Deck 15: Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa

Question 1

The lophophorate phyla are grouped together because

A) they all belong to the deuterostome branch of the bilateral animals.
B) they all possess a specialized crown of tentacles specialized for sedentary filter feeding.
C) they all lack a true coelom.
D) all appear to be derived from the Entoprocta ancestors.
E) they simply do not fit anywhere else.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Brachiopoda

A) are called bryozoans.
B) have a mantle and two valves (shells.
C) live in deep ocean bottoms.
D) are wormlike burrowers.
E) are colonial.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Entoprocts

A) are mostly freshwater.
B) are wormlike.
C) have an incomplete digestive tract.
D) have a crown of ciliated tentacles.
E) are a major disease agent.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The phoronid circulatory system:

A) is a closed system but lacks a heart.
B) has hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma.
C) is an open system with pulsatile organs circulating the hemolymph.
D) is an open system with no heart and is dependent upon the hemoglobin enclosed in nucleated cells.
E) is missing and all food and wastes readily diffuse through the lophophore.

Question 5

The respiratory system of an ectoproct involves

A) tracheae.
B) gills that form another layer under the tentacles.
C) amebocytes loaded with hemoglobin pigment.
D) circulation of water by opening and closing the epistome.
E) no system at all, merely diffusion across the body surface.

Question 6

Phoronid worms

A) Are relatively large and usually over 30 cm in length
B) Are tube-dwelling marine animals
C) Are most common in deep tropical oceans near thermal vents
D) Spend a lot of time scavenging across the sea floor
E) Are a serious threat to oyster beds

Question 7

The lophophore contains an extension of the

A) protocoel.
B) metacoel.
C) mesocoel.
D) pseudocoel.
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 8

Reproduction and development in phoronid worms involves

A) monoecious species.
B) dioecious species.
C) asexual species.
D) a radial cleavage pattern.
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 9

The _________ is the secreted body wall of an ectoproct,together with its secreted exoskeleton.

A) Adhesive sac
B) Statoblast
C) Cystid
D) Polypide
E) Zoecium

Question 10

Why are entoprocts not included with the ectoprocts since they look nearly identical and were both called bryozoans in earlier times?

A) Entoprocts are now known to be cnidarians
B) Entoprocts are acoelomates and lack sexual reproduction
C) Entoprocts are all parasites that lost more advanced characters and only secondarily resemble ectoprocts
D) The fossil record shows they were never related
E) Entoprocts are pseudocoelomates and have the anus within the tentacular crown

Question 11

The digestive system of a phoronid worm has

A) cilia in the stomach area of the U-shaped gut.
B) water passing over the anus and nephridiopores before entering the gut.
C) an anus that lies ventral to the mouth and inside the lophophore.
D) All of the choices are correct
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 12

How can you distinguish an ectoproct from a hydroid?

A) The hydroid colony is very small, perhaps a few millimeters long, while the ectoproct is centimeters long
B) The hydroid has the anus within the tentacular crown and the ectoproct has the anus outside the crown
C) The hydroid lacks any complex digestive gut including any anus
D) The hydroid has more complex musculature and innervation
E) Only hydroids form moss-like colonies

Question 13

Ectoproct colonies have modified zooids to

A) assist in reproduction.
B) disperse the colony.
C) secrete more exoskeleton.
D) protect the colony and sweep away foreign particles.
E) All of the choices are zooid specializations

Question 14

The ________ includes the lophophore,digestive tract,muscles,and nerve centers.

A) Adhesive sac
B) Statoblast
C) Cystid
D) Polypide
E) Zoecium

Question 15

Ectoprocta live in

A) only freshwater sediment.
B) bivalved shells they secrete.
C) colonies and form protective masses.
D) secreted tubes in sand or attached to rocks.
E) echinoderm intestines as parasites.

Question 16

Which group is so specialized that they are only found on the mouthparts of marine decapods in the northern hemisphere?

A) micrognathozoans.
B) rotifers.
C) cycliophorans.
D) acanthocephalans.
E) entoprocts.

Question 17

Reproduction and development in ectoprocts involves

A) hermaphrodites.
B) radial cleavage.
C) brooding of eggs inside the coelom or in special ovicells.
D) metamorphosis to the adult form.
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 18

Ectoprocta

A) live in both marine and freshwater habitats.
B) form colonies.
C) resemble cnidarian hydroids.
D) excludes the entoprocts.
E) All of these choices are correct

Question 19

Statoblasts are usually formed

A) in the winter.
B) in the spring.
C) in freshwater ectoprocts.
D) anytime the pools begin to dry up.
E) when the colony ages.

Question 20

Which is NOT a correct description of the function of the phoronid lophophore?

A) It can be extended for feeding and completely withdrawn for protection
B) The mouth lies between the two ridges of the lophophore
C) Each ridge of a lophophore has hollow ciliated tentacles that are extensions of the body wall
D) Cilia on the tentacles direct the water current down the ridges and toward the mouth
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 21

The larva of phoronids is called the _____________.

Question 22

Resistant capsules containing germinative cells formed by freshwater ectoprocts are _____________.

Question 23

Explain why the Brachiopoda are not included with the phylum Mollusca,class Bivalvia since they do have a mantle that secretes two shells.

Question 24

The fleshy stalk of a brachiopod is the ___________.

Question 25

The formation of the coelom in articulate brachiopods is by _____________ development.

Question 26

The coelom of a lophophorate is divided into

A) two parts: the anteriocoel and posteriocoel.
B) three parts: the protocoel, mesocoel, and metacoel.
C) four parts: the left and right supracoel and subcoel.
D) two parts: the basicoel and the exterocoel extending into the tentacles.
E) a interior hypocoel and a surrounding pericoel.

Question 27

The pedicel of a brachiopod functions

A) as a lophophore.
B) to close the two shells.
C) as a stalk to attach it to the substrate.
D) as a respiratory structure.
E) in reproduction.

Question 28

The valves of brachiopods are

A) secreted by the mantle.
B) dorsal and ventral.
C) hinged in some with a tooth-and-socket arrangement.
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 29

The fossil record of brachiopods shows

A) they have only recently branched off from molluscan bivalves.
B) they have existed nearly unchanged in design since the Ordovician times.
C) they have evolved rapidly to displace many molluscs.
D) they have never been common and are now going extinct.
E) they are now much bigger than they were in earlier times.

Question 30

The lophophore is

A) an arrangement of ciliated tentacles.
B) an efficient feeding device.
C) extended from a ridge that surrounds the mouth but not the anus.
D) a respiratory surface for the exchange of gases.
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 31

"Lamp shells" are not included in Mollusca because they

A) clearly do not resemble any mollusk.
B) lack a hard shell.
C) have a dorsal-ventral shell and gather food on tentacles.
D) lack a coelom.
E) have a fossil record that shows they are totally unrelated.

Question 32

A lophophorate phylum that is primarily marine,but also has some freshwater members is ____________ (Bryozoa).

Question 33

The lophophorate animals that have their bodies covered by a mantle belong to the phylum ________.

Question 34

The chamber in which each zooid of an ectoproct colony lives is called a ________________.

Question 35

Colonies of Ectoprocts begin from a single zooid called an _____________.

Question 36

Brachiopods reproduce and develop

A) with separate sexes.
B) usually with external fertilization.
C) with radial cleavage.
D) both with and without metamorphosis.
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 37

The larval stages of all three lophophorate phyla are

A) also sessile, having budded off from the parent.
B) parasitic on other animals.
C) trochophores.
D) bilateral planula larvae.
E) free-swimming.

Question 38

The brachiopods live in

A) freshwater sediment.
B) bivalved shells they secrete.
C) colonies and form protective masses.
D) secreted tubes in sand or attached to rocks.
E) echinoderm intestines as parasites.

Question 39

The three lophophorate phyla are Phoronida,Ectoprocta,and _________________.

Question 40

The term "trimerous" or "tripartite" refers to

A) the three lophophorate groups.
B) division of the coelom into three parts.
C) the pattern of egg cleavage.
D) the three forms of trochophore larvae.
E) layers in the brachiopod shell.

Question 41

Compare lophotrochozoans developmental features.Do they share a similar body plan?

Question 42

Why are these groups with diverse lifestyles (some with shells and some without,some colonial and some solitary,etc.)considered together? Be sure to list the structures and behaviors they have in common and discuss their evolutionary relationships.

Question 43

Explain why ectoprocts and entoprocts are no longer considered in the phylum Bryozoa.