Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

A father takes his baby out for a walk.The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals.The next day,the baby's mother brings home some pink flowers.She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell.The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees it.According to the principles of classical conditioning,what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

A) The baby's crying
B) The bumblebee
C) The mother
D) The pink flower

Answer 1

The pink flower

Question 2

Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through _____ whereas organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B) classical conditioning; operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning; discovery learning
D) observational learning; classical conditioning

Answer 2

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Question 3

Your psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning.Which of the following should be included on your list?

A) Your sister bumps into a door when she has a high fever.
B) Your father falls asleep watching TV.
C) Your little brother whines whenever he wants something.
D) Your mother forgets her keys.

Answer 3

Your little brother whines whenever he wants something.

Question 4

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called _____.

A) episodic learning
B) observational learning
C) associative learning
D) rote learning

Question 5

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) latent learning
D) discovery learning

Question 6

In classical conditioning,organisms learn the association between two _____.

A) organizations
B) stimuli
C) motives
D) considerations

Question 7

Which of the following is the best example of an unconditioned response?

A) Throwing a temper tantrum
B) Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper
C) Raising your hand before asking a question in a classroom setting
D) Learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother do so

Question 8

_____ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors,discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking,wishing,and hoping.

A) Psychoanalysis
B) Behaviorism
C) Humanism
D) Conditioning

Question 9

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of _____.

A) latent learning
B) a learned response
C) a reflex
D) insight learning

Question 10

Which of the following is true with regard to the principles of behaviorism?

A) Understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental actors that produce them.
B) The principles of learning are different for both animals and humans.
C) Mental activities (e.g., thinking, wishing, and hoping) are of greater importance, in comparison to observable behaviors.
D) Learning is defined as a rapid and unobservable change in behavior.

Question 11

The adage "When in Rome,do as the Romans do" best reflects which of the following types of learning?

A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Latent learning

Question 12

Dr.Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes.Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students,he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it.Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr.Meyer closes the classroom door.Closing the door has become a(n)_____.

A) US
B) CS
C) UR
D) CR

Question 13

Miranda is learning how to play tennis.For her first lesson,her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches.Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor.Which of the following concepts best describes how Miranda is learning to play tennis?

A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Latent learning

Question 14

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it.Thus,when we see lightning,we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward.This is an example of _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) operant conditioning
D) stimulus experience

Question 15

Pavlov's dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n)_____.

A) US
B) CS
C) UR
D) CR

Question 16

In classical conditioning situations,the _____ connection is unlearned,but the _____ connection is learned.

A) US-CS/UR-CR
B) US-UR/CS-CR
C) UR-CR/US-CS
D) CS-CR/US-UR

Question 17

_____ is a systematic,relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

A) Erudition
B) Maturation
C) Edifying
D) Learning

Question 18

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____,whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

A) observation and imitation/association
B) conscious behaviors/observation and practice
C) association/observation and imitation
D) conscious thoughts/unconscious thoughts

Question 19

You feel fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket.This reaction is most likely a(n)_____.

A) US
B) UR
C) CS
D) CR

Question 20

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Latent learning
D) Discovery learning

Question 21

Mark's dog,Gus,sits whenever he says,"Sit." Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick.He wants to teach him to bark each time he says,"Speak," but whenever Mark says,"Speak," Gus sits.The dog's behavior is an example of _____.

A) generalization
B) habituation
C) contiguous occurrences
D) contingent occurrences

Question 22

In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner,_____ was used as an unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.

A) fire
B) a loud noise
C) the researcher
D) a sealskin coat

Question 23

The extent to which the CS and US occur close together in time reflects _____.

A) contiguity
B) contingency
C) generalization
D) discrimination

Question 24

Pavlov's dog salivated to the sound of a bell because _____.

A) the bell had become a reflex
B) the bell had become a CR
C) the bell had become associated with food
D) the bell had become a reinforcer for food

Question 25

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay,without further conditioning is called _____.

A) Generalization
B) Discrimination
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Latent learning

Question 26

Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat.Eventually,however,Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry.He became scared not only of rats,but also of rabbits,and even Santa Claus's beard.This study illustrates _____.

A) extinction
B) stimulus acquisition in classical conditioning
C) stimulus generalization in classical conditioning
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 27

_____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

A) Generalization
B) Discrimination
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Latent learning

Question 28

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

A) Generalization
B) Discrimination
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Latent learning

Question 29

In John Watson's experiment on classical conditioning,a white rat was used as a(n)_____ to condition Albert.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned response

Question 30

_____ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

A) Generalization
B) Discrimination
C) Extinction
D) Latent learning

Question 31

_____ means that the CS must not only precede the US closely in time,it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way.

A) Contiguity
B) Contingency
C) Generalization
D) Discrimination

Question 32

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears a bell.Now,however,after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food,the dog stops salivating.What happened?

A) The dog realizes that the bell isn't food.
B) Extinction has occurred.
C) Generalization has occurred.
D) Spontaneous recovery wasn't triggered.

Question 33

_____ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

A) Instinctive drift
B) Generalizing
C) Expectancy learning
D) Counterconditioning

Question 34

In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning,the bell was the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning had occurred.

A) conditioned stimulus/neutral stimulus
B) neutral stimulus/unconditioned stimulus
C) neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus/reinforcer stimulus

Question 35

Watson and Rayner used _____ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

A) a loud noise
B) fire
C) a white rat
D) a rabbit

Question 36

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning in humans is false?

A) Classical conditioning provides an explanation of fears.
B) Classical conditioning can produce immunosuppression.
C) Drug habituation can be explained by classical conditioning.
D) Classical conditioning is based on observing and imitating others.

Question 37

Marcia is no longer romantically involved with John as they broke up after a three-year relationship.They have no interaction with each other.One day in the mall,she suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore.All the former good feelings come pouring back.The sudden onset of good feelings triggered by the cologne is an example of _____.

A) emotional amnesia
B) spontaneous recovery
C) discrimination learning
D) contingency learning

Question 38

_____ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

A) Generalization
B) Spontaneous recovery
C) Extinction
D) Acquisition

Question 39

Before the bell was ever presented,Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented.The _____ in this situation is salivation.

A) unconditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 40

_____ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates after the anticipated reward is withheld.

A) Spontaneous recovery
B) Generalization
C) Insight learning
D) Extinction

Question 41

Which of the following is the best example of negative reinforcement?

A) Chase's mom spanked him for hitting his little brother. Chase now hits his brother less frequently.
B) Jeremy's mom grounded him for not doing his homework. Now he rarely forgets to complete his assignments on time.
C) Abby's mother constantly told her to water the plants in the lawn. She eventually complied and did what her mother wanted her to so that her mother doesn't tell her the same thing again.
D) Chad's new teacher gives him a prize box toy for every five books that he reads. He now reads more frequently than he used to.

Question 42

In the Water Kingdom Amusement Park,when two sea lions throw and catch balls on their nose,they are rewarded with fish-mainly herring and salmon-every time after their act.The sea lions have been trained to perform this behavior through _____.

A) generalization
B) shaping
C) contiguity
D) extinction

Question 43

The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called _____.

A) generalization
B) extinction
C) reinforcement
D) specialization

Question 44

Classical conditioning helps to explain _____,which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

A) immunosuppression
B) habituation
C) aversive conditioning
D) counterconditioning

Question 45

According to Thorndike's law of effect _____.

A) species-specific biological predispositions favor some learning styles over others
B) behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened
C) negative behaviors can be easily extinguished through classical conditioning
D) an organism will recover a previously conditioned response when placed in a novel context.

Question 46

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _____.

A) negative reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment

Question 47

Classical conditioning can produce _____,which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person's ability to fight disease.

A) immunosuppression
B) depression
C) spontaneous recovery
D) conditioned oppression

Question 48

Robert drank too much tequila last night.He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated.According to the principles of classical conditioning,how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

A) He will feel happy about what a great time he had last night.
B) He will want to drink more tequila right away.
C) He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.
D) He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is false?

A) Skinner conducted many of his studies with animals as opposed to human subjects.
B) Skinner made every effort to study organisms under precisely controlled conditions.
C) Skinner believed that the mechanisms of learning among humans are different than the mechanisms of learning among animals.
D) During World War II, Skinner carried out an unusual study that involved a pigeon-guided missile.

Question 50

While watching television,you can see how advertisers cunningly apply classical conditioning principles to consumers by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product in hope that you,the viewer,will experience those positive feelings toward the product.In this situation the product is the _____.

A) unconditioned response
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 51

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _____.

A) negative reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment

Question 52

Which of the following helps to explain drug habituation?

A) Operant conditioning
B) Latent learning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Discovery learning

Question 53

In operant conditioning,_____.

A) the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior
B) which is a form of respondent behavior, behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus
C) neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses
D) behavior is a consequence of the CS

Question 54

_____ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.

A) Generalization
B) Extinction
C) Contiguity
D) Shaping

Question 55

Which of the following is more effective in explaining voluntary behaviors?

A) Discovery learning
B) Latent learning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Operant conditioning

Question 56

Some bears kept in the zoo allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups.These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping.Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia.You,however,a psychology student,quickly surmise that the bears had undergone _____.

A) discovery learning
B) classical conditioning
C) secondary reinforcement
D) operant conditioning

Question 57

Taste aversion is an example of _____.

A) immunosuppression
B) classical conditioning
C) observational learning
D) counterconditioning

Question 58

_____ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

A) Instinctive drift
B) Aversive conditioning
C) Expectancy learning
D) Generalizing

Question 59

Leonard is addicted to heroin,but is very careful about overdosing.He always uses a specific amount and takes it only in his apartment.This Friday,he got desperate for the drug while visiting a friend.This was the first time he used heroin outside his own apartment.He injected his normal "safe" dose of heroin but almost died of an overdose.According to the principles of classical conditioning what led to Leonard's condition?

A) Leonard's friend switched his drugs in order to teach him not to use drugs by switching his US with his CS.
B) The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it.
C) Leonard's drug tolerance had reached its limits and his US was confounded with his CS and UR.
D) Leonard took his dose too soon and his body already had too much.

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A) Martha's mother took her shopping after she got a low SAT score. Martha performed well next time.
B) Waking up a few seconds before your alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound.
C) Juan's mother told him that she would give him $10 if he mowed the lawn. Next day, the entire lawn was mowed and even the plants were watered.
D) Exercising less after running a mini marathon.

Question 61

In operant conditioning,_____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

A) rationalization
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) generalization

Question 62

Todd is scolded each time he bullies his little brother by taking away his toys.His mother notices that the frequency of bullying has decreased.Scolding Todd is an example of _____.

A) negative reinforcement
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) positive punishment

Question 63

Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother.After a few times of being grounded,Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother decreases.Grounding Larry is an example of _____.

A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 64

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds.On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

A) Fixed-interval
B) Variable-ratio
C) Continuous-ratio
D) Fixed-ratio

Question 65

_____ is considered a secondary reinforcer.

A) Food
B) Water
C) Money
D) Sexual satisfaction

Question 66

A _____ reinforcer is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.

A) secondary
B) primary
C) tertiary
D) intermediary

Question 67

Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept of _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) latent learning
D) operant conditioning

Question 68

Carol gives her dog,Spike,a chew stick each time Spike gets the ball back,on command.Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to get the ball back on command.

A) continuous reinforcement
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval

Question 69

Fred's parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules.Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished.Fred's parents can't understand why he isn't a better-behaved child.Fred's parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a _____.

A) fixed-ratio schedule
B) fixed-interval schedule
C) partial-reinforcement schedule
D) continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 70

_____ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

A) Punishment
B) Extinction
C) Discrimination
D) Generalization

Question 71

Jose's employer pays him every other Friday.This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

A) Variable-ratio
B) Fixed-interval
C) Variable-interval
D) Fixed-ratio

Question 72

Positive punishment is meant to _____ while negative reinforcement is meant to _____.

A) decrease behaviors/increase behaviors
B) weakens behaviors/weakens behaviors
C) strengthens behaviors/strengthens behaviors
D) increase behaviors/decrease behaviors

Question 73

Spanking is a form of _____; time out is a form of _____.

A) negative punishment/positive punishment
B) positive reinforcement/negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment/negative punishment
D) positive reinforcement/positive punishment

Question 74

Matt wants to train his dog,Buster,to sit on command.He gives Buster a dog biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded,but only for the first 10 trials.He then changes the rules.Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit.Matt used _____ schedule first,and then _____ schedule to train Buster.

A) a continuous reinforcement/a fixed-ratio
B) a fixed-ratio/a continuous-reinforcement
C) a variable-interval/a fixed-interval
D) a continuous reinforcement/a fixed-interval

Question 75

A _____ reinforcer is a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience.

A) secondary
B) primary
C) tertiary
D) intermediary

Question 76

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

A) continuous
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-ratio
D) fixed-interval

Question 77

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

A) Praise
B) Money
C) Food
D) Attention

Question 78

Jacky did not score well in her "pre-med" course at the university level.She started studying hard to improve her grades and got into medical school.Even after getting the degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.),she still works hard for everything and is successful in all her endeavors.Which special kind of response to negative reinforcement is evident in Jacky's case?

A) Instinctive drift
B) Observational learning
C) Learned helplessness
D) Avoidance learning

Question 79

Bubba,a very smart German shepherd,has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they're grilling,they will throw him a candy.However,his owner Paul,does not want Bubba to eat candy as it is not good for his health.He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the neighbor.When Paul is in the yard,Bubba never barks at the neighbors.According to operant conditioning principles,Bubba is demonstrating that he can _____.

A) generalize
B) substitute secondary reinforcers when primary reinforcers are not available
C) learn a partial-reinforcement schedule
D) discriminate

Question 80

Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called _____,in which the organism,exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli,learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

A) instinctive drift
B) extinction
C) learned helplessness
D) generalization