Deck 4: Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

Amelia has been quite stressed lately and is very alarmed when she goes into labor at 30 weeks of gestation.Her baby has not finished the _______ period of prenatal development.It _______ live outside of the womb.

A) embryonic; can
B) fetal; can
C) embryonic; cannot
D) fetal; cannot

Answer 1

fetal; can

Question 2

Julia is pregnant and she wants to keep healthy throughout her pregnancy.Since her house is old,she has it checked for lead paint because she is afraid of the effect of _______ on the fetus.

A) infections
B) teratogens
C) nature
D) premature birth

Answer 2

teratogens

Question 3

Shayne works as a researcher conducting studies in developmental psychology.Which of the research questions is Shayne LEAST likely to address in his work?

A) How is auditory information processed in the brain?
B) How do changes in neural connections affect memory retrieval in older adults?
C) How does a child learn and understand rules about how to behave in public?
D) How does testosterone level affect sex drive in teenagers versus adults?

Answer 3

How is auditory information processed in the brain?

Question 4

Malcolm knows that environmental factors can influence his child in many different ways and they first begin to have an effect on children

A) when they are able to move about in their environment.
B) about two weeks after conception.
C) within hours of birth.
D) when they have developed a central nervous system.

Question 5

Camden is explaining all the different stages of development he has learned in his introductory psychology class.Which of the following is the correct order for all of the periods of human development?

A) infancy, childhood, adulthood, adolescence
B) prenatal, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, elderly
C) infancy, childhood, adulthood, elderly
D) prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood

Question 6

Monique was born with mental retardation.Which of the following most likely caused this outcome?

A) Her mother used cocaine when she was pregnant.
B) She did not get enough folic acid in the womb.
C) She was exposed to mercury in the womb.
D) Her mother drank caffeine while pregnant.

Question 7

Claudia has been feeling ill for a couple of weeks and finds out she is two weeks pregnant.Up to this point,her baby has been in the ______ period of development,and the _______ has begun to form.

A) germinal; embryo
B) embryonic; embryo
C) embryonic; placenta
D) germinal; placenta

Question 8

Jerome is busy developing in his mother's womb.Jerome will begin developing lungs during the _______ period.

A) fetal
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) zygotic

Question 9

Your aunt,who has several bad habits,recently found out she is pregnant.What is the best advice you can give her?

A) Quit drinking immediately.
B) Quit smoking immediately, but an occasional drink is probably okay.
C) She has already harmed her fetus.
D) She can smoke and drink when the baby is in the fetal period.

Question 10

A research team finds that an experimental drug causes problems for prenatal development,but only if it is given within the first 20 days of pregnancy.Researchers are worried that this will most likely affect

A) heart development.
B) the blastocyst.
C) length of gestation.
D) the baby's birth weight.

Question 11

Taylor was in a car accident when she was six months pregnant.Her doctors are worried that the accident may have caused problems with prenatal development because she is in the

A) zygotic period.
B) embryonic period.
C) fetal period.
D) germinal period.

Question 12

When his sister becomes pregnant,Tyrone learns the effect of teratogens,which include all of the following EXCEPT

A) caffeine.
B) the measles.
C) X-rays.
D) folic acid.

Question 13

Grant wants to do everything he can to keep his wife healthy during her pregnancy.He frequently gives her folic acid because he knows that this helps development of the _______ during the _______ period.

A) heart; germinal
B) spine and brain; embryonic
C) heart; embryonic
D) spine and brain; germinal

Question 14

Ralph is very upset.His infant daughter was born with a preventable birth defect because she was exposed to a teratogen.Ralph's daughter may have all of the following EXCEPT

A) high birth weight.
B) mental retardation.
C) fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) blindness.

Question 15

Jane is four months pregnant.When describing how her baby is developing,Jane is most likely talking about changes that occur during the _______ period.

A) blastocyst
B) prenatal
C) teratogen
D) germinal

Question 16

Quincy is four years old,and he has mental retardation and a slightly misshapen face.What most likely happened during Quincy's prenatal development?

A) He was exposed to a teratogen.
B) His mother experienced severe stress.
C) His mother did not take in enough vitamin B.
D) He skipped the embryonic period.

Question 17

Helen keeps her new baby boy well fed and clean.However,she does not want to spoil him,so she does not hold him or touch him too much.After reading about Harry Harlow's research,Helen now knows that

A) humans are intelligent and their young can thrive even without being held.
B) babies need to be touched and held to develop normally.
C) infants prefer food more than comforting contact.
D) humans cannot form true attachments until they are 18 to 24 months old.

Question 18

When his sister becomes pregnant,Graham gives her a "mini-lesson" in prenatal care based on what he learned in his introductory psychology class.He should tell her all of the following EXCEPT

A) teratogens include any chemical in the environment that negatively affects the fetus.
B) teratogens work on recessive genes to affect prenatal child development.
C) alcohol, prescription drugs, and chemicals in the environment are teratogens.
D) she can avoid many birth defects by practicing healthy habits.

Question 19

Lila is not an alcoholic and never drinks to excess.However,she does have wine with dinner every evening.When Lila is two weeks pregnant,she asks you whether this can injure her baby.What correct response can you give her?

A) Because she does not drink to excess, wine will probably not injure the baby.
B) Because she drinks every day, her body is used to it and wine will not hurt the baby.
C) She should stop drinking wine completely until after the baby is born.
D) She should only drink once a week since a small amount of wine cannot do any harm.

Question 20

Brooke is a developmental psychologist at USA College.Which of the following is Brooke most likely to study?

A) patterns of neural activation that influence memory retrieval
B) the subjective experience of the feeling "pride"
C) the ways in which children differ from adults in their thought processes
D) how effective behavior modification is for teenagers with depression

Question 21

Wyatt has noticed some recent changes in his 10-month-old daughter Cosette's behavior.Ever since she started crawling a few weeks ago,she

A) no longer displays attachment behaviors toward Wyatt.
B) displays signs of being more interested in her brother than in Wyatt.
C) shows signs of distress when Wyatt leaves her with a babysitter.
D) plays happily whenever Wyatt drops her off at day care.

Question 22

While visiting your sister and her 1-year-old son Ian,you notice that Ian becomes distressed whenever your sister leaves the room,can be easily comforted by you while she is gone,and ignores your sister when she comes back into the room.Ian's attachment style to his mother would most likely be described as

A) secure.
B) ambivalent.
C) strange.
D) avoidant.

Question 23

Zandra's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to a new dentist.Zandra's mother leaves the room and Zandra is momentarily alone with the dental hygienist,whom Zandra smiles at and plays with.When Zandra's mother returns,Zandra barely glances up and continues to play patty-cake with the dental hygienist.Zandra would most likely be classified as having a(n)_______ attachment.

A) ambivalent
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) normal

Question 24

McKenzie is new at observing infant behavior in the strange-situation test and is uncertain how to assess baby Stephan's actions.If she guesses that he is securely attached,he most likely

A) continued to play happily when his mother left him in alone in the room.
B) was not afraid of strangers when his mother was in the room with him.
C) ignored his mother when she returned to the room after being gone.
D) was comforted by a stranger when his mother was out of the room.

Question 25

Sally is playing ball with her friend Anne.When Anne leaves the ball on the couch and goes to the bathroom,Sally hides the ball behind the TV.Sally expects Anne to look for the ball on the couch when she comes back because Anne does not know the ball was moved while she was in the bathroom.Sally is demonstrating that she understands Anne has her own thoughts and intentions that are different from Sally's.Sally has developed

A) schemas.
B) accommodation.
C) theory of mind.
D) assimilation.

Question 26

During the strange-situation test,Grady begins crying when his mom leaves the room.When his mom returns,Grady holds up his arms,asking to be picked up.However,when his mom picks him up,he pushes her away angrily.Grady's behavior is consistent with a(n)_______ attachment style.

A) avoidant
B) separation anxiety
C) secure
D) ambivalent

Question 27

Brian has three children with very different personality traits.Even though Brian adapts his parenting to their personalities,there are strong maturation effects.Which of the following has Brian most likely observed?

A) All three children learned to walk at 11 months of age.
B) Two of the three children did not crawl.
C) One of his children did not have the grasping reflex.
D) All three children preferred to sleep with the lights on.

Question 28

John and Danielle want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn son Luke's crib.If they want Luke to see the objects,what should they attach to the strings?

A) pastel-colored stuffed animals
B) large black-and-white shapes
C) pictures of nature
D) brightly colored dolls

Question 29

Rick and Stacy want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn daughter Annalise's crib.If they want the baby to pay attention to the mobile,which of the following sounds should they record to play in the mobile?

A) low-pitched noises
B) Rick's voice
C) loud noises
D) Stacy's voice

Question 30

Derek pretends to be a baker while playing in the sand.He forms five sand cookie balls,and then he forms a sixth but flattens it into a pancake."Wow! This cookie is way bigger than the others!" he exclaims.This example best illustrates Derek's _______ development.

A) socio-emotional
B) cognitive
C) moral
D) physical

Question 31

Sharon notices that her baby grasps her finger every time she places it in her infant's palm.Which of the following is an explanation for why her baby shows this reflex?

A) It helps babies survive.
B) It is a new genetic adaptation.
C) It helps speed up development.
D) It protects the baby from overstimulation.

Question 32

Paul is babysitting Pamela for the first time.When Pamela's mom leaves,Pamela cries.When her mom returns,Pamela reaches for her but then pushes away from her.Paul assumes Pamela has a(n)_______ attachment.

A) secure
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) anxious

Question 33

Elizabeth is going to decorate her newborn's room and wants the baby to be able to see the decorations.Which of the following should she use to decorate?

A) wallpaper covered in small blue butterflies
B) a large picture with pastel flowers in a field
C) curtains with red, blue, and yellow cars for the window
D) a wall hanging with a large pattern black-and-white checked fabric

Question 34

Baby George's mother leaves him sitting in the grocery cart as she goes around the corner searching for cake mix.George screams as she leaves,reaches for her when she returns,but then pushes her away.George's behavior is most consistent with a(n)_______ attachment style.

A) ambivalent
B) avoidant
C) strange
D) secure

Question 35

If Ansel believes in a dynamic systems perspective,he most likely believes that development occurs through a series of interactions between the child,his _______,and his _______.

A) culture; genes
B) peers; environment
C) parents; genes
D) culture; environment

Question 36

Kara explains to her roommate why Harry Harlow's experiments were so important to explaining an infant's socio-emotional development.Kara correctly says that his results demonstrate that

A) providing food is more important than providing comforting contact.
B) food can be used as a method for tension reduction in the young.
C) comforting touch is more important than food, particularly when an infant is stressed.
D) infants become distressed when a mother provides comfort but not food.

Question 37

Nicholas is an infant researcher and wants to use the strange-situation test in his work.Nicholas is most likely interested in seeing

A) how infants respond to separation and reunion with their caregivers.
B) an infant's tendency to seek or avoid novelty.
C) a mother's response to a fearful infant.
D) the level of social interaction that an infant is comfortable with.

Question 38

Immediately after birth,Giada's son Maxwell was able to display the rooting reflex.Which of the following behaviors did Giada observe Maxwell doing?

A) When the corner of his mouth was stroked, Maxwell turned to search for food.
B) When the palm of his hand was stroked, Maxwell closed his fingers.
C) When he was laid on his back, Maxwell raised his head up.
D) When a nipple was placed in Maxwell's mouth, he began to suck.

Question 39

Sonya's parents have been encouraging her to walk for several months by standing her up and holding her hands.Paul's parents have let him achieve motor milestones on his own,without encouraging or helping him.The fact that Sonya and Paul both started walking independently at about the same age can be best explained by

A) sensorimotor development.
B) prenatal development.
C) maturation.
D) object permanence.

Question 40

Marcia's baby is just starting to eat solid food,and like all babies,he prefers certain tastes.Which of the following mashed foods is the baby most likely to want to eat?

A) peas
B) bananas
C) potatoes
D) rice

Question 41

In front of Chris,Tasha pours the same amount of water into both a short,fat glass and a tall,thin glass.She then asks Chris which glass has more water.If Chris is 10 years old,he is most likely to answer

A) the tall, thin glass.
B) the short, fat glass.
C) they have the same amount of water.
D) he does not know.

Question 42

Jonah learned to eat cereal by picking up a few pieces at a time and putting his fingers and the cereal pieces into his mouth.While eating yogurt,Jonah realizes that this method does not work,so he instead learns that yogurt is eaten with a spoon.Jonah's learning to eat yogurt with a spoon-NOT his fingers-shows

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) theory of mind.
D) centration.

Question 43

Nadia knows that a substance's quantity does not change,even when its form does.Based on this,Nadia is most likely

A) two years old.
B) five years old.
C) six years old.
D) nine years old.

Question 44

Mary and Eric are outside playing one day when Eric looks up and asks,"What's that big bright ball in the sky?" Mary replies that it is the sun.That night,Eric looks out his bedroom window and sees a big,bright ball in the sky."Look,Mary,it's the sun!" he exclaims.This example shows that Eric has used _______ for his new knowledge.

A) centration
B) egocentrism
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

Question 45

Five-year-old Simone is shown two evenly spaced rows of five nickels.When asked which row has "more," Simone responds that the rows are the same.Next,one of the rows of nickels is squished close together.When asked which has "more," Simone responds the row that is still spaced out has more.In this example,Simone has displayed

A) egocentrism.
B) object permanence.
C) conservation.
D) centration.

Question 46

Damien likes to put all sorts of things,like bugs,dirt,and shoelaces,in his mouth.He also likes his toy train; however,he seems to lose interest in playing with the train whenever his brother hides it.Damien is most likely in the _______ stage of development.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) sensorimotor
D) concrete operational

Question 47

Your best friend had a baby two weeks ago.She is excited because the baby smiled at birth,and she believes that the smiling indicated attachment.You know the truth is that

A) newborns can smile from birth and this indicates attachment.
B) newborns smile whenever they have pleasurable feelings.
C) babies can smile even before birth.
D) babies typically do not show social smiles until 4 to 6 weeks of age.

Question 48

Darryl thinks that playing peek-a-boo is hilarious! He does not know where his mom goes during the game,but it excites him when he sees her face again.Darryl is most likely in Piaget's _______ stage of development.

A) preoperational
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor

Question 49

When Kate's grandma leans over the crib with a toy in her hand,8-month-old Kate grasps it and pulls on it.When Kate's mom hangs a set of animals across the crib,Kate reaches up,grabs them,and pulls them down.Kate seems to be working on _______ for grasping and pulling.

A) a reflex
B) a schema
C) object permanence
D) conservation

Question 50

Kaya is crying because her teddy bear fell off the kitchen table and bumped its nose.She pretends to be "Mommy" and goes to the cupboard for a Band-Aid to put on the bear's hurt nose.Because Kaya's thinking is intuitive and not logical,she is most likely in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

Question 51

Peggy's parents are amazed at how much their daughter has changed.Over the past year,she became interested in doing chemistry experiments.Peggy predicts what will happen when she combines two chemicals together and then observes the results to see whether her hypothesis was correct.Peggy is most likely in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor

Question 52

Gretchen is excited when her son Brian demonstrates that he has developed theory of mind and will now be able to

A) think of himself as having mental as well as physical capabilities.
B) predict how he might behave in various situations.
C) be more egocentric in his actions at day care.
D) understand that his mom has intentions that guide her actions.

Question 53

Andre is writing an introductory psychology essay on Piaget's theory of cognitive development.He should criticize the original theory for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) the stages are overly rigid and strict.
B) the age at which certain skills develop is underestimated.
C) infants do not learn about the world through their senses.
D) children only show aspects of one stage at a time.

Question 54

While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office,Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment based on their behavior.He is certain that the baby girl is securely attached because she

A) explores the unfamiliar room and the objects in it while staying in view of her mother.
B) stays very close to her mother for support.
C) is fearful of any strangers who come into the room.
D) is not distressed when her mother leaves the room.

Question 55

Simon is learning about the alphabet.He learns the letter O because it is round.If Simon sees the letter C and thinks it's the letter O because it is round,_______ has occurred.If he sees the letter C and thinks it must be a different letter because it is NOT completely round,_______ has occurred.

A) object permanence; conservation
B) accommodation; assimilation
C) conservation; object permanence
D) assimilation; accommodation

Question 56

Nora took her young son Alfred to the zoo,where he pointed to a zebra and said,"Look,Mommy,a horse!" Nora replied,"That's not a horse; that's a zebra.See,it has black and white stripes." Alfred then replied,"Wow! Look at the striped zebra!" In this situation,Henry's development of a zebra schema required

A) assimilation.
B) accommodation.
C) conservation.
D) object permanence.

Question 57

Sally is playing outside with her brother Micah one day and wants to push him down when he takes her swing.Sally does not push Micah,however,because she predicts that she will be punished with no television privileges after dinner if she does.Sally is most likely in the _______ stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 58

When trying to explain Piaget's theory of development to his roommate,Martin correctly states that development

A) consists of a series of qualitatively different stages of cognitive ability.
B) is primarily a biological process.
C) varies widely across cultures as a function of different environments.
D) depends on physical skills rather than cognitive skills.

Question 59

Joey needs to use his fingers to add and subtract.Joey can sort blocks based on both their shape and color at the same time.Based on this information,you know that Joey is most likely in the _______ stage of development.

A) formal operational
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 60

A child is playing at the beach.She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short,fat container and a tall,thin container.When asked which container holds more sand,the child points to the tall,thin container.This response suggests that she is most likely in the ______ stage of cognitive development.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) sensorimotor
D) concrete operational

Question 61

Ming is learning English and today learned that the word talking is made up of two units of meaning: talk and ing.Ming is learning about

A) overregularization.
B) morphemes.
C) phonemes.
D) syntax.

Question 62

Olivia begins menstruating at age eight.Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this occurrence?

A) She has been living in a stressful, unstable household.
B) She gets a lot of attention from her male classmates.
C) She has a secure attachment with her mother.
D) Her frontal cortex is fully developed.

Question 63

Phillip cannot wait for his son Baxter to start saying words so that Phillip can finally understand what Baxter needs.Phillip knows that for most babies,this will occur at around

A) 6 months.
B) 9 months.
C) 12 months.
D) 16 months.

Question 64

Elaine travels around the world observing how children learn language.Elaine has written a book to relate her findings in which she discusses the fact that

A) the stages that babies go through to acquire language depend on culture.
B) children use only words they have heard from their parents.
C) the first words are used to identify objects or are simple action words.
D) the rate at which children acquire language depends on the literacy of the parents.

Question 65

Robby is 11 months old and has begun making speech sounds like "baba" and "momo." On the other hand,16-month-old Rebecca can produce two-word sentences like "Daddy eat" and "Mama give." Robby's speech is _______,whereas Rebecca's speech is _______.

A) babbling; telegraphic
B) telegraphic; overregularized
C) overregularized; babbling
D) telegraphic; babbling

Question 66

In front of Chris,Tasha pours the same amount of water into a short,fat glass and a tall,thin glass.She then asks Chris which glass has more water.If Chris is six years old,he is most likely to answer that

A) the tall, thin glass has more water.
B) the short, fat glass has more water.
C) they have the same amount of water.
D) he does not know which glass has more water.

Question 67

Justin's mother believes that Justin,a 9-month-old,is still in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.To test this belief,which of the following could she try?

A) See whether he knows how to turn on the TV by using the remote control.
B) Hide his favorite toy underneath a couch cushion and see whether he looks for it.
C) Place a brightly colored mobile above his crib and see whether he reaches for it.
D) Ignore him when he cries and see how long he continues to cry.

Question 68

Peipei has a great group of American friends,is active in her school's theater,and works at a restaurant.Peipei also spends time helping out her extended Chinese family,who only speak Mandarin,by taking them to doctor appointments and translating for them.Peipei has successfully developed a

A) gender identity.
B) gender role.
C) clique.
D) bicultural identity.

Question 69

Ernst is jealous that several of his friends are going through puberty but he has not started yet.He eagerly keeps checking for signs that his body is changing.Ernst knows he should be experiencing all of the following EXCEPT

A) development of primary sex characteristics.
B) a rapid, hormonally driven increase in height and weight.
C) development of a more rounded jaw.
D) increased muscle mass.

Question 70

Dr.Woolston is interested in studying teenagers' social lives and the challenges they face.Dr.Woolston should consult with his colleague _______,who would argue that the main difficulty teenagers face is forming a sense of _______.

A) Piaget; gender
B) Piaget; identity
C) Erikson; gender
D) Erikson; identity

Question 71

Monique has noticed some hair growing on her armpits and that her hips are getting wider.Monique is most likely experiencing

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) identity versus role confusion.
C) maturation.
D) puberty.

Question 72

Giovanni is having difficulty learning English.He keeps putting verbs at the end of sentences.For example,instead of saying "The dog ate the bone," he says,"The dog the bone ate." Giovanni is having trouble with

A) morphemes.
B) phonemes.
C) syntax.
D) overregularization.

Question 73

Evan is in preschool and uses overregularization when speaking.Which of the following is he most likely to say?

A) "Build snowman."
B) "The moon looks happy."
C) "He hitted me with a stick."
D) "Yesterday, I want to go to the park."

Question 74

Thirteen-year-old Sasha has a hard time getting along with her siblings because she often feels emotional and acts irrationally.She knows that she overreacts to their teasing,but she cannot help it.Sasha's feelings are most likely due to activation in her

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) hippocampus.
C) limbic system.
D) temporal cortex.

Question 75

Dr.Rames is counseling a teenager who is confused about his gender identity.Which of the following statements should Dr.Rames remember when helping this patient?

A) Gender identity is the result of socialization, including how others perceive you.
B) Gender is highly changeable if biological changes are also made.
C) How a person thinks about his identity is less important than biological characteristics.
D) Surgical reassignment to another sex is usually successful.

Question 76

A classic example of sexual reassignment and the social and emotional impact this may have on a person is the case of Bruce Reimer,who was surgically and hormonally reassigned to a female identity (Brenda).Bruce's situation highlights the fact that there is NOT always a match between _______ and _______.

A) sex; gender roles
B) sex; gender identity
C) gender schemas; gender roles
D) gender schemas; gender identity

Question 77

Allie has just gone through puberty,and the rapid development of her frontal cortex is causing her to

A) be emotional and unpredictable.
B) be able to focus her attention much better.
C) avoid engaging in risky behaviors.
D) think more flexibly and critically but with some difficulty.

Question 78

Janice is learning about the alphabet and how to read,but she is struggling to make the s and z sounds.Janice is having difficulty with

A) phonemes.
B) morphemes.
C) syntax.
D) babbling.

Question 79

Kane and MJ are sitting across from each other drawing pictures of their family room.When asked to draw the family room from MJ's perspective,Kane draws a picture of what he can see himself.Kane is likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

Question 80

Giselle wants to be a construction foreman; however,she is afraid to tell her family about her career plans because she thinks they will not find this to be an acceptable occupation for a female.Giselle is concerned her choice is NOT consistent with gender

A) identity.
B) roles.
C) cliques.
D) development.