Deck 2: The Brain and Behavior

Question 1

You are walking to school when you encounter a strange barking dog.You start sweating and contemplate whether you should run away.Which nervous system is responsible for this "fight-or-flight" reaction?

A) Somatic
B) Sympathetic
C) Parasympathetic
D) Central

Answer 1

Sympathetic

Question 2

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the _____.

A) sensory system
B) central nervous system
C) limbic system
D) peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

peripheral nervous system

Question 3

The function of the _____ is to take messages to and from the body's internal organs,monitoring such processes as breathing,heart rate,and digestion.

A) central nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) somatic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 3

autonomic nervous system

Question 4

Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system best reflects the brain's ability to coordinate information from all five senses?

A) Complexity
B) Adaptability
C) Integration
D) Electrochemical transmission

Question 5

The _____ system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry.

A) pulmonary
B) nervous
C) endocrine
D) respiratory

Question 6

Plasticity best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system?

A) Complexity
B) Integration
C) Adaptability
D) Electrochemical transmission

Question 7

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the _____.

A) central nervous system
B) endocrine system
C) somatic nervous system
D) autonomic nervous system

Question 8

The term plasticity refers to the _____.

A) flexibility of the endocrine system
B) ability of people to adapt to new surroundings
C) ability to connect electrical impulses and chemical messengers
D) brain's special capacity for modification and change

Question 9

Just before you went on a job interview your heart was pounding like crazy.You experienced a shortness of breath and felt sick to your stomach.These symptoms were most likely produced by your _____ nervous system.

A) central
B) somatic
C) parasympathetic
D) sympathetic

Question 10

Which of the following essential body functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system?

A) Functions of reproductive system
B) Excretory functions
C) Sensory functions such as vision and hearing
D) Heart rate, breathing, and digestion

Question 11

Joshua is reading a novel.The input from his eyes is transmitted to his brain and then passed through many _____ that translate the character on the page to integrate sensory input and motor output.

A) vesicles
B) myelin sheaths
C) synapses
D) neural networks

Question 12

The function of the somatic nervous system is to _____.

A) take messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion
B) tell muscles what to do
C) be involved in the experience of stress and calms the body
D) convey information from the skin and muscles to the CNS about conditions such as pain and temperature

Question 13

Which of the following is one of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A) Convey information from skin and muscles to CNS
B) Calm the body
C) Fight-or-flight reaction
D) Influence somatic nervous system

Question 14

The lecture you were listening to is over.The bell that rang in the hall signaled the end of class.You get up out of your seat,pick up your things,and walk out the classroom door.Which kind of nerves sent the signals from your brain to your muscles to initiate your physical movements?

A) Afferent
B) Pyramidal
C) Efferent
D) Olfactory

Question 15

The _____ nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) somatic
D) autonomic

Question 16

The brain and spinal cord make up the _____.

A) peripheral nervous system
B) central nervous system
C) autonomic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system

Question 17

You are listening to a lecture.Then the bell rings in the hallway.In order to hear this stimulus,_____ neurons must carry electrochemical messages from your ears to your brain.

A) afferent
B) olfactory
C) efferent
D) pyramidal

Question 18

A single cubic centimeter of the human brain consists of well over _____ nerve cells.

A) 50 million
B) 10 million
C) 30 billion
D) 20 billion

Question 19

Your brain has instructed your body muscles to move so that you avoid burning your hand on a hot stove.Which type of nerves carried the information from your brain to your muscles so that you could avoid getting burned?

A) Efferent nerves
B) Afferent nerves
C) Sensory nerves
D) Parasympathetic nerves

Question 20

Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through _____,thus enabling the body to move.

A) afferent nerves
B) efferent nerves
C) pyramidal nerves
D) olfactory nerves

Question 21

After finishing a psychology test,you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques.Doing these exercises should increase the response of the _____ nervous system,which results in a slower heart and respiration rate and less muscular tension.

A) somatic
B) central
C) parasympathetic
D) sympathetic

Question 22

Resting potential is the _____.

A) amount of time a signal travels through the central nervous system
B) amount of time a neuron must "rest" in between firing episodes
C) stable, positive charge of an inactive neuron
D) stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

Question 23

The cell body contains the _____,which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth and maintenance.

A) myelin
B) nucleus
C) axon
D) dendrite

Question 24

Which of the following types of cells in the nervous system handle the information-processing function?

A) Neurons
B) Glial cells
C) Sclerenchyma cells
D) Myelin

Question 25

According to the all-or-nothing principle,_____.

A) if all the neurons in a network are not integrated, the "message" carried by the neurons will be lost
B) the amount of time a neuron must "rest" in between firing episodes is stable
C) once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (its threshold), it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity
D) as a person ages, his or her neurological system slows down and the intensity of neural impulses decreases significantly

Question 26

Corticosteroids are _____.

A) stress hormones
B) sex hormones
C) neurotransmitters that regulate mood
D) neurotransmitters that regulate memory

Question 27

The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon is _____.

A) resting potential
B) action potential
C) graded potential
D) polarized potential

Question 28

_____ is a layer of fat cells that insulates most axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.

A) A dendrite
B) The myelin sheath
C) The axon
D) A nucleus

Question 29

_____ provide support,nutritional benefits,and other functions in the nervous system.

A) Neurons
B) Glial cells
C) Sclerenchyma cells
D) Dendrites

Question 30

The axon is _____.

A) the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending or carrying information away from the cell body toward other cells
B) the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information from other neurons
C) located inside the cell body
D) the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron

Question 31

Which of the following is a function of the myelin sheath?

A) Carry information away from the cell body toward other cells
B) Increase the surface area of nerve cells
C) Speed up the transmission of nerve impulses
D) Play a role in imitation

Question 32

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for producing physiological symptoms (such as increased heart rate and butterflies in the stomach)under conditions of stress?

A) Somatic
B) Parasympathetic
C) Sympathetic
D) Central

Question 33

When a neuron sends an action potential,it is commonly said to be "_____."

A) firing
B) grading
C) depolarizing
D) classifying

Question 34

_____ stress is the momentary stress that occurs in response to life experiences.

A) Intrinsic
B) Differential
C) Chronic
D) Acute

Question 35

Dendrites are _____.

A) the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells
B) the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information from other neurons
C) located inside the cell body
D) the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron

Question 36

The membrane of the resting neuron is said to be _____.

A) deconcentrated
B) depolarized
C) concentrated
D) polarized

Question 37

Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?

A) axon hillock
B) terminal stub
C) dendrite
D) cell body

Question 38

Which of the following refer to tiny spaces between the neurons?

A) Dendrites
B) Axons
C) Synapses
D) Basal ganglia

Question 39

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus,which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance,is called the _____.

A) axon hillock
B) terminal stub
C) cell body
D) stem cell

Question 40

When a neuron is at its resting state,what is the status of the charges on each side of the cell membrane?

A) There is a negative charge on the outside of the cell membrane, and a positive charge on the inside.
B) There is a negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane and a positive charge on the outside.
C) There is a negative charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane.
D) There is a positive charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane.

Question 41

Michael has schizophrenia.His doctor prescribed a new drug that blocks or interferes with the activity of dopamine.Michael's doctor is using _____ to treat his disorder.

A) an agonist
B) an antagonist
C) brain lesion
D) a lobotomy

Question 42

Stern Tyler,a neuroscientist who is collecting data for a new research study,uses techniques for monitoring the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain.Which of the following methods is Stern Tyler using in this study?

A) Brain lesioning
B) Staining
C) Positron emission tomography (PET scan)
D) Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 43

Neuroscientists who surgically remove,destroy,or eliminate the brain tissue of laboratory animals are using which of the following techniques for studying the brain?

A) Electroencephalogram
B) Positron emission tomography (PET)
C) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
D) Brain lesioning

Question 44

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

A) High levels of oxytocin-Alzheimer disease
B) Low levels of dopamine-Parkinson disease
C) Low levels of acetylcholine-Schizophrenia
D) High levels of serotonin-Depression

Question 45

Your relative is experiencing memory loss related to Alzheimer disease.Research suggests that the decline in memory is due to a(n)_____ deficiency in this individual's brain.

A) serotonin
B) gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine

Question 46

_____ are chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron.

A) Neurotransmitters
B) Axons
C) Synapses
D) Dendrites

Question 47

Depression is associated with low levels of which neurotransmitter?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Serotonin
C) Dopamine
D) Oxytocin

Question 48

Electrical activity in the brain can be captured by placing multiple electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the underlying electrical activity.This method of studying the brain's activity is called a(n)_____.

A) electroencephalogram (EEG)
B) positron emission tomography (PET)
C) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
D) functional MRI (fMRI)

Question 49

A powerful surge of oxytocin is released in a _____.

A) person who is in shock after a car wreck
B) long distance runner
C) young boy on a roller coaster ride
D) mother who has just given birth

Question 50

An _____ is a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects whereas an _____ is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effect.

A) agonist/antagonist
B) antagonist/agonist
C) oxytocin/endorphin
D) endorphin/oxytocin

Question 51

Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing and heart rate?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Pons
C) Medulla
D) Cerebellum

Question 52

The medulla,cerebellum,and pons are parts of the _____.

A) hindbrain
B) midbrain
C) forebrain
D) corpus callosum

Question 53

Which of the following indicates elevated levels of endorphins?

A) Amy, a 30 year old teacher, who in shock after a car wreck.
B) Jamie, a 40 year old diplomat, who is on a cruise.
C) Martha, a 32 year old home maker, who is showing symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) Joshua, a 17 year old student, who is depressed after seeing his low scores on SAT.

Question 54

Marshall damaged his cerebellum in a car accident.Marshal is likely to have problems with _____.

A) breathing and heart rate
B) seeing and hearing
C) talking and understanding
D) balance and muscle coordination

Question 55

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in _____.

A) action of muscles, learning, and memory
B) vision and hearing
C) mood regulation
D) reproductive function

Question 56

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)is a technique that _____.

A) measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain and then sends this information to a computer for analysis
B) constructs a three-dimensional image from X rays
C) examines the effects of lesions in brain tissue
D) involves creating a magnetic field around a person's body and using radio waves to construct images of a person's tissues and biochemical activities

Question 57

_____ inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system,but it excites the heart muscle,intestines,and urogenital tract.

A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) Norepinephrine
D) GABA

Question 58

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)is a technique that _____.

A) allows scientists to see what is happening in the brain while it is working
B) requires injecting the brain with a substance but still cannot portray brain function.
C) measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain and then sends this information to a computer for analysis
D) examines the effects of lesions in brain tissue

Question 59

Mark Johnson,a doctor in Dallas,prescribed an antidepressant drug Prozac to his patient,Ted.Prozac works by increasing brain levels of serotonin.This means that Prozac is considered _____.

A) an agonist
B) an antagonist
C) a hormone stimulant
D) an oxytocin

Question 60

Arnold Becker,a doctor in Seattle,needs information about the location and extent of damage involving stroke and loss of memory of his patient,Judith.Which of the following techniques will he most likely use to diagnose Judith's condition?

A) Brain lesioning
B) Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)
C) Positron emission tomography (PET)
D) Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 61

Discrimination of objects that are necessary for survival (such as appropriate food)as well as emotional awareness and expression involves the _____.

A) hippocampus
B) occipital lobe
C) medulla
D) amygdala

Question 62

The somatosensory cortex processes information about _____.

A) planning and decision making
B) bodily sensations
C) facial expressions
D) voluntary body movement

Question 63

The corpus callosum _____.

A) is the large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres and relays information between the two sides
B) is the region of the brain that is primarily responsible for managing our emotions
C) is an almond-shaped structure within the base of the temporal lobe that is involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's survival, such as appropriate food, mates, and social rivals.
D) plays an important role in the production of speech

Question 64

Steven was in a serious automobile accident that caused a severe injury to his hippocampus.What type of problem is Steven likely to experience as a result of this brain injury?

A) He will probably be unable to speak.
B) He will probably be unable to comprehend language.
C) He will probably be unable retain any new conscious memories.
D) He will probably be unable to move on his own.

Question 65

Samantha had a stroke.Doctors told her she sustained substantial damage to the occipital lobes.What type of deficiencies is Samantha likely to experience as a result of this brain damage?

A) She may be blind or unable to see clearly.
B) She will probably be unable to comprehend language.
C) She will probably have difficulties with memory function.
D) She will probably suffer from impaired cognitive functioning (planning, reasoning, and self-control will be negatively impacted).

Question 66

The _____ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable activities (e.g.eating,drinking,and sex),emotion,stress,and reward.

A) hypothalamus
B) basal ganglia
C) corpus callosum
D) medulla

Question 67

Which of the following is the brain's largest division?

A) Forebrain
B) Midbrain
C) Hindbrain
D) Medulla

Question 68

The _____ is the part of the cerebral cortex that processes information about voluntary muscle movement.

A) motor cortex
B) sensory cortex
C) limbic system
D) temporal lobe

Question 69

Katy was in a car accident and sustained serious brain damage.Since the accident Katy can speak only one word.This is an example of _____.

A) amnesia
B) aphasia
C) multiple sclerosis
D) epilepsy

Question 70

The most complex mental functions,such as thinking and planning,take place in the _____.

A) corpus callosum
B) cerebral cortex
C) cerebellum
D) amygdala

Question 71

Large neuron clusters located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex,that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements are called _____.

A) occipital lobes
B) basal ganglia
C) medulla
D) amygdala

Question 72

Which of the following parts of the brain are correctly matched?

A) Thalamus-hindbrain
B) Amygdala-midbrain
C) Basal ganglia-hindbrain
D) Limbic system-forebrain

Question 73

Structures in the cerebral cortex that are involved in hearing,language processing,and memory are called _____.

A) temporal lobes
B) frontal lobes
C) occipital lobes
D) parietal lobes

Question 74

Which of the following are correctly matched?

A) Frontal lobes-hearing, language processing, and memory
B) Occipital lobes-personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles
C) Temporal lobes-visual stimuli
D) Parietal lobes-spatial location, attention, and motor control

Question 75

Clumps of cells in the _____ determine alertness and regulate basic survival functions such as breathing,heartbeat,and blood pressure.

A) hypothalamus
B) forebrain
C) brain stem
D) cerebellum

Question 76

The _____ relays information between the brain and the eyes and ears.

A) forebrain
B) midbrain
C) hindbrain
D) cerebellum

Question 77

The ____ are involved in personality,intelligence,and the control of voluntary muscles.

A) temporal lobes
B) frontal lobes
C) occipital lobes
D) parietal lobes

Question 78

_____ plays an important role in the production of speech,whereas _____ plays an important role in the comprehension of language.

A) Wernicke's area/Broca's area
B) Broca's area/Wernicke's area
C) The occipital lobe/the hippocampus
D) The hippocampus/the occipital lobe

Question 79

Which of the following is true with regard to the association cortex?

A) It processes information about body sensations.
B) It makes up 25 percent of the cerebral cortex.
C) It is at the rear of the frontal lobes, processes information about voluntary movement.
D) It is the region of the cerebral cortex that is the site of the highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving.

Question 80

The reticular formation is primarily responsible for _____.

A) controlling breathing and regulating reflexes to maintain an upright posture
B) involved in arousal and stereotyped patterns such as walking, sleeping, or turning to attend to a sudden noise
C) control and coordination of balance, hearing, and parasympathetic function
D) governs higher brain functions, such as thinking, learning, and consciousness