is most likely to perform better.
C) They both perform equally well.
D) Marsha is more likely to perform better but also more bored with her work.

Question 59

_____ is based on internal needs (e.g.,competence or autonomy)._____ is based on external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

A) Extrinsic motivation/Intrinsic motivation
B) Intrinsic motivation/Extrinsic motivation
C) Internal attribution/external attribution
D) Negative affect/Positive affect

Question 60

The _____ calms the body.

A) sympathetic nervous system
B) non-adrenergic neurons
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) non-cholinergic neurons

Question 61

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions,crying over spilled milk will result in _____.

A) sorrow because you are crying
B) sorrow because the milk has been spilled
C) increased heart rate because you are sad
D) several indiscriminant emotions

Question 62

According to the _____,emotion occurs after physiological reactions.

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) two-factor theory of emotion
C) James-Lange theory
D) self-determination theory

Question 63

What is the main problem with using polygraph results as an indication of whether or not a person is lying?

A) There is no unique physiological response to telling lies.
B) Most people can camouflage their response patterns.
C) Examiners are usually biased against the person being tested.
D) Most polygraph machines cannot collect valid and reliable physiological data.

Question 64

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system?

A) It promotes relaxation and healing.
B) It prepares the individual for fighting or running away.
C) It calms the body.
D) When it is activated, heart rate and blood pressure drop, stomach activity and food digestion increase, and breathing slows.

Question 65

Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear?

A) The thalamus
B) The amygdala
C) The cerebellum
D) The hippocampus

Question 66

Soccer players are expected to congratulate and shake hands with the opposing team,even when their team loses the game.This is an example of _____.

A) a display rule
B) a set point
C) the two-factor theory of emotion
D) the Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 67

According to the _____,emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) two-factor theory of emotion
C) James-Lange theory
D) self-determination theory

Question 68

A professor conducts an experiment in which she asks her students to either hold a pen between their teeth or hold a pen between their lips.Holding the pen between one's teeth mimicked the facial expression of smiling.After 5 minutes,she finds that the students who held the pen beneath their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips.These results most likely will support the _____.

A) Schacter-Singer theory
B) two-factor theory of emotion
C) Cannon-Bard theory
D) facial feedback hypothesis

Question 69

Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government,and a polygraph test is part of the interview process.Though Tom intends to be honest,he is worried that the polygraph will say he is lying when he isn't.Tom's friend Cameron assures Tom that polygraph tests are infallible.Is Cameron right?

A) Yes; polygraphs pick up certain physiological responses associated with lying, and very few people can hide those responses.
B) Yes; though much of the research has not been made public, many government agencies rely on polygraphs, and they would not do so if the tests were fallible.
C) No; heart rate and breathing can increase for reasons other than lying and this effect can make it difficult to interpret the physiological indicators of arousal.
D) No; polygraph machines are just props and the person watching for cues that the subject is lying may make errors.

Question 70

According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory,emotion is determined by two factors: _____.

A) internal and external attribution
B) intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
C) homeostasis and the Yerkes-Dodson law
D) physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

Question 71

The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event,a person will _____.

A) first experience shock and then be motivated to turn away
B) be motivated to turn away and then will experience shock
C) experience increased heart rate and rapid breathing as a release of anxiety
D) experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously

Question 72

You are feeling upset when your mother turns toward you and says "turn that frown upside down." You turn your frown into a smile and realize that you now feel happy.This experience can be best described by the _____.

A) Yerkes-Dodson law
B) facial feedback hypothesis
C) Cannon-Bard theory
D) self-determination theory

Question 73

Studies demonstrating the facial feedback hypothesis provide support for the _____.

A) James-Lange theory of emotion
B) Canon-Bard theory of emotion
C) two-factor theory of emotion
D) Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 74

Which of the following best describes cultural differences in the facial expression of emotion?

A) Facial expressions for certain emotions do not differ significantly across cultures.
B) Facial expressions vary from one culture to another.
C) It typically takes up to two years of living in a culture before people can recognize the facial expressions of emotion in that culture.
D) Caucasians are more expressive than Asians.

Question 75

Monica has had a very emotionally draining day,but she cannot really describe her emotions.After taking a quiet moment to herself,she starts to cry and after observing this bodily reaction,she realizes that she must be sad.This example of emotional recognition is most consistent with the _____.

A) self-observation theory of emotion
B) Yerkes-Dodson law
C) James-Lange theory of emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Question 76

Evan received an ugly pair of pajamas for his birthday.Even though he didn't like the gift,he smiled and thanked his grandmother for the present.Evan's behavior can be explained in terms of _____.

A) set points
B) a display rule
C) the circumplex model of emotion
D) the broaden-and-build model

Question 77

Which of the following would suggest that you feel happy because you are laughing?

A) Two-factor theory of emotion
B) James-Lange theory
C) Cannon-Bard theory
D) Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 78

Tim and Margaret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest.Suddenly a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket.According the James-Lange theory of emotions,the couple will _____.

A) experience fear and run as a result of feeling the emotion of fear
B) run and experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies
C) experience fear, run, and as a result experience rapid breathing and increased heart rate
D) be frozen in fear until the bear begins to grab the basket

Question 79

Kiefer is taking acting classes.His instructor is using Stanislavski's "method acting" technique,which encourages actors to imitate the behavior of someone feeling that emotion.When Kiefer is playing a scene where his character is sad,his instructor may suggest that he cry in order to feel sadness."Method acting" is most consistent with which of the following?

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) Yerkes-Dodson law
D) Self-determination theory

Question 80

Richard Lazarus believed in the primacy of thinking.What does this mean?

A) Emotions come before thoughts.
B) Cognitive activity is a necessary precondition for emotion.
C) Cognitive ability makes intrinsic motivation possible.
D) Cognitive ability depends on extrinsic motivation.