Deck 4: States of Consciousness

Question 1

_____ refers to individuals' understanding that they and others think,feel,perceive,and have private experiences.

A) Theory of activation-synthesis
B) Theory of mechanism
C) Theory of awareness
D) Theory of mind

Answer 1

Theory of mind

Question 2

Sleeping would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness?

A) Higher-level consciousness
B) Lower-level consciousness
C) Subconscious awareness
D) No awareness

Answer 2

Subconscious awareness

Question 3

The concept of "theory of mind" is best described as _____.

A) thinking about thinking
B) individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences
C) individuals' misinterpretation of their own subconscious thoughts
D) the psychological answer to the metaphysical concept of a soul

Answer 3

individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences

Question 4

Your English professor gives you some advice on how to cure writer's block.She tells you to sit at your computer for 15 minutes and write whatever comes into your head.You don't censor yourself or worry about spelling or grammar.Instead you merely translate your thoughts into words.This technique will allow your _____ to flow.

A) river of dreams
B) circadian rhythm
C) stream of consciousness
D) level of awareness

Question 5

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting the highest level of conscious awareness?

A) Maria, who is working out an algebra problem on a piece of paper
B) Keiko, who is daydreaming about her upcoming vacation this weekend
C) Jackson, who is hypnotized in his therapist's office
D) Benjamin, who is asleep

Question 6

What part of the brain is typically most involved in awareness?

A) Amygdala
B) Hypothalamus
C) Cerebellum
D) Prefrontal cortex

Question 7

William James described the mind as _____.

A) a stream of consciousness that consists of a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings
B) a logical information processing system with memory buffer, short-term and long-term storage, and a complex mechanism for directing attention
C) an unconscious drive that satisfies primal biological urges
D) a stable, slow, and predictable set of sensations

Question 8

Controlled processes _____.

A) do not require selective attention
B) occur during REM sleep
C) are the lowest or least alert state of human consciousness
D) are slower than automatic processes

Question 9

Jet lag may be explained by the _____.

A) elevation of serotonin in the prefrontal cortex
B) dramatic changes in environmental stimuli
C) dietary changes
D) effect of time shifts on the circadian rhythm

Question 10

The _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

A) cerebellum
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) prefrontal cortex
D) corpus callosum

Question 11

_____ is a subjective state of being conscious of what is going on,whereas _____ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment.

A) Arousal/awareness
B) Awareness/arousal
C) Arousal/alertness
D) Alertness/arousal

Question 12

Your friend Helen just started working the night shift at the post office.This change in her work hours _____.

A) will likely result in higher levels of cortisol in the body
B) might lead to an increased probability of daydreaming
C) may cause Helen to be at increased risk for heart disease
D) will result in longer hours of sleep

Question 13

The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called _____.

A) circadian rhythm
B) myoclonic event
C) non-REM sequence
D) dormant rhythm

Question 14

Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain.Awareness involves the _____.Arousal is determined by the _____.

A) amygdala/hippocampus
B) hippocampus/corpus callosum
C) corpus callosum/hippocampus
D) prefrontal cortex/reticular activating system

Question 15

Daydreaming would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness?

A) Higher-level consciousness
B) Lower-level consciousness
C) Subconscious awareness
D) No awareness

Question 16

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other mental activities are called _____.

A) controlled processes
B) automatic processes
C) altered state of consciousness
D) no awareness processes

Question 17

The term circadian rhythm refers to _____.

A) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience
B) daily behavioral or physiological cycles
C) the experience of jet lag following an extensive transoceanic flight
D) the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep

Question 18

Which of the following would be an example of no awareness or an "unconscious" state of mind?

A) Daydreaming about your upcoming vacation
B) Sleeping
C) Mapping out the location of your vacation destination
D) Being knocked out by a blow or anesthetized

Question 19

Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness?

A) Awareness and responsiveness
B) Awareness and arousal
C) Tolerance and arousal
D) Alertness and tolerance

Question 20

Altered states of consciousness can be produced by _____.

A) fatigue
B) daydreaming
C) sleeping
D) dreaming

Question 21

Sleep spindles are defining characteristic of _____ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 22

Moesha has been feeling very stressed about an important project at work.She has difficulty falling asleep and awakens frequently during the night.Moesha is most likely suffering from _____.

A) somnambulism
B) somniloquy
C) narcolepsy
D) insomnia

Question 23

Insomnia is a disorder involving _____.

A) the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
B) sudden uncontrollable seizures
C) periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness
D) difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early

Question 24

Night terrors typically occur _____.

A) among older adults
B) during non-REM sleep
C) following sleep apnea
D) within three hours of falling asleep

Question 25

Kevin suffers from _____.With this condition,he reawakens as often as 500 times during the night so that he can breathe better.

A) somnambulism
B) narcolepsy
C) night terrors
D) sleep apnea

Question 26

Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3 and stage 4
D) stage 5 and stage 6

Question 27

_____ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves,whereas _____ are characterized by delta waves.

A) Stage 5 sleep/ stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
B) Stage 5 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 1 sleep/stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
D) Stage 3 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

Question 28

_____ is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly.

A) Sleep apnea
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terrors
D) Sleep deprivation syndrome

Question 29

Jerry is in the process of getting a divorce and is having trouble at his job.Previously he had not had any sleep disorders but is bothered by one now.Lately he has experienced serious difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep.Which disorder has Jerry most likely developed?

A) Somniloquy
B) Narcolepsy
C) Insomnia
D) Somnambulism

Question 30

_____ are frightening dreams that awaken a dreamer from REM sleep._____ involve sudden arousal from sleep and an intense physiological fear reaction (e.g.,screaming,heavy breathing,and perspiration).

A) Nightmares/Night terrors
B) Night terrors/ Somnambulisms
C) Somnambulisms/Nightmares
D) Somnambulisms/Night terrors

Question 31

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____,which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.

A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) cortisol

Question 32

Nolan and his wife were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when he suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep.Nolan may suffer from _____.

A) sleep apnea
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) night terrors

Question 33

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by _____.

A) sleepwalking and sleep talking
B) an anxious, panicky feeling
C) irresistible and uncontrollable urge to fall asleep
D) excessively long sleep periods

Question 34

Compared to REM dreams,non-REM dreams are _____.

A) more emotional
B) more visual
C) less vivid
D) longer

Question 35

The sleep disorder narcolepsy occurs when individuals _____.

A) fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities
B) have difficulty falling asleep at the hour at which they would like
C) wake up earlier than desired, sometimes several times a night
D) stop breathing while they are sleeping

Question 36

When you go to check on your sleeping child,you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids.It is likely that he is _____.

A) in the lowest level of sleep
B) dreaming
C) in a hypnagogic state
D) experiencing night terrors

Question 37

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to _____.

A) increase memory performance
B) decrease memory performance
C) improve test scores
D) increases long-term memory

Question 38

Sleepwalking and sleep talking are _____.

A) dangerous disorders
B) related to mental illness
C) not abnormal
D) symptoms of sleep apnea

Question 39

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep?

A) Narcolepsy
B) Sleep apnea
C) Night terror
D) Insomnia

Question 40

Research shows that sleep deprivation can impair _____.

A) blood circulation
B) blood oxygen levels
C) the latent content of dreams
D) the storage and maintenance of memories

Question 41

The brain's reward pathway is located in the _____.

A) ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens
B) hippocampus and hypothalamus
C) occipital lobe and temporal lobe
D) thalamus and limbic system

Question 42

According to _____,dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower brain

A) the activation-synthesis theory
B) Freud's psychoanalytic theory
C) the cognitive theory of dreaming
D) circadian theory

Question 43

Grandpa is napping in his recliner,snoring loudly,when suddenly he stops snoring.You look to see if he woke up,but he is still asleep and appears to not be breathing.For a moment you wonder if he's dead,but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring.Grandpa is displaying signs of _____.

A) insomnia
B) somnambulism
C) narcolepsy
D) sleep apnea

Question 44

Homer goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky.His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Homer's unconscious desires to be free of his family obligations.Homer's therapist is displaying an interest in _____.

A) the manifest content of Homer's dream
B) the latent content of Homer's dream
C) Homer's neurological dream activity
D) Homer's conscious thoughts and desires

Question 45

According to Sigmund Freud,dreams symbolize _____.

A) our conscious thoughts and feelings
B) unconscious wishes and hidden desires
C) random neurological activity
D) our biological urges and needs

Question 46

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in addiction?

A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) Melatonin
D) Glutamate

Question 47

_____ drug dependence is the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued,whereas _____ drug dependence is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons.

A) Psychological/physical
B) Physical/psychological
C) Dissociated/neodissociated
D) Neodissociated/dissociated

Question 48

A criticism of activation-synthesis theory is that _____.

A) neural activity begins with the brain
B) dreams are random
C) life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges
D) dreams are caused by neurotransmitter levels

Question 49

Which of the following statements about research on psychoactive drug use is false?

A) Illicit drug use is a global problem.
B) The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.
C) Drug use among teens is associated with unplanned pregnancy, depression, and school-related difficulties.
D) Declines in adolescent use of marijuana, LSD, ecstasy, steroids, and cigarettes are greater than that for other drugs.

Question 50

What theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming involves information processing,memory,and problem solving?

A) Sigmund Freud's theory
B) William James's theory
C) Cognitive theory of dreaming
D) Activation synthesis theory of dreaming

Question 51

Drug addiction occurs when _____.

A) an individual will lie about taking a drug
B) a drug no longer causes a person to get high, but they take it again
C) physical and/or psychological dependence develops
D) a person can be without the drug no longer than five days

Question 52

Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity are called _____.

A) inhalants
B) stimulants
C) hallucinogens
D) depressants

Question 53

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect that a lower dose used to bring is called _____.

A) dependence
B) addiction
C) tolerance
D) psychoactivity

Question 54

Tranquilizers and alcohol are _____.

A) stimulants
B) narcotics
C) depressants
D) sedatives

Question 55

Mr.Owens always sleeps restlessly,snoring and gasping during the night.It is most likely that Mr.Owens suffers from _____.

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) night terror
D) insomnia

Question 56

Your mother must always have an early morning cup of coffee.She usually has several more cups throughout the day.If she misses her daily doses of coffee,she gets a headache.The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of _____.

A) physical dependence
B) psychological dependence
C) a circadian rhythm anomaly
D) a hypnogogic reverie

Question 57

Blake smokes marijuana.When he first started using,he used to get high off one joint but now he finds he needs to smoke more and more to get the same high.This is an example of _____.

A) withdrawal
B) tolerance
C) dopamine dependence
D) serotonin dependence

Question 58

Why do psychoactive drugs make people feel good?

A) Psychoactive drugs increase epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways.
B) Psychoactive drugs decrease epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways.
C) Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.
D) Psychoactive drugs decrease dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.

Question 59

Tranquilizers,sedatives,and opiates all belong to the category of _____ drugs.

A) stimulant
B) depressant
C) hallucinogenic
D) inhalant

Question 60

College students who consume large amounts of alcohol on weekends are abusing which type(s)of drugs?

A) Depressants
B) Stimulants
C) Hallucinogens
D) Opiates

Question 61

Kate,a long-time coffee drinker,complains of pounding headaches and lowered mood when she skips her coffee in the morning.What is the likely cause of these complaints?

A) Removal of a psychoactive drug from diet
B) A change in GABA
C) Psychological addiction
D) A placebo effect

Question 62

What is the most common negative consequence that binge drinking college students create for others?

A) They have serious arguments with others.
B) They push or assault others.
C) They damage other people's property.
D) They interrupt others people's study or sleep.

Question 63

What type of drug is crystal meth?

A) Opiate
B) Depressant
C) Amphetamine
D) Hallucinogen

Question 64

What is the definition of a binge drinking episode?

A) More than 2 drinks in a row
B) More than 5 drinks in a row
C) More than 4 drinks in a row
D) More than 3 drinks in a row

Question 65

Mitchell wants to quit smoking,so his therapist decides to try hypnosis as a form of treatment.What is the first step that the therapist will most likely take when attempting to hypnotize Mitchell?

A) She will tell Mitchell what to expect in the hypnotic state.
B) She will minimize distractions in her office and make Mitchell comfortable.
C) She will tell Mitchell to concentrate on the swinging pendulum on her desk.
D) She will suggest certain events or feelings she knows will occur, such as "Your eyes are getting tired."

Question 66

Gloria can't get through the day without several cups of coffee and energy drinks.She says she needs the caffeine to function normally.What type of drug is Gloria dependent on?

A) Stimulant
B) Depressant
C) Hallucinogen
D) Narcotic

Question 67

What is the most widely used drug in the United States?

A) Marijuana
B) Heroin
C) Caffeine
D) Alcohol

Question 68

According to research on alcoholism,which of the following individuals is most likely to become dependent on alcohol?

A) Edward, who began drinking at age 40
B) Sophia, who began drinking at age 65
C) Aaron, who began drinking at age 12 with the neighborhood kids
D) Michael, who began drinking in graduate school at age 25

Question 69

Depressants _____ whereas stimulants _____.

A) slow down central nervous system activity/increase central nervous system activity
B) increase central nervous system activity/slow down central nervous system activity
C) modify a person's perceptual experience/slow down central nervous system activity
D) slow down central nervous system activity/modify a person's perceptual experience

Question 70

Rebecca's mother suffers from frequent panic attacks.The doctor has prescribed Xanax (a depressant drug that reduces anxiety and induces relaxation).Xanax is classified as a(n)_____.

A) stimulant
B) tranquilizer
C) opiate
D) hallucinogen

Question 71

Which category of drugs alters perception and mood and can cause feelings of unreality?

A) Stimulants
B) Depressants
C) Hallucinogens
D) Narcotics

Question 72

The most widely used stimulants in the world are _____ and _____.

A) marijuana/cocaine
B) marijuana/valium
C) alcohol/cocaine
D) caffeine/nicotine

Question 73

_____,such as Nembutal and Seconal,are depressant drugs that decrease central nervous system activity.

A) Barbiturates
B) Amphetamines
C) Hallucinogens
D) Stimulants

Question 74

_____ is an altered state of consciousness or psychological state of altered attention in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

A) Hypnosis
B) Meditation
C) Caffeinism
D) Extrasensory perception (ESP)

Question 75

Marijuana and LSD are considered to be _____.

A) depressants
B) stimulants
C) hallucinogens
D) barbiturates

Question 76

_____,such as Valium,are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.

A) Tranquilizers
B) Opiates
C) Hallucinogens
D) Stimulants

Question 77

Which of the following is the most common negative consequence that binge drinking college students create for themselves?

A) Getting hurt
B) Damaging property
C) Getting into trouble with campus or local police
D) Missing class

Question 78

Nicotine raises _____ levels in the brain.

A) serotonin
B) GABA
C) dopamine
D) epinephrine

Question 79

Sleeping pills are classified as a(n)_____.

A) barbiturate
B) opiate
C) hallucinogen
D) stimulant

Question 80

Ricardo broke his wrist while rollerblading in the park.Since the accident he has been taking morphine,a powerful pain killer.What type of drug is Ricardo taking?

A) Barbiturate
B) Opiate
C) Hallucinogen
D) Stimulant