Deck 3: Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness is best defined as

A) your subjective experiences of the external world.
B) your ability to objectively pay attention to important information.
C) moving from a state of sleep to a state of wakefulness.
D) processing of sensory information without full awareness.

Answer 1

your subjective experiences of the external world.

Question 2

The fact that the brain acts as an interpreter refers to the ability of the

A) right hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense.
B) left hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense.
C) right hemisphere to process speech.
D) left hemisphere to process speech.

Answer 2

left hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense.

Question 3

You want to convince your friend that the relationship between the conscious mind and the physical brain is best explained by the materialism view.To do this,you should provide evidence that

A) brain processes allow the experiences of the mind.
B) the mind and the brain are separate but interconnected.
C) conscious processing in the brain allows the unconscious mind.
D) the brain, not the mind, experiences altered consciousness.

Answer 3

brain processes allow the experiences of the mind.

Question 4

In an experiment,researchers found that when given the word pair ocean-moon,followed by the word detergent,participants typically said the word tide.When asked to explain their word choice,participants were unaware that the word pair had influenced their response.This supports the concept of

A) subjective perception.
B) controlled processing.
C) conscious processing.
D) subliminal perception.

Question 5

Raya has been knitting for many years.Jade just started learning how to knit yesterday.For Raya,knitting is most likely a(n)__________ process and for Jade,knitting is most likely a(n)__________ process.

A) automatic; controlled
B) controlled; automatic
C) subjective; objective
D) objective; subjective

Question 6

The part of the brain that is known as the interpreter is the __________ hemisphere because it __________.

A) left; tries to construct a world that makes sense
B) right; tries to construct a world that makes sense
C) left; processes speech
D) right; processes speech

Question 7

Angie had brain surgery.Although she can function quite normally,she is unable to verbally report the name of an object that is shown to her left visual field.However,when the same object is shown to her right visual field,she can verbally name the object.Based on this information,Angie's brain surgery likely involved severing the

A) corpus callosum.
B) temporal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) left hemisphere.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an example of consciousness?

A) moment-by-moment subjective experiences
B) paying attention to your surroundings
C) reflecting on your thoughts
D) being in a persistent vegetative state

Question 9

Which of the following is most likely an example of a controlled process?

A) blinking your eyes
B) walking around the block
C) chewing a bite of food
D) roller skating for the first time

Question 10

According to the global workspace model,consciousness is a function of

A) the degree of damage to certain brain regions.
B) stimulation of the visual processing areas.
C) activity in specific brain regions.
D) the level of arousal in certain brain regions.

Question 11

Juan believes that the prefrontal cortex is responsible for consciousness.Pierre disagrees,saying that no single area of the brain is responsible for consciousness,and that instead specific areas process certain types of information.Pierre most likely believes in the __________ model of consciousness.

A) dissociation
B) activation synthesis
C) restorative
D) global workspace

Question 12

Which of the following best describes a Freudian slip?

A) A conscious thought that is verbally misleading.
B) A conscious thought that is expressed at an inappropriate time.
C) An unconscious thought that is expressed at an inappropriate time.
D) An unconscious thought that soon becomes conscious.

Question 13

In a research study,participants were shown images with houses superimposed on faces and asked whether they saw a house or a face.When they looked at the participants' brain responses during this task,what did they find?

A) Brain activity changed depending on whether they said they saw a house or a face.
B) Brain activity was the same, regardless of whether they said they saw a house or a face.
C) Their brains emitted large, slow-wave activity equally for both images.
D) Their brains had activity in two regions, indicating that they saw both the house and the face.

Question 14

In an experiment,researchers found that when given the word pair ocean-moon,followed by the word detergent,participants typically said the word tide.Participants were then asked why they said tide.Which of the following explanations was a participant LEAST likely to give?

A) "My mom used Tide when I was growing up."
B) "I see Tide commercials on television all the time."
C) "The ocean-moon word pair reminded me of the tide."
D) "I love the way Tide cleans my bright colors."

Question 15

In severe cases,which disorder may require the corpus callosum to be surgically severed?

A) dementia
B) epilepsy
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 16

The idea that the activity of neurons in the brain produces consciousness is called

A) dualism.
B) materialism.
C) consolidation theory.
D) dissociation theory.

Question 17

Which of the following is a potential drawback of using automatic processing?

A) It can only be used to learn complex tasks.
B) It requires a lot of attention and effort.
C) We are not able to focus attention on other things.
D) We are less likely to remember relevant details.

Question 18

Which of the following is most likely an example of an automatic process?

A) walking down the sidewalk
B) driving in stormy weather
C) taking a difficult test
D) threading a tiny needle

Question 19

In a person with a normally functioning brain,the part of the brain that typically controls speech is the

A) left hemisphere.
B) right hemisphere.
C) occipital lobe.
D) parietal lobe.

Question 20

To treat his epilepsy,doctors sever Liam's corpus callosum.As a result,Liam will

A) experience a loss of consciousness.
B) be unable to walk.
C) have a split brain.
D) be unable to form new memories.

Question 21

Kate has suffered damage to her right hemisphere.Which of the following tasks is LEAST likely to be affected?

A) rearranging furniture
B) balancing her checkbook
C) stacking blocks
D) drawing a picture

Question 22

Which of the following actions does NOT typically happen during sleep?

A) analyzing danger
B) controlling body movements
C) finding comfortable body positions
D) experiencing conscious awareness

Question 23

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because the

A) person is not really asleep.
B) person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active.
C) person's brain is asleep, but the person's body is active.
D) person has no awareness of being asleep.

Question 24

As you sleep through the night,REM sleep

A) increases relative to the other stages.
B) decreases relative to the other stages.
C) is more likely to involve dreaming.
D) is less likely to involve dreaming.

Question 25

You tell your friend Betty about a dream in which you were a giant cupcake.Betty tells you the dream was meaningless and was only caused by random neural firings during sleep.Based on this you know that Betty most likely believes in the __________ theory of dreaming.

A) restorative
B) activation-synthesis
C) dissociation
D) circadian rhythm

Question 26

After split-brain surgery,a picture of a blue chair is shown to the client's right hemisphere.When asked what she saw,the client will most likely say that she saw

A) a chair.
B) nothing.
C) something blue.
D) a piece of furniture.

Question 27

Dreams that happen during REM sleep are __________.Dreams that happen during non-REM sleep are __________.

A) dull; highly emotional
B) highly emotional; dull
C) easily understandable; highly illogical
D) highly emotional; highly illogical

Question 28

A split-brain client is shown a frog in her right visual field.She is asked to identify what she sees.She most likely will be able to

A) point to the frog with her left hand.
B) point to the frog with both hands.
C) say the word frog.
D) write the word frog with her left hand.

Question 29

A split-brain client is shown a frog in her right visual field.This information is processed by

A) the left side of her occipital lobe.
B) the right side of her occipital lobe.
C) both sides of her occipital lobe.
D) her prefrontal cortex.

Question 30

The part of the brain that is NOT involved in maintaining sleep/wake cycles is the

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) pineal gland.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.

Question 31

Sleeping people who show theta waves on their EEGs are most likely in __________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) REM

Question 32

The brain area that influences the secretion of melatonin is the

A) pineal gland.
B) reticular formation.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D) substantia nigra.

Question 33

As Isaac reads his textbook,he gets more and more drowsy and is just about to fall asleep.His brain activity will most likely be characterized by __________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 34

If you want to increase the production of melatonin,you should

A) sit under a bright light.
B) go outside during the day.
C) sit in a completely dark room.
D) go for a walk at sunset.

Question 35

After split-brain surgery,a picture of a blue chair is shown to the client's right hemisphere.When given a pencil to draw what she saw using her left hand,the client draws

A) a chair.
B) nothing.
C) half of a chair.
D) another piece of furniture.

Question 36

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A) REM
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 37

Sienna is giving a verbal presentation in her political science class.During her presentation it is most likely that the __________ is more active than the __________ hemisphere.

A) left hemisphere; right
B) right hemisphere; left
C) parietal lobe; right
D) parietal lobe; left

Question 38

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) increased brain activity.
B) dreaming.
C) body paralysis.
D) K-complexes.

Question 39

Elizabeth is awake and alert while playing a video game.Her brain activity will most likely be characterized by __________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 40

You are lying by the pool,relaxing with your eyes closed,and feeling drowsy.In this situation,the type of brain waves that would most likely show up on your EEGs are

A) delta.
B) alpha.
C) beta.
D) theta.

Question 41

Linnea said that last night she had dreams about daily activities,such as what she was going to wear to school and what pen to bring to class.Based on the nature of the dreams,it is most likely that Linnea had the dream in __________ sleep.

A) non-REM
B) REM
C) stage 4
D) lucid

Question 42

In her dream,Lisa has just won the lottery.Her friend interprets the dream as Lisa's unconscious obsession with money and wealth.Her friend's statement indicates that she is focusing on the __________ content of the dream.

A) manifest
B) latent
C) activation-synthesis
D) consolidation

Question 43

Tasha is a sleep-deprived college student.In class today,Tasha found her eyes rolling and her arm twitched.Tasha was most likely experiencing

A) REM behavior disorder.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) narcolepsy.
D) stage 1 sleep.

Question 44

Esther dreams that she is swimming.Esther's psychoanalyst suggests that her dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intimacy.The psychoanalyst would most likely say that in the dream

A) swimming is the manifest content.
B) swimming is the latent content.
C) unconscious sexual desire was just a result of neural activity.
D) the images about swimming were just a result of neural activity.

Question 45

After playing a difficult soccer match that wore his body out,Jon slept for an extra 4 hours.Jon's extra sleep is best explained by __________ theory.

A) circadian rhythm
B) dissociation
C) restorative
D) consolidation

Question 46

Becky,a 35-year-old mother,sleeps whenever her 6-month-old baby does.Even though Becky and her infant get the same amount of sleep,Becky will spend __________ time in __________ sleep compared with her baby.

A) more; REM
B) less; REM
C) more; stage 4
D) less; stage 4

Question 47

Rhianna had been asleep for 30 minutes when she was awakened by her roommate screaming at her to pick up the phone.Rhianna was extremely confused,so she grabbed her shoe and said "Hello?" Before she was awakened,Rhianna was most likely in __________ sleep.

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 2
D) stage 4

Question 48

One major cause of insomnia is

A) a lack of REM sleep.
B) altered theta waves.
C) narcolepsy.
D) worrying about sleep.

Question 49

Which of the following statements does NOT describe an adaptive function of sleep?

A) Sleep enables the brain to restore itself.
B) Activity is limited during sleep, keeping us safe from harm.
C) Sleep strengthens neural connections.
D) Sleep allows us to imagine and dream.

Question 50

Four people of different ages volunteer to take part in a sleep study that monitors their brain waves.The volunteer who will likely spend the most time in REM sleep is a

A) 3-year-old girl.
B) 13-year-old girl.
C) 3-month-old boy.
D) 30-year-old man.

Question 51

Your child wakes up during the first hour or two after going to bed and walks around his room with a glassy-eyed look.Based on this information,your child most likely has a sleep disorder called

A) sleep apnea.
B) somnambulism.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 52

After Mork has gone through one full sleep cycle,his heart beats faster,his breathing grows fast and irregular,and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth.Mork is most likely experiencing

A) REM behavior disorder.
B) REM sleep.
C) stage 1 sleep.
D) stage 4 sleep.

Question 53

Your roommate says that you seem to wake up dozens of times in the night,gasping for air,but are totally unaware of it.Based on this information,you may be experiencing

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 54

Mandy typically gets a good night of sleep.However,last night,she stayed up all night studying for her exam.After this one night of sleep deprivation,the next day Mandy will most likely have trouble

A) moving heavy boxes up the stairs.
B) figuring out the answer to a complex physics problem.
C) jogging a mile around the track.
D) reading a book in a quiet room.

Question 55

After Mork has gone through one full sleep cycle,his heart beats faster,his breathing grows fast and irregular,and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth.A researcher who is monitoring Mork's EEG activity will most likely see __________ waves.

A) theta
B) delta
C) alpha
D) beta

Question 56

Aaron is asleep.His breathing has become more regular and he is less sensitive to external stimulation.The researcher can confirm that Aaron is in stage 2 sleep by looking for __________ on Aaron's EEGs.

A) alpha waves
B) K-complexes
C) beta waves
D) delta waves

Question 57

You tell your friend Betty about a dream in which you were a giant cupcake.Betty says it means that you have an unconscious desire to drop out of college and become a baker.Betty's statement is describing the __________ content of the dream.

A) manifest
B) activation-synthesis
C) latent
D) consolidation

Question 58

Circadian rhythms can best be described as

A) heartbeats that trigger a change in blood circulation.
B) the changes that occur in wakefulness after jet lag and shift work.
C) biological clocks that control hormones, temperature, and sleep cycles.
D) the time between sunrise and sunset, which determines sleep patterns.

Question 59

Odin is asleep when his neighbor starts banging on his window.Odin barely moves,and when he does finally wake up,he is confused and disoriented.Before he was awakened,Odin was most likely in __________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 4
D) REM

Question 60

Occasionally,Jessie will fall asleep at inappropriate times,for example,in the middle of talking to a customer at work.Based on this information,Jessie might be experiencing

A) narcolepsy.
B) somnambulism.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) insomnia.

Question 61

Three of the following people are practicing meditation to achieve an altered state of consciousness.Which person is NOT practicing one of the various forms of meditation?

A) Larry focuses attention on one thing, such as his breathing pattern.
B) Genevieve consciously tries to stop her inner thought processes.
C) Miguel is repeating a mantra.
D) Ariel is listening to her inner voice without responding.

Question 62

One way to achieve an altered state of consciousness is by focusing your attention on one thing,like your pattern of breathing.A deep sense of tranquility can be achieved through this process of __________ meditation.

A) mindfulness
B) concentrative
C) transcendental
D) hypnotic

Question 63

According to the dissociation theory of hypnosis,people who are hypnotized are

A) acting out what they think is expected of them.
B) following the hypnotist's directions to get attention.
C) in an altered state where awareness is separated from parts of consciousness.
D) in a state of consciousness where their inhibitions are impaired.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT associated with an altered state of consciousness?

A) intense concentration during an enjoyable activity
B) receiving a posthypnotic suggestion that affects behavior
C) listening to music while taking a walk
D) practicing mindfulness meditation

Question 65

Which of the following correctly describes how meditation affects brain function?

A) Long-term practicing can lead to structural brain changes.
B) Short-term practicing can lead to structural brain changes.
C) Meditation and hypnosis affect brain function the same way.
D) Meditation does not affect brain function.

Question 66

Meditation seems to affect cognitive processing in all of the following ways EXCEPT by

A) improving attentional processing.
B) preserving brain function during aging.
C) reducing stress.
D) reducing pain.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT associated with an altered state of consciousness?

A) runner's high
B) religious ecstasy
C) automatic processing
D) flow state

Question 68

Which statement about hypnosis is true?

A) When hypnotized, a person experiences consciousness that is the same as sleeping.
B) When hypnotized, a person is under the complete control of someone else.
C) Hypnosis does not result in an altered state of consciousness.
D) Hypnosis can change a person's pattern of brain activity.

Question 69

When a person experiences changes in memory,perception,or voluntary action as a result of suggestions made by another person they are most likely experiencing

A) hypnosis.
B) meditation.
C) flow.
D) REM sleep.

Question 70

Because of a heart condition,you decide to try transcendental meditation to improve your health.The benefit that you are most likely to experience is

A) lowered blood pressure.
B) greater physical strength.
C) increased intelligence.
D) diminished gray matter in the brain.

Question 71

Altered consciousness can be achieved through all of the following EXCEPT

A) hypnosis.
B) psychoactive drug use.
C) meditation.
D) subliminal perception.

Question 72

While dreaming that she is riding a bicycle,Millie actually moves around in bed making arm and leg motions similar to those of a cyclist.Millie is most likely experiencing

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) insomnia.

Question 73

Marvello the hypnotist puts Van in a trance and tells him to cluck like a chicken whenever he sees a fire truck in the week following the show.Marvello is trying to influence Van's behavior

A) by giving him a posthypnotic suggestion.
B) by creating hypnotic analgesia.
C) through dissociation theory.
D) through sociocognitive theory.

Question 74

According to research,the most important factor in allowing a person to be successfully hypnotized is the

A) skill and experience of the hypnotist.
B) suggestibility of the individual to be hypnotized.
C) likability of the hypnotist.
D) size of the audience watching the hypnosis.

Question 75

Which of the following people is most likely experiencing flow?

A) Jill, who uses automatic processes when she commutes to work every day
B) Peter, who feels a runner's high while running seven miles
C) Linda, who is trying to read 30 pages of her text for a quiz later today
D) Chris, who must clean the car before his girlfriend arrives in a few minutes

Question 76

According to the sociocognitive theory,hypnosis

A) is a true, trancelike state.
B) is a state where conscious awareness is dissociated from the mind.
C) causes people to play the role of being hypnotized.
D) causes people to experience altered sleep patterns.

Question 77

According to the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis,people who are hypnotized are

A) acting out what they think is expected of them.
B) following the hypnotist's directions to get attention.
C) in a state of consciousness where they are more willing to do as asked.
D) in a state of consciousness where their inhibitions are impaired.

Question 78

Hypnosis,meditation,and drug use all allow individuals to

A) change the quality of their consciousness.
B) achieve a sense of flow.
C) consciously change their behaviors.
D) spend longer time in REM sleep.

Question 79

Lizbeth uses mindfulness meditation to achieve an altered state of consciousness by

A) focusing her attention on repeating a mantra.
B) allowing her thoughts to flow freely without reacting to them.
C) keeping her eyes open throughout the experience.
D) meditating for 20 minutes a day, twice a day.

Question 80

When Marisol is running during marathons she gets a runner's high.During these times she most likely experiences

A) altered consciousness.
B) dopamine release in the brain.
C) automatic processing of the running itself.
D) a shift in her breathing pattern.