Deck 7: The Reproductive Process

Question 1

What is the critical difference between gemmulation and fragmentation?

A) Gemmulation is sexual and fragmentation is asexual
B) Gemmulation is haploid and fragmentation is diploid
C) If sponges fragment, it is called gemmulation
D) Fragmentation involves providing a resistant layer of cells for a capsule; gemmulation is merely breaking off chunks of tissue to grow a new organism
E) Gemmulation involves providing a resistant layer of cells for a capsule; fragmentation is merely breaking off chunks of tissue to grow a new organism

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which is NOT true about reproduction?

A) Gametes are produced by meiosis and may be specialized as eggs or sperm
B) Only the germ line reproduces by mitosis
C) Asexual reproduction is most advantageous when the environment is not changing
D) A hermaphrodite produces both male and female gametes in different specialized gonads
E) Somatic cells serve to provide support and protection for the germ line

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In the male reproductive system,the Sertoli (sustentacular)cells

A) produce sperm cells through meiosis.
B) activate the sperm cells so they can swim rapidly.
C) nourish the cells that produce sperm cells.
D) regulate the rate of sperm production.
E) produce an alkaline fluid added to the semen.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Gametogenesis is the

A) union of an egg and a sperm.
B) formation of eggs by the female and sperm by the male.
C) cleavage of the embryo.
D) menstrual cycle in the female.
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 5

Gonads arise from

A) proliferation of the SRY gene.
B) genital ridges growing into the coelomic lining on the sides of the hindgut.
C) somatic tissues.
D) different tissues; testes from mesoderm and ovaries from endoderm.
E) a continuous line of meiotic cells.

Question 6

When an egg is formed without meiosis,merely a mitotic division,it is

A) ameiotic parthenogenesis.
B) meiotic parthenogenesis.
C) anti-parthenogenesis.
D) hermaphroditism.
E) bisexual reproduction.

Question 7

In whiptail lizards,only females exist.Two females court and one assumes the posture of the missing male lizard to stimulate the other female to ovulate.No fertilization can occur,so this is a case of

A) hermaphroditism.
B) bisexual reproduction.
C) parthenogenesis.
D) sexual reproduction since mating behavior is required.
E) a need for further research since only primitive animals reproduce asexually.

Question 8

The ______ is lined with mitochondria and expends the energy to propel the sperm.

A) Acrosome
B) Head
C) Tail
D) Middle piece
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 9

What is the most likely evolutionary explanation for the whiptail desert lizards evolving a female only reproduction?

A) This species is probably going extinct
B) This is not related to evolution but a biochemical anomaly
C) This is not at all unusual since most reptiles are asexual
D) The desert is uniform, and variation is of little or no advantage and a waste in energy
E) Such a switch in mating behavior is easily understood as a crossing-over in chromosomes

Question 10

Which of the following are primary sex organs?

A) Penis and vagina
B) Scrotum and uterus
C) Vas deferens and oviducts
D) Testes and ovaries
E) All of the choices are primary sex organs

Question 11

In the case of the whiptail lizards,unisexual species were compared with a fully sexual species.Results indicated that

A) the unisexual lizard populations were slower growing because they lacked diversity.
B) both strategies had the same levels of population growth.
C) the unisexual lizard populations were faster growing because all individuals produced eggs.
D) more variability is always good despite environmental conditions.
E) the more evolved animals always reproduce sexually.

Question 12

The final product of spermatogenesis is four

A) sertoli (sustentacular) cells.
B) primary oocytes.
C) spermatids.
D) primary spermatocytes.
E) spermatogonia.

Question 13

The acrosome functions to

A) Contain enzymes that help a sperm head "digest" its way into an egg
B) Increase the sperm's motility
C) Direct the sperm to the egg
D) Transport the chromosomes into the egg
E) Store energy for swimming to the egg

Question 14

Animals that have both male and female organs in the same individual are called

A) asexual.
B) bisexual.
C) monoecious.
D) dioecious.
E) parthenogenetic.

Question 15

The _______ undergo the first meiotic division in the production of sperm.

A) Sertoli (sustentacular) cells
B) Primary oocytes
C) Spermatids
D) Primary spermatocytes
E) Spermatogonia

Question 16

Since humans have two individual organisms to bear eggs or sperm separately,we are in the biological sense

A) asexual.
B) bisexual.
C) monoecious.
D) hermaphroditic.
E) parthenogenetic.

Question 17

By possessing both male and female organs,hermaphrodites

A) are asexual.
B) lose all advantages to sexual reproduction.
C) gain the ability to mate with any other individual of their species, not just the half that are the opposite sex.
D) gain the ability to choose to be either sexual or asexual.
E) always have the ability to self-fertilize if no other members of their species are around.

Question 18

Which is NOT true about asexual reproduction?

A) There is only one parent
B) It is less commonly found among vertebrates
C) It can occur by budding or by division and regeneration
D) A large number of offspring can be produced in this way in a short time
E) It produces variation that allows the species to adapt quickly to changing environmental conditions

Question 19

Offspring produced by asexual reproduction that all have the same genotype are called

A) germ cells.
B) buds.
C) clones.
D) gonads.
E) gemmules.

Question 20

Parthenogenesis is

A) asexual but haploid by means of internal self-fertilization.
B) an asexual means of reproduction involving budding.
C) asexual reproduction by splitting or fission into several new individuals.
D) reproduction where unfertilized eggs develop into mature individuals without fertilization.
E) sexual reproduction by cross-fertilization between hermaphrodites.

Question 21

A cross-section through the testes would show

A) Large chambers lined with wiggling sperm
B) Small tubules lined with developing sperm
C) Flat layers of tissue like pages, lined with developing sperm
D) Individual sperm follicles with all future immature sperm present
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 22

A strange system of reproduction,where there are no permanent reproductive organs and gametes arise from the lining of the body cavity and spill through ruptures of the body wall is found in some

A) insects.
B) marsupial mammals.
C) polychaete annelid worms.
D) whiptail lizards.
E) birds.

Question 23

Placental mammals are

A) oviparous.
B) ovoviviparous.
C) larviparous.
D) viviparous.
E) nefarious.

Question 24

In oogenesis,the sequence of the development of an egg is

A) ootid, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, oogonium, ovum.
B) primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, oogonium, ovum.
C) oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, ovum.
D) oogonium, ootid, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum.

Question 25

A rattlesnake holds its eggs internally and the young hatch and crawl out,appearing to be born live; the rattlesnake is

A) oviparous.
B) ovoviviparous.
C) larviparous.
D) viviparous.
E) nefarious.

Question 26

The path of the sperm during ejaculation proceeds from

A) Testes to urethra to vas deferens to penis
B) Urethra to vas deferens to seminal vesicles to testes
C) Seminiferous tubules to epididymis to vas deferens to urethra
D) Seminiferous tubules to vas deferens to epididymis to urethra
E) Vas deferens to seminiferous tubules to epididymis to urethra

Question 27

Which is NOT part of the human female external genitalia?

A) hymen.
B) clitoris.
C) labia minora.
D) labia majora.
E) uterus.

Question 28

Reptile and bird eggs have

A) no chorion.
B) no amnion.
C) no extra-embryonic membranes because the young are inside an egg.
D) a placental connection since these are advanced animals.
E) a large yolk to support all early development.

Question 29

The female clitoris is homologous to the male

A) Vas deferens
B) Glans penis
C) Scrotum
D) Prostate gland
E) Testes

Question 30

Mammalian sperm mature inside the

A) Seminal vesicles
B) Ejaculatory duct
C) Vas deferens
D) Epididymis

Question 31

The egg grows in size well beyond the surface-area-to-volume restrictions of other single cells because it

A) Is the germ line and is therefore not restricted by this law
B) Relies on a placenta to exchange gases and nutrients
C) Has a gradually diminishing metabolic rate and often relies on supporting cells to supply nutrition
D) Lacks mitochondria
E) Does not become living until it is fertilized; this is the definition of "life."

Question 32

In mammals,the ______ carries both sperm and urine.

A) vas deferens.
B) urethra.
C) fallopian tube.
D) ureter.
E) seminiferous tubule.

Question 33

Which association concerning structures in the human male is NOT correct?

A) Testes-produce sperm
B) Testes-produce testosterone
C) Vas deferens-carries urine
D) Prostate gland-seminal fluid
E) Urethra-conducts sperm

Question 34

In larger terrestrial animals,the testes are in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen because

A) there is lack of room in the abdomen.
B) this provides for a shorter sperm path.
C) this provides a more direct blood supply.
D) it provides greater protection to the testes.
E) It keeps the temperature lower for sperm development

Question 35

Polar bodies are best characterized as

A) follicles that did not become the graafian follicle.
B) one haploid nucleus from the first meiotic division and one haploid nucleus from the second meiotic division.
C) two haploid nuclei from the first meiotic division.
D) two haploid nuclei from the second meiotic division.
E) three haploid nuclei; one from the second division and one from the first that then divided again to form two more.

Question 36

Which is NOT part of the mammalian male reproductive system?

A) testes.
B) epididymis.
C) penis.
D) prostate.
E) cervix.

Question 37

An egg moves down an oviduct by

A) whip-like flagellar action.
B) cilia of nurse cells surrounding the egg.
C) drifting on the current of body fluids.
D) tubular muscle contractions and cilia in oviduct.
E) suction from the uterine contractions.

Question 38

In reptiles and birds,a common chamber forming the opening of the reproductive,excretory and digestive systems is called the

A) vulva.
B) aedeagus.
C) cloaca.
D) labia majora.
E) copulatrix.

Question 39

During oogenesis,the egg grows in size by accumulating _______ reserves to support future growth and development after fertilization.

A) hormone.
B) sugar.
C) water.
D) mitochondrial.
E) yolk.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT involved in production of semen?

A) seminal vesicles.
B) bulbourethral gland.
C) graafian follicle.
D) testes.
E) prostate gland.

Question 41

Fertilization in humans normally occurs in the

A) uterus.
B) vagina.
C) outer third of the oviducts.
D) abdominal cavity between ovary and oviducts.
E) ovarian follicle at time of ovulation.

Question 42

The hormone inhibin

A) decreases sexual urges.
B) triggers ovulation in females.
C) prevents or inhibits erection.
D) serves in a negative feedback manner with the anterior pituitary to control testosterone levels.

Question 43

Male sexual behavior is promoted by

A) androgen.
B) testosterone.
C) Estrogen.
D) ecdysone.
E) progesterone.

Question 44

_____________ is closely associated with maturation of the egg.

A) follicle stimulating hormone.
B) testosterone.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) progesterone.
E) human chorionic gonadotropic hormone.

Question 45

Secondary sexual characteristics in the male are developed and maintained by

A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) testosterone.
D) estrogen.
E) progesterone.

Question 46

The two major female hormones are

A) androgen and estrogen.
B) testosterone and progesterone.
C) FSH and cortisol.
D) testosterone and estrogen.
E) progesterone and estrogen.

Question 47

Luteinizing hormone stimulates the

A) Seminiferous tubules of the testis
B) Pituitary to produce FSH
C) Follicle to produce progesterone
D) Corpus luteum to produce progesterone

Question 48

Approximately how many mature egg cells are released by a woman during her fertile years?

A) 20.
B) 120.
C) 400.
D) several thousand.
E) several million.

Question 49

An egg is ovulated from a

A) Primary follicle
B) Tertiary follicle
C) Corpus luteum
D) Graafian follicle
E) Secondary follicle

Question 50

The ______ is the inner lining of the uterus that is discharged during menstruation.

A) endometrium.
B) perimetrium.
C) myocardium.
D) endocardium.
E) oviduct.

Question 51

In Latin,the root word(s)for "yellow body" is/are

A) Placenta
B) Vagina
C) Corpus luteum
D) Uterus
E) Endometrium

Question 52

Male athletes who consider taking synthetic steroid testosterone hormones to add muscle are warned that this may shrink the testes.Why would this effect occur?

A) this is the natural effect of testosterone; it normally shrinks testes.
B) synthetic chemicals act differently than natural hormones.
C) a guilt reaction in the brain causes the opposite hormone action.
D) testosterone converts to dihydrotestosterone that has the opposite effect.
E) the pituitary detects high levels of testosterone in the bloodstream and, not knowing that it is not self-produced, reduces FSH and LH.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) the follicles in the ovary produce luteinizing hormone.
B) the corpus luteum produces progesterone.
C) a surge of LH is believed to promote ovulation.
D) LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum.

Question 54

What initiates menstrual flow?

A) the pituitary triggers it.
B) luteinizing hormone activity is at its peak.
C) estrogen activity is at a peak.
D) progesterone production is highest.
E) both progesterone and estrogen levels decline to low levels.

Question 55

The luteal phase of the uterine cycle is associated with

A) Low FSH, high estrogen, developing follicle, and an increase in uterine lining
B) High LH, high estrogen, developing follicle, and uterine lining breakdown
C) An increase in LH, increase in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and the endometrium is shed
D) A decrease in LH, increase in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and a secretory uterine lining
E) A decrease in LH, decrease in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and a secretory uterine lining

Question 56

The route of sperm moving through the female reproductive tract is

A) Vagina → uterus → oviduct → cervix
B) Urethra → vagina → oviduct → cervix
C) Urethra → uterus → cervix → fallopian tube
D) Cervix → fallopian tube → vagina → uterus
E) Vagina → cervix → uterus → oviduct

Question 57

Ovulation usually occurs on the ________ of a 28-day uterine cycle.

A) First day.
B) 4th day.
C) 14th day.
D) 22^nd day.
E) Last day.

Question 58

The luteal phase occurs

A) on day 15.
B) during days 6 - 13.
C) on day 14.
D) during days 15 - 28.
E) anytime through the cycle.

Question 59

Following ovulation,a ruptured follicle

A) Differentiates into the corpus luteum
B) Disappears and all of its cells disintegrate
C) Passes on as waste material down the oviduct with the egg
D) Mends itself and begins the maturation of another egg
E) Becomes a part of the epithelial covering of the ovary

Question 60

A metabolite of testosterone that has important hormone effects is

A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) anti-testosterone.
D) dihydrotestosterone.
E) progesterone.

Question 61

The peptide hormone ______ produced by the ______ allows expansion of the pelvis by increasing flexibility of the pubic symphysis.

A) estrogen, ovaries
B) prolactin, hypothalamus
C) prolactin, anterior pituitary
D) relaxin, hypothalamus
E) relaxin, placenta

Question 62

Milk production in humans is triggered in breasts after several days of ____ and ____ production by the ____.

A) estrogen, testosterone, ovaries.
B) prolactin, human placental lactogen, hypothalamus.
C) prolactin, human placental lactogen, anterior pituitary.
D) oxytocin, estrogen, hypothalamus.
E) oxytocin, androgen, anterior pituitary.

Question 63

After an egg erupts from a follicle,the surrounding tissue that remains to secrete hormones becomes the

A) oocyte.
B) stroma.
C) corpus luteum.
D) primary follicle.
E) corpus cavernosum.

Question 64

Most vertebrates and many invertebrates have separate sexes,a condition that is called dioecious or _______ ________.

Question 65

The outermost layer of differentiating sex cells in the testes,called ________,divide by ordinary mitosis.

Question 66

What would be associated with animals that produce litters?

A) The uterus would be designed for more implantation sites
B) More nipples and mammary gland tissue would be present
C) More eggs are triggered to develop than in humans
D) There may be a tendency to have identical twins from division of the fertilized egg
E) All of the choices would be possible with an animal that regularly produces a litter

Question 67

Which is NOT true about estrogen?

A) estrogen stimulates release of FSH.
B) estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken.
C) estrogen causes the endometrium to become vascular and glandular.
D) estrogen causes a positive feedback on the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH.
E) estrogen causes a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 68

Estrogen and progesterone provide feedback control on the

A) Ovary
B) Uterus
C) Testes
D) Pituitary
E) Prostate gland

Question 69

Development of an embryo from an egg without the participation of a spermatozoa is called _________.

Question 70

Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced in the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) pituitary.
D) hypothalamus.
E) interstitial (leydig) cells.

Question 71

The proximate cues that trigger labor are not fully understood; however,________ appears to be involved.

Question 72

In reptiles and birds the reproductive and excretory ducts empty into the ________.

Question 73

On day 12,the human uterine cycle is mainly under the influence of

A) thyroxin.
B) estrogen.
C) progesterone.
D) epinephrine.
E) testosterone.

Question 74

The secretory phase is part of the

A) sexual cycle.
B) pituitary cycle.
C) testicular cycle.
D) ovarian cycle.
E) uterine cycle.

Question 75

Which statement is incorrect regarding hCG?

A) hCG appears in the bloodstream after implantation
B) hCG is produced by the placenta
C) hCG stimulates the corpus luteum
D) hCG stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
E) hCG helps maintain estrogen and progesterone levels in the blood

Question 76

Animals with both male and female organs in the same individual are called monoecious or ____________.
or
hermaphroditic or
hermaphrodite

Question 77

The kidney of male reptiles,birds,and mammals develops an independent duct,the _______,to carry away nitrogenous waste.

Question 78

In mammals,the type of breeding cycle in which the female is receptive to the male only at restricted times of the year is the ________ cycle.
The estrous cycle describes mammals that are receptive to mating during brief periods of estrus.

Question 79

Menstruation begins because

A) The pituitary triggers it
B) Luteinizing hormone is at its peak
C) Estrogen activity peaks
D) Progesterone production is highest
E) Progesterone and estrogen levels decline

Question 80

Days 6-13 of a 28-day uterine cycle is the

A) secretory phase.
B) menstrual period.
C) proliferative phase.
D) ovulation period.
E) fertilization period.