Deck 33: Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs

Question 1

The inside of the neuron membrane at rest is

A) negatively charged.
B) positively charged.
C) neutral or equal to the exterior charge.
D) None of the choices are true since neurons never rest.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The event at an electrical synapse

A) always involves acetylcholine.
B) always involves some neurotransmitter that stimulates the next neuron.
C) is a point at which ionic currents flow directly across a narrow gap junction.
D) involves either an inhibitory or stimulating neurotransmitter chemical.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement is NOT true about the action potential of the neuron?

A) Repolarization occurs as movement of potassium ions occurs across the cell membrane
B) The action potential moves more slowly along a myelinated neuron than along one with no myelin sheath
C) The action potential travels the length of the axon in a self-propagating fashion
D) Saltatory conduction occurs from one node of Ranvier to another along a myelinated neuron
E) Large fibers in neurons of some invertebrates carry very rapid nerve action potentials

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a glial cell?

A) Microglial cells
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Astrocytes
D) Neuromasts
E) Schwann cells

Question 5

The evolutionary trend toward larger size and capacity of the brain in vertebrates is called

A) cranial expansion.
B) cortex evolution.
C) cephalization.
D) centralization.
E) encephalization.

Question 6

You spray an insect with an organophosphate insecticide.How does it kill the insect?

A) It prevents diffusion of acetylcholine at the synapse
B) It destroys the ability of acetylcholinesterase to recycle acetylcholine and allows erratic stimulation and disruption of life activities
C) It kills the insect's neurons and ends its ability to control essential life activities
D) It stops respiration in nerve cells similar to the effect of cyanide
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 7

What keeps a nerve action potential from flowing "backward" in a neuron?

A) Schwann cells keep action potentials flowing one direction
B) Sodium ions can only move toward a synapse
C) Chemical synapse receptors form a one-way gate and there is a refractory period after sodium ions are pumped back out
D) The axon and dendrite have completely different membrane structures
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 8

Which statement is NOT true about the cells of the nervous system?

A) A dendrite is a cytoplasmic extension of a neuron
B) There may be multiple dendrites on a single cell
C) A neuroglial cell supports or protects a neuron
D) A neuron typically has only one axon
E) All of the above are correct statements

Question 9

The ultimate limitation to the number of nerve action potentials we can send to a muscle per second is

A) the speed with which sodium ions can be pumped back outside the nerve membrane.
B) the strength of the nerve action potential.
C) whether action potential is detected as being pain, sound, or some other sense.
D) the number of neurons and synapses involved.
E) the type of muscle.

Question 10

The nodes of Ranvier are

A) motor nerve terminations on muscle fibers.
B) tiny vesicles on the postsynaptic membrane of synapses.
C) interruptions in the myelin sheath surrounding axons.
D) ganglia in the flatworm nervous system.
E) the interneurons in our cerebral cortex that allow us to "think.".

Question 11

A neuron in a cat's leg was stimulated electrically.The only reaction was a contraction of some muscle in the same leg.The neuron was most likely

A) afferent or sensory only.
B) efferent or motor only.
C) both motor and sensory.
D) an interneuron.
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 12

Why is the giant squid or the marine snail Aplysia so important in neurology?

A) They were the first primitive organisms to have neurons
B) They are the first primitive organisms to "think."
C) They lack sensory or motor neurons so all their neurons are uniform and easy to study
D) They have large neurons that allow us to probe neuron physiology and trace nervous pathways in anatomy
E) Their neurons are different from neurons of other animals

Question 13

Both nerves and hormones serve in biological communication.

A) Generally, nerves serve where speed is vital, hormones act slower but have longer-term effects
B) Both are equally speedy but hormones last longer
C) Nerve responses are more reliable than chemical and are used for the more important functions
D) Primitive animals use hormones, advanced ones use nerves
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 14

"Decision-making" in the central nervous system can be biologically described as

A) "sodium ions in, sodium ions out."
B) The quantity and location of acetylcholinesterase
C) The critical number of active neurons
D) The process of integrating all of the excitatory and inhibitory action potentials coming into an interneuron
E) A balance of excitement and inhibition on the part of the whole animal

Question 15

The event at the chemical synapse

A) always involves acetylcholine.
B) always involves some neurotransmitter that stimulates the next neuron.
C) is a simple continuous "domino" flow of negativity or ions from the axon to the next dendrite.
D) involves either an inhibitory or stimulating neurotransmitter chemical
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

The movement of sodium and potassium ions across the nerve cell membrane involves

A) no energy since it involves simple osmotic gradients.
B) simple diffusion.
C) a substantial amount of cell energy to provide active transport.
D) dialysis.
E) neurotransmitters.

Question 17

In a chemical synapse,when the wave of depolarization reaches the presynaptic membrane,it triggers the release of

A) sodium ions.
B) neurotransmitter molecules.
C) electricity.
D) nerve action potentials.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 18

The extension of a nerve cell that generally carries action potentials away from the cell body is the

A) axon.
B) schwann cells.
C) synapse.
D) dendrite.
E) myelin.

Question 19

A nerve action potential

A) involves a depolarization of the neuron membrane.
B) involves movement of sodium ions from the outside to the inside of the membrane.
C) is self-propagating.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 20

If a nerve to an isolated heart is stimulated and the heartbeat slows,the most reasonable conclusion is that the heart

A) is responding to a nerve control that inhibits heartbeat.
B) is dying since nerves can only stimulate muscle action.
C) is unaffected by the nerve but responding to some unknown chemical factor.
D) is normal as all nerve stimulation results in decreased muscle activity.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 21

Which of the following wraps the spinal canal in three layers?

A) White matter
B) Black matter
C) Meninges
D) Yellow matter or corpus amarillo
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 22

If we crossed over the nerves leading from the eye and from the ear before they reached the appropriate section of the brain,what would happen?

A) Nerves send vision at the speed of light, hearing at the speed of sound, etc.
B) The main difference is in the origin and destination of the nerves involved so the experiment above would "see" flashes of loud noises and "hear" bright light.
C) The code sent along the nerves from vision is a different dot-and-dash sequence from the action potentials from hearing.
D) They are completely different types of nerve cells and send different action potentials.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 23

The sense of smell is

A) coded by genes with each of 500-1000 genes coding for a separate odor receptor.
B) poor in humans when compared to other mammals such as dogs.
C) detected with olfactory endings in a special epithelium covered by a thin film of mucus deep in the nasal cavity.
D) analyzed by olfactory cortex that is connected to centers of emotions.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 24

Internal chemicals communicate from one organ to another target organ or tissue.However,_________ are chemicals released by individuals to influence the behavior of other members of their own species

A) interio-hormones
B) pheromones
C) excretions
D) releasing stimuli
E) biological symbol systems

Question 25

A nerve signal is a rapidly moving change in electrical potential called the ______ ______.

Question 26

The myelin sheath that insulates the axon is formed by special glial cells called ______ ______.

Question 27

The crayfish has a cavity or ___________ lined with sensory seta or hairs.A grain in the cavity is pulled downward by gravity; the pressure against the bottom hairs of the cavity gives the crayfish a perception of being upright and when it changes orientation,the grain touches side hairs that make it realize it is not upright.Thus the crayfish "knows" which way is up in the dark.

A) ampulla
B) labyrinth
C) saccule
D) statocyst
E) statolith

Question 28

A fly will start its wings flapping if its feet are not touching the ground,and stop its wings when its feet touch the ground,even when its head has been cut off.This "decision" to fly has therefore been made by

A) interneurons in the ganglia.
B) the wing and foot muscles themselves.
C) motor nerves.
D) sensory nerves.
E) the fly's brain.

Question 29

You are watching a horror movie,and you notice that your heart is beating fast,your mouth is dry,you are breathing rapidly.What division of the nervous system is directly responsible for these reactions?

A) Spinal since this is a reflex arc between sensory and motor nerves
B) The sympathetic nervous system which is responsible for the fight-or-flight reactions to emergency situations
C) The cerebellum which maintains all unconscious control
D) The forebrain where symbols are interpreted
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 30

A cat learns to walk and take steps when young without having to think through "lift-paw-move-leg-set-down-paw" because the sequence has been practiced and coordinated automatically in it's

A) autonomic nervous system.
B) cerebellum.
C) brain stem.
D) cerebrum.
E) spine.

Question 31

Non-neuron cells that outnumber neurons but are very important in neuron function are ____________ or glial.

Question 32

The correct sequence in a reflex arc is

A) receptor, efferent nerve, nerve center, afferent nerve, effector.
B) effector, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve, receptor.
C) receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve, effector.
D) effector, efferent nerve, nerve center, afferent nerve, receptor.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 33

An animal with a simple net-like nervous system is the

A) earthworm.
B) dog.
C) cnidarian hydra.
D) molluscan octopus.
E) flatworm.

Question 34

The brain of early fishes consisted of three principal regions called

A) pons, cerebellum, cerebrum.
B) prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
C) protoganglia, mesoganglia, and metaganglia.
D) ichthyospinal region, ichthyocerebrum, and ichthyocerebellum.
E) premedulla, medulla oblongata, and postmedulla.

Question 35

The part of the brain responsible for deep seated drives such as sex,hunger,thirst,anger and pleasure is the

A) medulla oblongata.
B) reticular formation.
C) parasympathetic system.
D) limbic system.
E) None of the choices are correct since these all originate in endocrine glands

Question 36

Pacinian corpuscles adjusting to new shapes,no longer responding to constant pressure,is a condition called

A) adaptation.
B) fatigue.
C) timbre.
D) inhibition.
E) redundancy.

Question 37

The organ of Corti is

A) the internal part of the cochlea with hair cells that are stimulated by sound waves.
B) the part of the eye that contains rods, cones, and bipolar cells.
C) the point of the eye at which color vision is most acute.
D) part of the inner ear which recognizes dynamic equilibrium and movement.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 38

Which statement about the conscious brain is NOT correct?

A) The conscious brain is contained within the cerebrum
B) The corpus callosum is the bridge that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
C) The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, with cell bodies and unmyelinated neurons
D) The limbic system is a center for mathematical ability and other non-emotional activities
E) Association areas of each lobe of the cerebrum receive information from other parts of the brain and integrate the information into higher levels of consciousness

Question 39

Which statement is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system?

A) The autonomic nervous system is a completely motor system
B) The functions of the autonomic system are generally involuntary and subconscious
C) The sympathetic nervous system deals with "fight or flight" responses
D) The parasympathetic nervous system promotes actions associated with relaxation
E) The neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic system is norepinephrine

Question 40

The fovea centralis is

A) part of the choroid coat of the eye that is attached to the lens and the iris.
B) the internal part of the cochlea with hair cells that are stimulated by sound waves.
C) any part of the eye that contains rods, cones, and bipolar cells.
D) the point of the eye at which color vision is most acute.
E) the part of the inner ear which recognizes dynamic equilibrium and movement

Question 41

Synapses where ionic currents flow directly across a narrow gap junction are called ______ ______.

Question 42

The most posterior region of the brain,really an extension of the spinal cord,is the _______ ________.

Question 43

The organ of hearing in the inner ear of tetrapod vertebrates is the ______ ___ ______.

Question 44

The efferent nervous system is subdivided into the somatic nervous system and the ________ _________ __________.

Question 45

A cross-section of the spinal cord shows two zones,the outer one called white matter,and an inner zone containing interneurons and cell bodies,called _____ _____.

Question 46

The subdivision of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord is called the ______ ______ ______.

Question 47

The simplest pattern of invertebrate nervous system is the _____ _____ of cnidarians.

Question 48

The most common neurotransmitter at synapses in the vertebrate nervous system is __________.

Question 49

Receptors located in muscles,tendons,and joints that provide the organism with a sense of body position are called ____________.

Question 50

The active transport device whereby sodium is moved from inside the axon to the outside is referred to as the ______ ______.

Question 51

Insects possess chemoreceptors that are located in sensory hairs called __________________.

Question 52

The arthropod compound eye is composed of numerous independent visual units called _________.

Question 53

Trace the neuromuscular sequence of events that occur from when your finger tip touches a sharp tack to the action of pulling your hand back and feeling the pain.

Question 54

The midbrain consists mainly of the ____________,which contains centers for visual and auditory reflexes.

Question 55

The vertebrate ear functions in hearing and in ____________.

Question 56

The leaping of the action potential from node to node in vertebrate high-speed neurons is known as ____________ conduction.

Question 57

If you were placed in a space suit and drifted away from your spacecraft,which stimuli would be unable to reach you?

Question 58

Several autonomic centers that regulate body temperature,water balance,appetite and thirst are located in the ____________.
or
hypothalamus

Question 59

The light-sensitive layer inside the vertebrate eye is the ____________.

Question 60

The autonomic nervous system consists of two subdivisions,the _________ and the parasympathetic.

Question 61

Describe how the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system interact to provide a vertebrate organism with complete information about the internal and external environments.

Question 62

Discuss what is meant by "action potential" - be sure to discuss the properties of self-propagation,depolarization,and repolarization.

Question 63

What roles do acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase play in the transmission of neural action potentials?

Question 64

What is the difference between a reflex arc and a reflex act? List the components and functions of each.

Question 65

Outline the components and the physiological processes of either 1)hearing,2)taste,or 3)vision.Be sure to list the basic components of the sensory system and their functions.

Question 66

Discuss the function(s)of the vomeronasal organ.

Question 67

Explain how the parasympathetic and sympathetic subdivisions of the autonomic system interact.

Question 68

Identify the following and their functions: afferent neurons,efferent neurons,interneurons,receptors,effectors,neuroglial cells,myelin,microglial cells.

Question 69

Discuss the difference between electrical synapses and chemical synapses.

Question 70

What function does the sodium pump play in neural transmission?

Question 71

Explain how some insects are better at detecting motion while others can see a fuller field.

Question 72

Compare the senses of chemoreception and olfaction.What is the difference between the two and how are taste receptors classified today?

Question 73

If you destroyed the neuromasts in a fish's lateral line,how would you expect this to affect its ability to school?